Light exercise central blood pressure and radial pulse pressure are stronger correlates of left ventricular mass than 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Light exercise central systolic blood pressure and radial pulse pressure were more strongly associated with left ventricular mass than 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A single measurement of light exercise radial pulse pressure was found to be an independent predictor of left ventricular mass and may provide a more accurate assessment of blood pressure control than 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Effects of Cooling Versus Active and Passive Recovery Interventions in HandballMarco Iorio
Purpose: Junior male handball players (n=15) were studied to examine the effect of Cooling versus Active and Passive Recovery interventions in the half of two 30 minutes trainings. Methods: Four test batteries (W, T1, Recov, T2) composed of Rate of Perceived Exertion and Thermal Stress Scales, blood samples taken from the earlobe to determine lactate level, countermovement jump, hand grip strength test and 10 meters sprint with light signal reaction time, were used during a simulated handball match. After 10 minutes of warm-up (W), two sessions of 30 minutes training (T1, T2) were separated by an 8 minutes recovery (Recov) period. During Recov one of the three recovery interventions (cooling vest applied on the upper body, cycling and seated rest) was applied. Results: Cycling group showed a lower blood lactate concentration during Recov (p<0><0><0><0,001), lower HR (p=0,039), and a tendency to significantly lower RPE value in Recov (p=0.062). Conclusion: The negative effect of Active Recovery on forearms flexor strength could be the consequence of the isometric arms position during cycling. The results after cold application may be correlated to a brain freshness: longer periods of cooling and different psychological tests may be necessary to better analyze this correlation. Cooling Recovery Intervention, giving a faster Reaction Time, could improve Handball performance.
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find training related physiological and cardiovascular changes and adaptations in field hockey
players, this interventional study was conducted with 30 male field hockey trainees (age: 15.7±1.55 years,
range: 13-20 years) undergoing training in preparation phase. In addition to the their usual routine of 2 hours
per day, 6 times a week of aerobic, anaerobic and skill training session of field hockey; a specialized additional
training of 2 hours per day- 3 times a week, consisting of sprint, strength-power and agility was incorporated in
the schedule. Selected variables measured before and after the 6 week training were compared with paired t
test. Upon analysis we found that lean body mass (LBM) of the participants showed significant improvement
(P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) in the echocardiographic parameters – increase in left ventricular
posterior wall thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction; and decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume.
However when these parameters were expressed relative to LBM, no significant change was seen. Left
ventricular end-diastolic diameter and volume, body weight and body mass index too did not change
significantly after the training. This 6 week specialized additional training resulted in improvement of body
composition and cardiovascular functions of the participants, indicating favorable physiological, morphological
and functional adaptations.
Key words: field hockey; physiological adaptations; sports physiology; body composition; echocardiography;
lean body mass.
Analysis of Lower Limb Bilateral Force Asymmetries by Different Vertical Jump...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study has compared the diagnostic information of lower limb bilateral force asymmetry by
the impulse variable at different vertical jumps techniques. Twenty-nine soccer players carried out six attempts
at each of the vertical jumps, countermovement jump and squat jump, on two synchronized force platforms.
After the calculation of the symmetry index, the athletes were classified as symmetric and asymmetric respecting
a cut-off value of 15%, McNamara’s test compared the diagnostic information among the techniques.
Significant differences were found among the diagnostic information of the different techniques (p<0.05). It is
thus concluded that different vertical jump techniques provide different information in regard to the level of
bilateral force asymmetry in soccer players
High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running...Fernando Farias
The ability to produce high speeds is considered an important
quality for performance, with athletes shown to achieve 85–94% of
maximal velocity during team sport match-play.3 Well-developed
high-speed running ability and maximal velocity are required of
players during competition in order to beat opposition players
to possession and gain an advantage in attacking and defensive
situations.
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
Effects of Cooling Versus Active and Passive Recovery Interventions in HandballMarco Iorio
Purpose: Junior male handball players (n=15) were studied to examine the effect of Cooling versus Active and Passive Recovery interventions in the half of two 30 minutes trainings. Methods: Four test batteries (W, T1, Recov, T2) composed of Rate of Perceived Exertion and Thermal Stress Scales, blood samples taken from the earlobe to determine lactate level, countermovement jump, hand grip strength test and 10 meters sprint with light signal reaction time, were used during a simulated handball match. After 10 minutes of warm-up (W), two sessions of 30 minutes training (T1, T2) were separated by an 8 minutes recovery (Recov) period. During Recov one of the three recovery interventions (cooling vest applied on the upper body, cycling and seated rest) was applied. Results: Cycling group showed a lower blood lactate concentration during Recov (p<0><0><0><0,001), lower HR (p=0,039), and a tendency to significantly lower RPE value in Recov (p=0.062). Conclusion: The negative effect of Active Recovery on forearms flexor strength could be the consequence of the isometric arms position during cycling. The results after cold application may be correlated to a brain freshness: longer periods of cooling and different psychological tests may be necessary to better analyze this correlation. Cooling Recovery Intervention, giving a faster Reaction Time, could improve Handball performance.
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find training related physiological and cardiovascular changes and adaptations in field hockey
players, this interventional study was conducted with 30 male field hockey trainees (age: 15.7±1.55 years,
range: 13-20 years) undergoing training in preparation phase. In addition to the their usual routine of 2 hours
per day, 6 times a week of aerobic, anaerobic and skill training session of field hockey; a specialized additional
training of 2 hours per day- 3 times a week, consisting of sprint, strength-power and agility was incorporated in
the schedule. Selected variables measured before and after the 6 week training were compared with paired t
test. Upon analysis we found that lean body mass (LBM) of the participants showed significant improvement
(P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) in the echocardiographic parameters – increase in left ventricular
posterior wall thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction; and decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume.
However when these parameters were expressed relative to LBM, no significant change was seen. Left
ventricular end-diastolic diameter and volume, body weight and body mass index too did not change
significantly after the training. This 6 week specialized additional training resulted in improvement of body
composition and cardiovascular functions of the participants, indicating favorable physiological, morphological
and functional adaptations.
Key words: field hockey; physiological adaptations; sports physiology; body composition; echocardiography;
lean body mass.
Analysis of Lower Limb Bilateral Force Asymmetries by Different Vertical Jump...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study has compared the diagnostic information of lower limb bilateral force asymmetry by
the impulse variable at different vertical jumps techniques. Twenty-nine soccer players carried out six attempts
at each of the vertical jumps, countermovement jump and squat jump, on two synchronized force platforms.
After the calculation of the symmetry index, the athletes were classified as symmetric and asymmetric respecting
a cut-off value of 15%, McNamara’s test compared the diagnostic information among the techniques.
Significant differences were found among the diagnostic information of the different techniques (p<0.05). It is
thus concluded that different vertical jump techniques provide different information in regard to the level of
bilateral force asymmetry in soccer players
High chronic training loads and exposure to bouts of maximal velocity running...Fernando Farias
The ability to produce high speeds is considered an important
quality for performance, with athletes shown to achieve 85–94% of
maximal velocity during team sport match-play.3 Well-developed
high-speed running ability and maximal velocity are required of
players during competition in order to beat opposition players
to possession and gain an advantage in attacking and defensive
situations.
Differences in strength and speed demands between 4v4 and 8v8 SSGFernando Farias
Small-sided games (SSGs) have been extensively used in training
footballers worldwide and have shown very good efficacy in
improving player performance (Hill-Haas, Dawson, Impellizzeri,
& Coutts, 2011). As an example, it has been shown that the
technical performance (Owen, Wong del, McKenna, & Dellal,
2011) and physical performance (Chaouachi et al., 2014; Dellal,
Varliette, Owen, Chirico, & Pialoux, 2012) of footballers can be
enhanced using SSG-based football training programmes.
In the last two decades, extensive research has been pub-
lished on physical and physiological response during SSGs in
football (for refs, see Halouani, Chtourou, Gabbett, Chaouachi,
& Chamari, 2014). It was found that the time-motion charac-
teristics of SSGs could vary greatly depending on certain
structural (e.g., pitch size, number of players, type and number
of goals) and rule (e.g., number of ball touches) constraints.
For example, it was observed that higher maximum speeds are
reached during SSGs played on bigger pitches (Casamichana &
Castellano, 2010). Furthermore, heart rate (HR) and lactate
concentrations were shown to be sensitive to structural and
rule changes in SSGs.
Currently, athletes with the aim of improving their physical performance or even those into functional rehabilitation programs have had the benefits of resistance training (RT). The suitable adjustment of variables during their prescription, such as the type of muscle contraction, weight, and number of exercises repetitions and the recovering time between one set and another must be considered to achieve the aimed adaptations. Studies which have evaluated those variables about the impact on cardiovascular system have brought out some questions referring to changes in the kinds of contractions, dynamics or statics, on hemodynamic parameters. Comprehending the hemodynamics repercussions of those exercise modalities is determinant for a safe and efficient prescription.
Exercise and Heart Rate Recovery 38Journal of Exer.docxMARRY7
Exercise and Heart Rate Recovery
38
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
(JEPonline)
Volume 11 February 1 June 2008
Fitness and Training Managing Editor
Tommy Boone, Ph.D.
Editor-in-Chief
Jon K. Linderman, Ph.D.
Review Board
Todd Astorino, Ph.D.
Julien Baker, Ph.D.
Tommy Boone, Ph.D.
Lance Dalleck, Ph.D.
Dan Drury, DPE.
Hermann Engals, Ph.D.
Eric Goulet, Ph.D.
Robert Gotshall, Ph.D.
Melissa Knight-Maloney,
Ph.D.
Len Kravitz, Ph.D.
James Laskin, Ph.D.
Derek Marks, Ph.D.
Cristine Mermier, Ph.D.
Daryl Parker, Ph.D.
Robert Robergs, Ph.D.
Brent Ruby, Ph.D.
Jason Siegler, Ph.D.
Greg Tardie, Ph.D.
Chantal Vella, Ph.D.
Lesley White, Ph.D.
Ben Zhou, Ph.D.
Official Research Journal
of The American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
(ASEP)
ISSN 1097-9751
EFFECT OF EXERCISE PROTOCOL (“WARM-UP”) ON
POST-EXERCISE HEART RATE RECOVERY
GORDON PIERPONT1
1Minneapolis VA Medical Center and University of Minnesota/
Minneapolis, MN, USA
ABSTRACT
Pierpont GL. Effect of Exercise Protocol (“warm-up”) on Post-Exercise
Heart Rate Recovery JEPonline 2008 11(1):38-44. Delayed heart rate
recovery (HRR) from exercise indicates poor prognosis, but effects of
variations in exercise protocol on HRR are unclear. This study was
therefore designed to test the hypothesis that HRR could vary
depending on the protocol used to achieve maximum exercise. Sixteen
healthy volunteers exercised to exhaustion using 2 widely disparate
protocols. Protocol WmUp used a gradually progressive increase in
treadmill speed and elevation, while protocol Sdn was a sudden onset
high level exercise. WmUp resulted in a higher peak heart rate (178 + 6
bpm) than Sdn (170 + 6, p<.001). HRR at 1 min was not significantly
different from the post WmUp (- 41+14 vs. - 44+15 bpm, p = .07).
However, when converted to percent change from maximum (36+10 vs.
42+12%, p = .002), it was significant. By 2 minutes post-exercise there
was no difference in HRR (absolute or percent change). These findings
demonstrate that exercise protocol can affect maximum achievable heart
rate, but the subsequent effect on HRR is too small to be clinically
relevant.
Key Words: Cardiovascular Physiology, Exercise Prescription, Intensity,
Maximal Heart Rate
Exercise and Heart Rate Recovery
39
INTRODUCTION
It is now fairly well established that a delay in heart rate recovery (HRR) following exercise predicts
poor prognosis. This includes risk of sudden death as well as all cause mortality (1). The risk can be
demonstrated in asymptomatic individuals (1-5), the elderly, (6) patients referred for exercise
screening (7-10), and patients with known coronary artery disease (11-13), diabetes mellitus (14),
congestive heart failure (15), and post myocardial infarction (16). It has also been used to predict
subsequent ischemic heart disease (17), ischemic cardiac or cerebrovascular even ...
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The assessment of cardiac function is essential in the athletic population not only as part of the screening process for underlying cardiac disease, but also to longitudinally assess performance and training adaptations - Source: Toshiba's VISIONS Magazine #26 | www.toshiba-medical.eu/visions
How Should One Decide Whom to Treat for Hypertension? How Should One Decide...
Exercise Haemodynamics
1. Light exercise central blood pressure: A correlate of left ventricular mass that is simpler than 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring SB. Thomas * , RL. Leano * , JK Brown * , DT. Gilroy * , JL. Hare * , TH. Marwick * , JE. Sharman *† . Cardiovascular Imaging Research Group, * The University of Queensland, Department of Medicine and † School of Human Movement Studies, Brisbane, AUSTRALIA.
2.
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8. Methods – light exercise central BP and radial P2 Sharman J. Hypertension (2006); 47(6): 1203-8 Holland D. Am J Hypertens. (2008); 21: 1100-6 Colin device Sphygmocor v8.0 Sydney, Australia
11. Aim 1 : Determine the association between light exercise central SBP and radial P2 with LV mass Correlates of LV Mass r p Light exercise radial P2 0.60 <0.001 Light exercise central SBP 0.55 <0.001 Light exercise brachial SBP 0.46 <0.01 24ABPM SBP 0.35 0.04 Rest brachial SBP 0.31 0.06
12. Aim 2: Compare the strength of the associations between light exercise central SBP and 24 ABPM SBP with LV mass r = 0.35 p = 0.04 Z = 1.91; p=0.065 r = 0.60 p < 0.001
13. Aim 2: Compare the strength of the associations between light exercise central SBP and 24 ABPM SBP with LV mass Model R 2 = 0.41 p<0.001 Age Gender BMI 24ABPM SBP Light exercise radial P2 Rest PSBP Rest CSBP Light Exercise Radial P2 β = 0.60, p <0.001
18. Multiple Linear Regression Model with Exercise PSBP and no radial Exercise P2 Model R 2 = 0.26 p=0.003 Age Gender BMI 24ABPM SBP Light exercise PSBP Rest PSBP Rest CSBP BMI, Rest CSBP β = 0.34, p= 0.193
19. Sharman J. J Hypertension. 2007;25 (6):1249-54 .
Editor's Notes
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. This can be related to end organ damage such as increases in left ventricular mass. The gold standard for assessing blood pressure control is 24 ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, as this is the strongest blood pressure measurement correlate for LV mass. This is logical as blood pressure is assessed during activities of daily living, and is a measure of chronic blood pressure exposure.
Central blood pressure or the pressure at the ascending aorta estimated by applanation tonometry has been shown to predict cardiovascular disease and death independent of resting brachial blood pressure. Differences between brachial and estimated central blood pressure can be 30mmHg or more between individuals – thus central blood pressure may account for more individual differences and thus greater predictive value for CVD and mortality. Differences in estimated central systolic and brachial can be 30 mmhg or more. Earlier this year Munir has shown that P2 on the radial waveform is closely correlated to central systolic blood pressure and this may negate the need to use the generalized transfer function. Whilst ambulatory blood pressure measures are obviously important large differences can occur activities of daily life.
So, given that brachial blood pressure monitoring during activities of daily living is the gold standard for assessment of blood pressure control, large differences between central and upper arm sbp occur dyring light exercise similar to daily life. This raises the possibility that light exercise central bp may provide a more accurate estimation of BP control compared with the current gold standard of 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Therefore, this study aimed to firstly determine the association between lv mass, estimated central systolic blood pressure and radial p2 as a measure analogous to cbp during light exercise – which is similar to activities of daily living. And our secondary aim was To compare the strength of these associations between light exercise central SBP and 24 ABPM SBP with LV mass
We hypothesized that Central SBP and radial P2 during light exercise will be stronger correlates of LV mass compared to 24 ABPM SBP (the current “gold standard”). And that Central SBP and radial P2 will predict LV mass independent of 24 ABPM SBP
We recruited 40 healthy individuals under the age of 70 who had no history of CAD renal disease, were not treated for hypertension, and have had a negative exercise stress echo. [click mouse or spacebar] 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 2d echocardiography, brachial and central blood pressure estimated using radial applanation tonometry and estimated using generalized transfer function using commercial equipment. [click mouse or spacebar] Subjects then performed light-moderate exercise whilst measures of their brachial and central blood pressure were obtained
Light exercise blood pressure WAS assessed whilst the patients WERE riding at 50rpm on an exercise bike resistance on the bike was adjusted so the subject achieved 50% of age predicted heart rate reserve. [press spacebar] Brachial blood pressure was obtained using brachial cuff mercury sphygmomanometry and [press spacebar] radial tonometry was performed with aid of a servo-controlled unit. OUR GROUP HAS SHOWN This process to be valid and to have good reproducibility during exercise, with this whole process taking approximately 15 minutes.
LV mass was measured according to amercian society of echo guidelines utilising m mode echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular wall thickness.
Mean age of this population was 57 years, 44% were male, and generally overweight. Resting brachial clinic SBP was normal. As a measure of exercise intensity these patients were exposed to a heart rate reserve of around 50% - which is equivalent to light to moderate exercise as stipulated by the american college of sports medicine. LV mass was normal on average in this population.
Inorder to determine the association between light exercise central sbp and radial p2 with lv mass we performed pearson bivariate correlations for lv mass. Here is the strongest correlates in descending order of significance. In this population a correlation of 0.35 for 24 abpm was obtained which is similar to previously published research. However, note that light exercise radial p2 and central systolic blood pressure were more strongly correlated to LV mass than 24 hour monitoring.
Here are graphical representations of 24ABPM SBP on the left 24 abpm and radial p2 on the right. In order to test our second hypothesis we needed to determine if there was significant difference between these correlations a z statistic was performed. The difference was of only borderline significance with p of 0.065
To test our second hypothesis we then wanted to look at the best independent predictors of lv mass. We entered Known significant predictors of lv mass, and the significant correlates for lv mass from our data into a backward stepwise multiple linear regression model. Exercise peripheral systolic blood pressure was not included due to collinearity with exercise radial p2. In this model the only independent predictor of lv mass was light exercise p2. with a beta 0.60 and a highly significant p value of <0.001. This model explained 41% of the variance in LV mass and was statistically significant at less than 0.001. When we replace exericse peripheral systolic blood pressure the model was weakened.
Lang reference. The group was divided into 2 groups, based on lv mass. Those with raised lv mass have a significantly higher exercise radial p2 However, there is no significant difference in other measures including 24 abpm sbp.
Radial p2 during light exercise as a measure of central systolic blood pressure may be a more accurate predictor of lv mass and may be explained by this graph. All brachial light intensity exercise blood pressures have been stratified from smallest to highest, and plotted in purple, the corresponding radial p2 measures are plotted in green. The brachial blood pressure is the same type of reading which is taken by the 24 hour monitor – this does not represent the central pressure that the heart is exposed to whilst these patients go about their activities of daily living. Note that there is a greater amount of variation in the p2 measure, this variation may account for the improved accuracy of the radial p2 measure. [Press spacebar] Take case 30 and 32. both women have similar brachial exercise bps at 202 and 206 respectively, but their radial p2 measures differ by 19mmHg. In keeping with other data presented the person with higher p2 has a higher lv mass.
Light exercise radial P2 as an estimate of central sbp is an independent predictor LV mass Although more studies are required a single clinic measure of light exercise radial tonometry may be a more efficient, convenient and accurate test to determine blood pressure control
I would like to thank and acknowledge my fellow contributors on this article as well a number of organisation who have helped me by funding travel – which have enabled me to speak here today. High blood pressure research council of Australia for the funding for travel they have provided. Solvay pharmaceuticals who have provided me with an unrestricted travel grant. And the on going funding and support which Prof. Marwich and his research group has provided me. Thank-you.
To test our second hypothesis we then wanted to look at the best independent predictors of lv mass. We entered Known significant predictors of lv mass, and the significant correlates for lv mass from our data into a backward stepwise multiple linear regression model. In this model the only independent predictor of lv mass was light exercise p2. with a beta 0.60 and a highly significant p value of <0.001. This model explained 41% of the variance in LV mass and was statistically significant at less than 0.001
This is important because when looking at 2 males of the same age during light exercise. [Press spacebar] whilst their brachial blood pressure – taken at the upper arm, is the same [press spacebar] their pressures centrally are significantly different. This second person’s central blood pressure is elevated during conditions similar to activities of daily living. Our second individual’s heart is pumping against 25mmHg more pressure than person 1, and this may have a significant impact upon the size of their heart. Our group has previously shown that there is significant individual variation in central systolic bp response to light intensity exercise which is not apparent at rest.