1. Exchange exposure refers to the extent to which transactions, assets, and liabilities of a company are denominated in currencies other than the company's reporting currency. Transaction exposure poses more risk than translation exposure and must be carefully analyzed.
2. When dealing in international trade, companies face uncertainty regarding currency fluctuations between the exporting and importing nations. They must forecast currency market movements and implement hedging strategies to maximize profits.
3. Risks like value at risk, forecasting errors, and gaps in exposure management systems must be assessed. Companies set benchmarks like managing exposures on a six month period to help evaluate performance and risks.
work and feel good.
just go on working and just go on working. Life will become much much much better. This will give a kick start to your career.
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing.
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growingworking for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm
is so much more fun and learning never stops i think each and everyone of us should try to get in this company...to grow and keep growing
working for such a firm.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
1. EXCERPTS OF EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Today most of the nations are globalized. Every nation, in need of enlarging their
economy in the competitive world, wants to attract the investment from the rest of the world in
order to be flourished in the each industry.
In another side, the corporation which is having broad vision as to enhance their operation
across the nations would want to expand the business for the various causes such as export and
import of goods & service including ideas etc. As every nation doesn’t have all the resources that
are needed to satisfy themselves, the corporate in the nation might want to exchange the goods &
services in order to earn more profit.
In the process of export & import between the nations, there arises the problem of imbalance
between the currencies of the two nations. As there is fluctuation in the value of currencies which
various countries adopt different currency, the problem occurs in the money value exchanging
between the corporates. In exchanging the money, numerous factors and risks are to be
considered.
EXCHANGE EXPOSURE
Exchange exposure is an extent to which transaction, assets and liabilities of an enterprise
are denominated in currencies other than the reporting currency of the enterprise itself. The
exposure relates to the absolute the value of an asset or liability, involved of the company.
Specifically speaking, transaction exposure rather than translation exposure must be analyzed
very well in order to overcome variation in exchanging money.
Transaction exposure is open to analyze numerous factor i.e.
Both Capital and Revenue in nature
All Interest Payments/ Receipts
All Open hedge transactions
Both Capital and Revenue in nature
MARKET FORECASTS
In the export/import business, many uncertainty overcurrency concerned with the nation
of export and import of firm are realized when we dealing with them. The fluctuation in the
currency market are greater dealt with. The firm must have insight in the currency market as to
exchange the money. All the exporters/importers are engaged into gaining maximum value of
money.
2. RISK APPRAISAL
This word or phrase is aimed at determining where the company's exposures stand vis-à-
vis market forecasts.
The following Risks will be considered.
1. Value at Risk(VAR)
VAR tries to determine by how much the company’s underlying cash flows are affected.
Even though the value of money is worth small to larger, factor is weighted to determine
the exchange.
2. Forecasting risk
What is the likelihood of the rate actually moving to xx.xxxx and what is the
likelihood of a forecast going wrong. It is imperative to know this before deciding on a
Benchmark and devising a hedging strategy.
3. Systems risk
The system risk is nothing but the risk arises through the weakness or gap in the exposure
management system. When there are delays/ errors in reporting exposures to the Exposure
Management cell, that is called reporting gap. When there is a gap between the decision to hedge
and the implementation of such hedge decision, that risk will be implementation risk.
BENCHMARK
The company will set a Benchmark for its Exposure Management practices. As in India
the maximum period for transaction or contract is 6 months allowed by RBI, the benchmark will
be set by 6 months. All the error & risk will be predetermined earlier. The objective of exposure
management is to function on whether profit basis or cost basis.
Companies whose exposures are of long-term Capital nature can look to manage them on
a Profit Centre basis, since the exposures are not open to day-to-day business risks. Companies
whose exposures are of short-term Revenue nature should manage them on a Cost Centre basis,
since the exposures impact the P&L Account directly.
HEDGING
As international exchange monetary is dealt with risk factors that are concerned with
international, the firm must take appropriate steps to safeguard their foreign exchange money. As
the value increases, the firm must apt proper hedge as measure to overcome the exposure. Here
the hedging strategies would be formulated to attain the benchmark where the stop-loss, take
profit is predetermined. The diversified ways are discussed below
3. I. Forward contracts
With the foreign exchange bank, the corporate would create the contract which
enables the corporate get the foreign currency at predetermined rate at time when agreed.
This is one type of instrument of hedging which most of the exporting firm uses
nowadays.
II. Cross currency forward contracts
In order to avoid the risk between the domestic currency and foreign currency, the
firm would keep the money exchanged into another currency that is riskless. This case is
usually applied to the place where the firm forecasts that there will be fluctuation in the
domestic the currency.
III. Forward rate agreement
A forward rate agreement is notionally an agreement between two parties in which one of
them (the seller of FRA) contracts to lend to the other (the buyer), a specified amount of
funds, in a specific currency, for a specified period starting at a specified future date, at an
interest rate fixed at the time of agreement.
IV. Currency swaps
A currency swap is a foreign-exchange agreement between two parties to exchange
aspects (namely the principal and/or interest payments) of a loan in one currency for
equivalent aspects of an equal in net present value loan in another currency. This method
is used to reduce the risk of exchange in borrowing the money abroad. So the both party’s
finance cost is in the domestic currency.
V. Convenient agreement with the party
The party can make the foreign party to give the contract convenient in such way as to
minimize the risk. The export party would force the import party to pay the money in the
domestic currency. Usually as more demand for such product, the exporting party would
not like to involve with the more foreign exchange risk.
VI. Interest rate swap
An interest rate swap (IRS) is a popular and highly liquid financial derivative instrument
in which two parties agree to exchange interest rate cash flows, based on a specified
notional amount from a fixed rate to a floating rate (or vice versa) or from one floating
rate to another
VII. Foreign exchange option
Corporations primarily use FX options to hedge uncertain future cash flows in a foreign
currency. The general rule is to hedge certain foreign currency cash flows with forwards,
and uncertain foreign cash flows with options.
VIII. Foreign debt
Foreign debt can be used to hedge foreign exchange exposure by taking advantage of
foreign loan. Suppose the domestic firm is yet to convert the money from the foreign. As
the forecasted domestic currency appreciates, instead of converting them, they borrow the
money from foreign by now. When they realize the money, they pay it to the concerned
4. lending party. But here the interest payment (in foreign currency) must be equalized to
the gains realized by investing proceeds from the loan.
STOP LOSS
In exchange risk management, the stop-loss function should be activated. Stop loss order
is an important tool of forex risk management in currency trading. A stop-loss order contains
instructions to exit your position if the price reaches a certain point.
You need to set up strict stop-loss limits for your losing trades, so that you don't lose more than
you can handle. If the market starts going in the wrong direction, don't close that position and
cancel the order. Know more about stop loss risk management in forex and maximize your profit
while trading forex. Stop loss in currency trading is one good option to reduce your risk while
trading in forex.
REPORTING AND REVIEW
The report must be recorded, summarized, analyzed in the periodical manner. It must be a
continuous process to analyze the currency value. It must be ensured that exposure are headed
where they are intended to reach. The reports like MTM report, exposure NAV report, VAR
report are prepared to analyze the trend value of currency. Market situation, benchmarking,
hedging strategy, operational issues are considered here.
CONCLUSION
In every export/import company, the exchange risk must be analyzed very well in order to
avoid the loss. In India, the maximum duration is 6 months for currency trading fixed by the RBI.
So within the period, they could use the above tool to overcome the exchange risk. Exposure
Management is an essential part of business and should be viewed with Objectivity.