This document provides an overview of OSHA regulations regarding excavations and trench safety. It covers requirements for protective systems like sloping, shoring, and trench boxes; competent person inspections; soil classification and testing; access and egress; and hazards from cave-ins, falling objects, and hazardous atmospheres. The key requirements are that employers must use a protective system or slope properly according to soil type, have a competent person inspect daily and after rain, and provide safe access and egress such as a ladder within 25 feet for excavations over 4 feet deep.
This document provides an overview of OSHA regulations regarding excavation safety. It covers the scope of the excavation standard, requirements for protective systems like sloping, shielding and trench boxes. Key aspects addressed include classifying soil types, determining the appropriate protective system based on soil and depth, competent person responsibilities such as inspections, and cave-in hazards. Case studies of fatal cave-ins are presented to illustrate the dangers of non-compliance. Instructions for proper sloping, soil testing procedures, and the use of trench boxes are outlined.
Excavation and trenching work requires proper safety precautions to prevent cave-ins and protect workers. The OSHA regulations specify requirements for protective systems like sloping, shoring, or trench boxes based on soil type and trench depth. A competent person must inspect excavations daily and after any changes for hazards. Proper access and egress, such as a ladder in deep trenches, is also required. Without adequate protections, cave-ins can bury and kill workers as demonstrated by the fatal accident examples described.
This document summarizes a large interlocking concrete pavement project at the Port of Oakland in California. The project covered 470,000 square meters and was the largest single installation of mechanically placed concrete pavers in the western hemisphere. Concrete pavers were selected for their flexibility to accommodate various container storage and handling equipment configurations. The pavers were placed over dredged soils, geotextiles, aggregate bases, and asphalt layers to provide structural support and containment of potential leachates from the soils. Layers of pavers up to 1,300 square meters in size were mechanically installed at a rate of 500-600 square meters per machine per day.
Excavation and trenching present serious cave-in hazards. The OSHA Excavation standards require employers to protect workers from cave-ins through sloping, shoring, or shielding based on soil type. Employers must designate a competent person to classify soil, inspect protective systems, and ensure safety compliance. Preplanning is important to determine soil conditions, utilities, and protective systems needed. Common protective systems include sloping excavations to a maximum angle, using trench boxes designed by an engineer, or installing sloping and benching systems based on tabulated data.
This report investigates the subsurface conditions and dewatering requirements for installing roughly 1200 meters of sanitary forcemain along the Jock River in Richmond, Ontario. One of the main challenges is the high groundwater table, which requires significant dewatering down to depths of 4.5 meters below ground level. Two dewatering methods are analyzed: sump pumping and a wellpoint system. The report also examines soil excavation support needs due to trench heights and proposes using stacked trench boxes to safely support the soils.
OSHA performance standard for trenching and excavation deals with many topics including soil classifications, underground hazards, atmospheric hazards, protection systems, competent person qualifications, etc. Our training covers all types of construction work. If you want to attend our classes, contact us by email at windsgroup@aol.com or call (732) 221-5687. More information can be obtained on our website. OSHA 10-Hr and 30-Hr.Construction Health and Safety courses are forming now.
This document provides information on trench and excavation safety. It defines excavation and trenching, and outlines various safety methods like sloping, benching, shoring and shielding based on soil type. It discusses hazards like cave-ins, underground utilities, hazardous atmospheres, and recommends practices like atmospheric testing, protective systems, and inspections to ensure worker safety during excavation work.
This document provides a summary of the review and analysis conducted for the Blakely Mountain Dam located in Arkansas. Key points include:
1) The dam is 1200 feet long and 230 feet high and was constructed between 1950-1952 for flood control and hydropower.
2) Analyses included seepage flow using flow nets and PLAXIS, slope stability using circular arc and PLAXIS methods, and settlement analysis using 1D and parabolic equations.
3) The dam was found to be stable under steady state seepage, rapid drawdown, and after construction conditions based on factor of safety calculations.
4) A test fill was conducted to determine suitable compaction methods
This document provides an overview of OSHA regulations regarding excavation safety. It covers the scope of the excavation standard, requirements for protective systems like sloping, shielding and trench boxes. Key aspects addressed include classifying soil types, determining the appropriate protective system based on soil and depth, competent person responsibilities such as inspections, and cave-in hazards. Case studies of fatal cave-ins are presented to illustrate the dangers of non-compliance. Instructions for proper sloping, soil testing procedures, and the use of trench boxes are outlined.
Excavation and trenching work requires proper safety precautions to prevent cave-ins and protect workers. The OSHA regulations specify requirements for protective systems like sloping, shoring, or trench boxes based on soil type and trench depth. A competent person must inspect excavations daily and after any changes for hazards. Proper access and egress, such as a ladder in deep trenches, is also required. Without adequate protections, cave-ins can bury and kill workers as demonstrated by the fatal accident examples described.
This document summarizes a large interlocking concrete pavement project at the Port of Oakland in California. The project covered 470,000 square meters and was the largest single installation of mechanically placed concrete pavers in the western hemisphere. Concrete pavers were selected for their flexibility to accommodate various container storage and handling equipment configurations. The pavers were placed over dredged soils, geotextiles, aggregate bases, and asphalt layers to provide structural support and containment of potential leachates from the soils. Layers of pavers up to 1,300 square meters in size were mechanically installed at a rate of 500-600 square meters per machine per day.
Excavation and trenching present serious cave-in hazards. The OSHA Excavation standards require employers to protect workers from cave-ins through sloping, shoring, or shielding based on soil type. Employers must designate a competent person to classify soil, inspect protective systems, and ensure safety compliance. Preplanning is important to determine soil conditions, utilities, and protective systems needed. Common protective systems include sloping excavations to a maximum angle, using trench boxes designed by an engineer, or installing sloping and benching systems based on tabulated data.
This report investigates the subsurface conditions and dewatering requirements for installing roughly 1200 meters of sanitary forcemain along the Jock River in Richmond, Ontario. One of the main challenges is the high groundwater table, which requires significant dewatering down to depths of 4.5 meters below ground level. Two dewatering methods are analyzed: sump pumping and a wellpoint system. The report also examines soil excavation support needs due to trench heights and proposes using stacked trench boxes to safely support the soils.
OSHA performance standard for trenching and excavation deals with many topics including soil classifications, underground hazards, atmospheric hazards, protection systems, competent person qualifications, etc. Our training covers all types of construction work. If you want to attend our classes, contact us by email at windsgroup@aol.com or call (732) 221-5687. More information can be obtained on our website. OSHA 10-Hr and 30-Hr.Construction Health and Safety courses are forming now.
This document provides information on trench and excavation safety. It defines excavation and trenching, and outlines various safety methods like sloping, benching, shoring and shielding based on soil type. It discusses hazards like cave-ins, underground utilities, hazardous atmospheres, and recommends practices like atmospheric testing, protective systems, and inspections to ensure worker safety during excavation work.
This document provides a summary of the review and analysis conducted for the Blakely Mountain Dam located in Arkansas. Key points include:
1) The dam is 1200 feet long and 230 feet high and was constructed between 1950-1952 for flood control and hydropower.
2) Analyses included seepage flow using flow nets and PLAXIS, slope stability using circular arc and PLAXIS methods, and settlement analysis using 1D and parabolic equations.
3) The dam was found to be stable under steady state seepage, rapid drawdown, and after construction conditions based on factor of safety calculations.
4) A test fill was conducted to determine suitable compaction methods
10 - Introduction to Scientific Landfill.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits; in archeology this is known as a midden.
Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during an earthquake. Once full the area over a landfill site may be reclaimed for other uses.
FINAL The Owens Lake Turnout Facility End Cap StudyKook Dean
The document summarizes a risk assessment of potential failures of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) end caps at five Owens Lake turnout facilities. It found the T16 and T10 turnout facilities to be the highest risk due to factors like end cap size, location, depth, and area served. Risk reduction measures proposed include replacing larger end caps, relocating end caps above or away from concrete pads, adding air/vacuum valves, burying end caps in concrete, and using concrete thrust blocks. The assessment provides details on each facility to identify failure risks and mitigation options.
Excvation Safety for safety officers referencessuser2c065e
The document provides an overview of excavation safety and OSHA regulations regarding trenching and excavation. It discusses common causes of excavation cave-ins including tension cracks, saturated soil, and spoil piles. The OSHA excavation standard (29 CFR 1926 Subpart P) requires protective systems like sloping, shoring, or trench boxes to prevent cave-ins. It defines key terms and outlines requirements for soil classification, protective systems, inspections, means of egress, and hazard training. The goal is to educate workers on excavation hazards and OSHA standards to prevent injuries and fatalities from cave-ins and other dangers like exposure to equipment or toxic atmospheres.
1. Soil investigations are conducted to obtain information useful for planning, designing and executing construction projects. This includes determining soil properties, groundwater levels, suitable foundation types and depths, bearing capacity, settlements, and lateral earth pressures.
2. Standard penetration tests are used to determine soil properties like relative density and strength. The test involves driving a split spoon sampler into the soil using a hammer and measuring the blow counts. Corrections are made for dilatancy and overburden pressure.
3. Piles can be classified based on material, load transfer method, construction method, use, and soil displacement. Components of a well foundation include the cutting edge, well curb, stining, bottom plug, sand fill
The document provides guidance from Oregon OSHA on excavation safety. It describes how to properly classify soil types, plan excavation work, inspect excavation sites, and select appropriate protective systems to prevent cave-ins. The role of the competent person to oversee this process and ensure excavations are done safely is emphasized. Cave-ins present deadly risks, so following these procedures is vital for protecting workers.
Excavation and filling - Execution, QC & Equipment 101SHAZEBALIKHAN1
The article enlists several aspects of earthwork. The classification of earthwork material such as soft soil, hard soil, rock etc.
The execution part details the various steps involved in excavation and filling along with their quality control methods.
By the end of the article, the manual and mechanical equipment are enlisted with their functions, usability and efficiency.
The Parking Forest is an assembly of materials to incorporate trees and stormwater management into parking lots without losing parking spaces. This presentation, part of a 4-hour training that included an overview of stormwater and water quality, tree needs, and pervious concreete, provides an overview of the assembly of materials including information on structural soils.
Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious conc...Jahzeel Suarez
This document summarizes a study that measured the permeability of 20 pervious concrete parking lots in California using an NCAT field permeameter. Factors like traffic volume, erosion, vegetation, cracking, maintenance practices, rainfall, temperature, sediment accumulation, and pavement age were also collected. Seven core samples from four parking lots were analyzed using CT scans to assess porosity profiles and clogging. Statistical analysis found pavement age and accumulated fine sediment (<38 mm) were most influential on permeability. CT scans showed clogging generally within the top 25 mm but sometimes as deep as 100 mm. The study aimed to better understand permeability reduction and clogging in pervious concrete pavements.
This document discusses construction methods for tunnels and hydraulic structures. For tunnels, it lists various construction methods including cut-and-cover, boring machines, drill and blast, and others. It then discusses the New Austrian Tunneling Method and pipe jacking/microtunneling in more detail. For hydraulic structures, it outlines classifications based on function and then explains the construction methods for earth dams, aqueducts, and sluice gates in detail. Key steps for earth dam construction include site preparation, spillway design, and compacting soil layers to increase stability.
environmental geotechnical applications in sanitary landfill designKishan Bhadiyadra
this presentation is all about applications of the concepts of environmental geo-technology in the design of sanitary solid waste landfill. moreover it is useful for solid waste management.
This document discusses drilled pier foundations, which are similar to pile foundations but installed through excavation rather than driving. It describes the four main types of drilled piers: straight-shaft end-bearing, straight-shaft sidewall-friction, combination end-bearing and sidewall-friction, and underreamed or belled piers. The document also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of drilled pier foundations and discusses historical and modern methods of construction, including the dry method, casing method, and slurry method.
1. The document discusses different types of embankment dams including earth-fill dams and rock-fill dams. Earth-fill dams are constructed using compacted earth and have a low-permeability core, while rock-fill dams use rock as the primary fill material.
2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
3. Failure modes of earth-fill dams include piping, which occurs when seepage forces exceed soil self-weight, causing destabilization and potential dam failure.
Earthwork or Groundworks Module 2nd -BCT301
Building Construction Technology Course and Equipment
Lecturer’s name: Saad Talaat BILBAS
University: Erbil Polytechnic University
College: Engineering
Department: Civil
#Building and Construction Technology
Presentation - Case Study on Site Investigation Plan at Chek.pptxolaboughannam1
The document summarizes a case study on the site investigation plan for the construction of the Chek Lap Kok Airport in Hong Kong. An extensive two-part geotechnical program was conducted: (1) detailed site investigation through boreholes, piezocone tests, and laboratory testing revealed up to 20m of very soft marine mud, and (2) a large instrumented test fill evaluated reclamation feasibility and drain configurations. Results showed alidrains accelerated consolidation more than sand drains. The test demonstrated controlled filling and vertical drains could successfully reclaim the soft seabed, avoiding mudwaves with a 1.5m alidrain spacing and 12-month consolidation period.
Presentation - Case Study on Site Investigation Plan at Chek.pptxolaboughannam1
The document summarizes a case study on the site investigation plan for the construction of the Chek Lap Kok Airport in Hong Kong. An extensive two-part geotechnical program was conducted: (1) detailed site investigation through boreholes, piezocone tests, and laboratory testing revealed up to 20m of very soft marine mud, and (2) a large instrumented test fill evaluated reclamation feasibility and drain configurations. Results showed alidrains accelerated consolidation more than sand drains. The test demonstrated controlled filling and vertical drains could successfully reclaim the soft seabed, avoiding mudwaves with a 1.5m alidrain spacing and 12-month consolidation period.
The document discusses the phases and methods of subsurface exploration to determine the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It describes 5 phases: collection of existing information, reconnaissance survey, preliminary exploration, detailed exploration, and report writing. Common exploration methods are discussed, including trial pits, hand augers, mechanical augers like bucket and continuous flight augers, and drilling rigs. Factors to consider for the depth, number, and spacing of boreholes include the structure type and loads, soil variability, and cost-effectiveness. The goal is to safely characterize subsurface conditions for foundation design.
The document discusses excavation and trench safety guidelines. It provides an overview of regulations from the NYC Department of Buildings and OSHA regarding trench excavation safety. Key risks include cave-ins being the most common accident, with most fatalities occurring in trenches between 5-14 feet deep. Proper protection of excavations through sloping, shoring, or benching is required for excavations deeper than 5 feet. Regular inspection and maintenance of excavation protection systems is emphasized.
Effect of Replacement Layers on Bearing Capacity of Silty Clay LayerIJAEMSJORNAL
Soil conditions often pose significant challenges for soil and foundation engineers engaged in construction projects. In response to these challenges, researchers and engineers have dedicated considerable efforts to developing solutions to construct on weak soil layers. The replacement layer is one of the most efficient and effective methods to increase the ultimate bearing capacity under foundation. There are many advantages for replacement layer using such as its low cost, material availability, easy construction, quick construction time, simple testing procedures. There is a few of studies that determine the actual values of the ultimate bearing capacity of replacement layers. Most research and studies focus on theoretical and mathematical values of the ultimate bearing capacity for foundations replacement layers. The site selected for this study was located in Al-Qalyubia Governorate. The use of replacement layers in this study indicated that there is an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity for the studied site. In addition to that, engineering properties of replacement layer and natural soil condition plays a role in the ultimate bearing capacity values.
This document provides information on foundations for roads and bridges. It discusses shallow and deep foundations for buildings. For roads, it describes classification, geometric design considerations, and factors to consider in site investigations. Major bridge types include beam, truss, arch, and suspension bridges. Bridge site investigations consider geological and geotechnical factors that can impact foundations and stability. Foundations are designed based on bearing capacity and load transfer to the ground. Shallow foundations are used when soil/rock is sufficiently strong near the surface, while deep foundations using piles or piers are used when the surface is inadequate.
This document provides a summary of the subsurface investigation and geotechnical report for bridge foundations at three bridge replacement projects along OR138W in Douglas County, Oregon. Borings were advanced at the proposed bridge locations to characterize subsurface conditions for design of spread footings, piles or drilled shafts. The investigations encountered fill over alluvium, with mudstone bedrock found between 22-32 feet below ground surface at the bridge sites. The report provides the boring logs and foundation recommendations.
10 - Introduction to Scientific Landfill.pptxPRACHI DESSAI
A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste with daily, intermediate and final covers only began in the 1940s. In the past, refuse was simply left in piles or thrown into pits; in archeology this is known as a midden.
Some landfill sites are used for waste management purposes, such as temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or for various stages of processing waste material, such as sorting, treatment, or recycling. Unless they are stabilized, landfills may undergo severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during an earthquake. Once full the area over a landfill site may be reclaimed for other uses.
FINAL The Owens Lake Turnout Facility End Cap StudyKook Dean
The document summarizes a risk assessment of potential failures of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) end caps at five Owens Lake turnout facilities. It found the T16 and T10 turnout facilities to be the highest risk due to factors like end cap size, location, depth, and area served. Risk reduction measures proposed include replacing larger end caps, relocating end caps above or away from concrete pads, adding air/vacuum valves, burying end caps in concrete, and using concrete thrust blocks. The assessment provides details on each facility to identify failure risks and mitigation options.
Excvation Safety for safety officers referencessuser2c065e
The document provides an overview of excavation safety and OSHA regulations regarding trenching and excavation. It discusses common causes of excavation cave-ins including tension cracks, saturated soil, and spoil piles. The OSHA excavation standard (29 CFR 1926 Subpart P) requires protective systems like sloping, shoring, or trench boxes to prevent cave-ins. It defines key terms and outlines requirements for soil classification, protective systems, inspections, means of egress, and hazard training. The goal is to educate workers on excavation hazards and OSHA standards to prevent injuries and fatalities from cave-ins and other dangers like exposure to equipment or toxic atmospheres.
1. Soil investigations are conducted to obtain information useful for planning, designing and executing construction projects. This includes determining soil properties, groundwater levels, suitable foundation types and depths, bearing capacity, settlements, and lateral earth pressures.
2. Standard penetration tests are used to determine soil properties like relative density and strength. The test involves driving a split spoon sampler into the soil using a hammer and measuring the blow counts. Corrections are made for dilatancy and overburden pressure.
3. Piles can be classified based on material, load transfer method, construction method, use, and soil displacement. Components of a well foundation include the cutting edge, well curb, stining, bottom plug, sand fill
The document provides guidance from Oregon OSHA on excavation safety. It describes how to properly classify soil types, plan excavation work, inspect excavation sites, and select appropriate protective systems to prevent cave-ins. The role of the competent person to oversee this process and ensure excavations are done safely is emphasized. Cave-ins present deadly risks, so following these procedures is vital for protecting workers.
Excavation and filling - Execution, QC & Equipment 101SHAZEBALIKHAN1
The article enlists several aspects of earthwork. The classification of earthwork material such as soft soil, hard soil, rock etc.
The execution part details the various steps involved in excavation and filling along with their quality control methods.
By the end of the article, the manual and mechanical equipment are enlisted with their functions, usability and efficiency.
The Parking Forest is an assembly of materials to incorporate trees and stormwater management into parking lots without losing parking spaces. This presentation, part of a 4-hour training that included an overview of stormwater and water quality, tree needs, and pervious concreete, provides an overview of the assembly of materials including information on structural soils.
Permeability measurement and scan imaging to assess clogging of pervious conc...Jahzeel Suarez
This document summarizes a study that measured the permeability of 20 pervious concrete parking lots in California using an NCAT field permeameter. Factors like traffic volume, erosion, vegetation, cracking, maintenance practices, rainfall, temperature, sediment accumulation, and pavement age were also collected. Seven core samples from four parking lots were analyzed using CT scans to assess porosity profiles and clogging. Statistical analysis found pavement age and accumulated fine sediment (<38 mm) were most influential on permeability. CT scans showed clogging generally within the top 25 mm but sometimes as deep as 100 mm. The study aimed to better understand permeability reduction and clogging in pervious concrete pavements.
This document discusses construction methods for tunnels and hydraulic structures. For tunnels, it lists various construction methods including cut-and-cover, boring machines, drill and blast, and others. It then discusses the New Austrian Tunneling Method and pipe jacking/microtunneling in more detail. For hydraulic structures, it outlines classifications based on function and then explains the construction methods for earth dams, aqueducts, and sluice gates in detail. Key steps for earth dam construction include site preparation, spillway design, and compacting soil layers to increase stability.
environmental geotechnical applications in sanitary landfill designKishan Bhadiyadra
this presentation is all about applications of the concepts of environmental geo-technology in the design of sanitary solid waste landfill. moreover it is useful for solid waste management.
This document discusses drilled pier foundations, which are similar to pile foundations but installed through excavation rather than driving. It describes the four main types of drilled piers: straight-shaft end-bearing, straight-shaft sidewall-friction, combination end-bearing and sidewall-friction, and underreamed or belled piers. The document also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of drilled pier foundations and discusses historical and modern methods of construction, including the dry method, casing method, and slurry method.
1. The document discusses different types of embankment dams including earth-fill dams and rock-fill dams. Earth-fill dams are constructed using compacted earth and have a low-permeability core, while rock-fill dams use rock as the primary fill material.
2. Design criteria for embankment dams include considerations for the foundation conditions, suitable soil/rock materials, embankment slopes, and spillway capacity. Factors like settlement, compaction, permeability, and stability must be addressed in the design.
3. Failure modes of earth-fill dams include piping, which occurs when seepage forces exceed soil self-weight, causing destabilization and potential dam failure.
Earthwork or Groundworks Module 2nd -BCT301
Building Construction Technology Course and Equipment
Lecturer’s name: Saad Talaat BILBAS
University: Erbil Polytechnic University
College: Engineering
Department: Civil
#Building and Construction Technology
Presentation - Case Study on Site Investigation Plan at Chek.pptxolaboughannam1
The document summarizes a case study on the site investigation plan for the construction of the Chek Lap Kok Airport in Hong Kong. An extensive two-part geotechnical program was conducted: (1) detailed site investigation through boreholes, piezocone tests, and laboratory testing revealed up to 20m of very soft marine mud, and (2) a large instrumented test fill evaluated reclamation feasibility and drain configurations. Results showed alidrains accelerated consolidation more than sand drains. The test demonstrated controlled filling and vertical drains could successfully reclaim the soft seabed, avoiding mudwaves with a 1.5m alidrain spacing and 12-month consolidation period.
Presentation - Case Study on Site Investigation Plan at Chek.pptxolaboughannam1
The document summarizes a case study on the site investigation plan for the construction of the Chek Lap Kok Airport in Hong Kong. An extensive two-part geotechnical program was conducted: (1) detailed site investigation through boreholes, piezocone tests, and laboratory testing revealed up to 20m of very soft marine mud, and (2) a large instrumented test fill evaluated reclamation feasibility and drain configurations. Results showed alidrains accelerated consolidation more than sand drains. The test demonstrated controlled filling and vertical drains could successfully reclaim the soft seabed, avoiding mudwaves with a 1.5m alidrain spacing and 12-month consolidation period.
The document discusses the phases and methods of subsurface exploration to determine the soil layers and properties beneath a proposed structure. It describes 5 phases: collection of existing information, reconnaissance survey, preliminary exploration, detailed exploration, and report writing. Common exploration methods are discussed, including trial pits, hand augers, mechanical augers like bucket and continuous flight augers, and drilling rigs. Factors to consider for the depth, number, and spacing of boreholes include the structure type and loads, soil variability, and cost-effectiveness. The goal is to safely characterize subsurface conditions for foundation design.
The document discusses excavation and trench safety guidelines. It provides an overview of regulations from the NYC Department of Buildings and OSHA regarding trench excavation safety. Key risks include cave-ins being the most common accident, with most fatalities occurring in trenches between 5-14 feet deep. Proper protection of excavations through sloping, shoring, or benching is required for excavations deeper than 5 feet. Regular inspection and maintenance of excavation protection systems is emphasized.
Effect of Replacement Layers on Bearing Capacity of Silty Clay LayerIJAEMSJORNAL
Soil conditions often pose significant challenges for soil and foundation engineers engaged in construction projects. In response to these challenges, researchers and engineers have dedicated considerable efforts to developing solutions to construct on weak soil layers. The replacement layer is one of the most efficient and effective methods to increase the ultimate bearing capacity under foundation. There are many advantages for replacement layer using such as its low cost, material availability, easy construction, quick construction time, simple testing procedures. There is a few of studies that determine the actual values of the ultimate bearing capacity of replacement layers. Most research and studies focus on theoretical and mathematical values of the ultimate bearing capacity for foundations replacement layers. The site selected for this study was located in Al-Qalyubia Governorate. The use of replacement layers in this study indicated that there is an increase in the ultimate bearing capacity for the studied site. In addition to that, engineering properties of replacement layer and natural soil condition plays a role in the ultimate bearing capacity values.
This document provides information on foundations for roads and bridges. It discusses shallow and deep foundations for buildings. For roads, it describes classification, geometric design considerations, and factors to consider in site investigations. Major bridge types include beam, truss, arch, and suspension bridges. Bridge site investigations consider geological and geotechnical factors that can impact foundations and stability. Foundations are designed based on bearing capacity and load transfer to the ground. Shallow foundations are used when soil/rock is sufficiently strong near the surface, while deep foundations using piles or piers are used when the surface is inadequate.
This document provides a summary of the subsurface investigation and geotechnical report for bridge foundations at three bridge replacement projects along OR138W in Douglas County, Oregon. Borings were advanced at the proposed bridge locations to characterize subsurface conditions for design of spread footings, piles or drilled shafts. The investigations encountered fill over alluvium, with mudstone bedrock found between 22-32 feet below ground surface at the bridge sites. The report provides the boring logs and foundation recommendations.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Prescriptive analytics BA4206 Anna University PPTFreelance
Business analysis - Prescriptive analytics Introduction to Prescriptive analytics
Prescriptive Modeling
Non Linear Optimization
Demonstrating Business Performance Improvement
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
Cover Story - China's Investment Leader - Dr. Alyce SUmsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Points To Be Covered:
1926.650: Scope and Application
1926.651: Specific Excavation Requirements
1926.652: Requirements for Protective
Systems
1926 Subpart P Appendix A: Soil
Classification
Other Appendix and Tabulated Data!
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Number of Serious Violations - FY 00 2
1468
994
948
785
783
755
660
609
595
522
501(b)(1) - M
100(a) - E
451(g)(1) - L
21(b)(2) - C
451(e)(1) - L
652(a)(1)- P
451(b)(1) - L
503(a)1)- M
20(b)(2) - C
1053(b)(1) - X
Most Frequently Cited SeriousViolations
in Construction – FY00
Employee t raining
Head prot ect ion
Scaffolds- Plat form const ruct ion
Excavat ions- Prot ect ion of employees
Inspect ions by compet ent persons
Scaffolds- Fall prot ect ion
Fall prot ect ion- Unprot ect ed sides & edges
Port able ladder 3 feet above landing surface
Fall hazards t raining program
Scaffolds- Safe access
Standard & Subpart
-1926.
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Number of Serious Violations - FY 00 16
Subpart P - Excavations
(1926.650 - 652)
83
263
345
351
755652(a)(1)
651(c)(2)
651(k)(1)
651(j)(2)
651(k)(2)
Standard - 1926.
Employee prot ect ion in excavat ions- Prot ect ive syst em use
Inspect ions by compet ent person
Prot ect ion from falling/ rolling mat erials/ equipment
Egress from t rench excavat ions
Compet ent person inspect ion- Employees removed from hazard
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Fatal Facts!
An employee was installing a small
diameter pipe in a trench 3’ wide, 12-
15’ deep and 90 feel long. The trench
was not sloped or shored nor was
there a box or shield to protect the
employee. Further, there was
evidence of a previous cave-in. The
employee apparently reentered the
trench, and a second cave-in
occurred, burying him. He was found
face down in the bottom of the trench.
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Four employees of a mechanical
contractor were laying a lateral
sewer line at a building site. The
foreman, a plumber by trade, and
a laborer were laying an eight-
inch, 20-foot long plastic sewer
pipe in the bottom of a trench 36
inches wide, nine feet deep, and
approximately 50 feet long. The
trench was neither sloped nor
shored, and there was water
entering it along a shale seam
near the bottom. The west side of
the trench caved in near the
bottom, burying one employee to
his chest and completely covering
the other. Rescue operations took
two and five hours - too late to
save the men.
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What Is Soil?
A soil is a mixture of rock, water,
air and a variety of other
substances.
Soil is made up of rock in the form
of small particles and spaces
called voids. Normally some part
of these voids is filled with water.
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Solid Rock weighs about 167 lbs.
Per cubic foot. Since a cubic
foot of soil is about ½ rock it will
weigh about 83 lbs. Add in water
and the weight begins to rise to
around 114 lbs. (if saturated).
Do the math and a simple cubic
yard of soil can weigh over 3000
lbs! That is a ton and a ½!
Weighing in on Soil…
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Protecting Employees in
Excavations
1926.652 (a)(1)
“Each employee in an excavation shall be
protected from a cave-ins by an adequate
protective system designed in
accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of
this section except when:
(I) Excavations are made in entirely stable
rock; or
(ii) Excavations are less than 5’ in depth
and examination of the ground by a
competent person provides no indication
of a potential cave-in.”
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Protective Systems
“a method of protecting employees
from cave-ins, from material that
could fall or roll from an excavation
face or into and excavation, or
from the collapse of adjacent
structures. Protective systems
include support systems, sloping
and benching systems, shield
systems, and other systems that
provide the necessary protection”
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So…We have Options:
Slope, or Bench according to allowable
configurations…
Use a Registered Professional Engineer
to design a sloping or benching system.
Use support systems in accordance with
requirements set forth in the standard.
Purchase an engineered system,
(example..a trench box or shield.)
Have a PE design a shielding or shoring
system specific to your task.
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29 CFR 1926.652(b)(4)(i)
Design by a registered
professional engineer…
Any system not found within the
guidelines set forth in the standard,
or within the tabulated data tables
in the standard requires use of a
Professional Engineer.
*No where in the standard or
tabulated data does it allow for
excavations deeper than 20 feet.
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Competent Person
“one who is capable of identifying
existing and predictable hazards in
the surroundings, or working
conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to
employees, and who has the
authorization to take prompt
corrective measures to eliminate
them”
(Knowledge & Authority)
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1926.651(k)(1)
Inspections
•Daily Inspection of excavations shall be
conducted by a ‘competent person’ prior
to the start of work and as needed
throughout the shift.
•Inspections shall also be conducted after
every rainstorm or other hazard increasing
occurrence.
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Access and Egress
1926.651 (c)(2)
“A stairway, ladder, ramp or other
safe means of egress shall be
located in a trench excavations
that are 4’ or more in depth so at to
require no more than 25’ of lateral
travel for employees.”
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Soil Tests
1926 Subpart P appendix A, Soil
Classification (c)(3)
In order to classify a soil A, B, or C
at least one visual and one manual
test must be performed by a
competent person.
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Visual Test
“Visual analysis is conducted to
determine the qualitative
information regarding the
excavation site in general, the soil
adjacent to the excavation, the soil
forming the sides of the open
excavation, and the soil taken as
samples from the excavated
materials.”
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Manual Tests
“Manual analysis of soil samples is
conducted to determine
quantitative as well as qualitative
properties of soil to provide more
information in order to classify soil
properly.”
Examples: Thumb penetration,
Pocket penetrometers, Drying
tests, Sedimentation…
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Thumb Penetration Test
1926 Subpart P Appendix A(2)(iii)
…type A soils with an unconfined
compressive strength of 1.5 tsf can be
readily indented by the
thumb;however they can only be
penetrated by the thumb only with
great effort…Type C soils with an
unconfined compressive strength of .
5 tsf can be easily penetrated several
inches by the thumb, and can be
molded by light finger pressure.
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Type A Soil
Cohesive soil with an
unconfined, compressive
strength of 1.5 Tsf
Examples of this type of soil
are: Clays, silty clay, sandy
clays, and clay loam.
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A Soil is NOT type ‘A’ IF:
The soil is fissured
The soil is subject to vibration
The soil has been previously
disturbed
The material is subject to other
factors that would require it to
be classified as a less stable
material.
Water is present
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Sources of Vibration
Traffic
Railroad Operations
Heavy Equipment Operations
Jack Hammer Operations
Tamping Machine Operations
Thumping Car Stereos that make
you want to pull your hair out and
to…never mind…
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Type B Soil
Cohesive soil with an unconfined
compressive strength greater
than .5 Tsf
Granular cohesionless soils
including; silt, silt loam, sandy
loam, and some sandy clay loam
Previously disturbed soils except
those which would otherwise be
classified as Type ‘C’ soil
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Type ‘C’ Soil
Cohesive soils with an unconfined
compressive strength of 0.5 Tsf or
less
Granular soils including gravel,
sand, and loamy sand
Submerged soil, or soil from which
water is freely seeping
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Sloping Requirements
by Soil Type
Soil or Rock Type
Maximum
Allowable Slope for
Excavations less
than 20’
Stable Rock Vertical (90 Deg.)
Type A ¾ to 1 (53 Deg.)
Type B 1 to 1 (45 Deg.)
Type C 1 ½ to 1 (34 Deg.)
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Trench Boxes or
Shield Systems:
“A structure that is able to
withstand the forces imposed on it
by a cave-in and thereby protect
employees.”
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Is this allowable?
YES! If the Trench boxes are designed to
be stacked and are used in accordance
with their tabulated data.
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Trench Boxes and
Sloping or Benching
Trench boxes are generally
used in open areas, but they
may also be used in
combination with sloping and
benching. The box should
extend at least 18 inches
above the surrounding area if
there is sloping toward the
excavation.
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Shoring
(Shoring System)
“A structure such as metal
hydraulic, mechanical or timber
shoring system that supports the
sides of an excavation and which
is designed to prevent cave-ins.”
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Surface Encumbrances
Adjacent
Structures
Roads and/ or
Sidewalks
Curb and Gutter
Light poles
Utilities
Mailboxes
1926.651 (a)
“All surface
encumbrances that are
located so as to create
a hazard to employees
shall be removed or
supported as
necessary to
safeguard employees”
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Utilities
1926.651(b)
The estimated location of utility
installations, such as sewer,
telephone, fuel, electric, …that
reasonably may be expected to be
encountered during excavation
work, shall be determined prior to
opening an excavation…
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Can an Excavation be a
Confined Space…?
Oxygen deficient atmospheres:
less than 19.5% oxygen.
Potential for other gasses to be
present include but not be limited
to:
Natural Gas from potential leaks or
cut lines.
Methane from decayed matter.
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Summary Call before you dig.
Use at least one
visual and one
manual soil test to
determine soil type.
A Ladder is
required for access
and egress at 4’
The ladder must be
within 25’ lateral
travel at all times.
At 5’ depth some type of
‘protective system is
required’.
Treat all soil as Type ‘C’ and
slope at 1 ½ : 1 and you are
covered.
If not: Use some type of
shoring or shielding to
protect your employees.
Excavations over 20’
require the use of a P.E.