This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and hydraulics concepts including:
1. Definitions of density, specific gravity, atmospheric pressure, absolute and gauge pressure.
2. Descriptions of viscosity, laminar flow, turbulent flow, continuity equation, and steady vs unsteady flow.
3. Explanations of surface tension, capillarity, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and center of pressure.
4. Discussions of manometers, energy equations, forces on submerged surfaces, and fluid static forces.
The document contains 7 practice problems for applying Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics situations:
1) Determining the diameter of a jet of water flowing from a tank if the water level remains constant
2) Determining if the water level in a tank with inflows and an outflow weir is rising or falling
3) Calculating pressures and drawing hydraulic grade lines for a pipe system with and without a nozzle
4) Analyzing forces on a vertical gate from upstream water with varying depths
5) Calculating flow rates and pressures at several points in a branched pipeline system
This document provides conversion factors between British gravitational (BG) units and International System of Units (SI) units for various quantities in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It lists units for length, area, mass, density, force, pressure, temperature, velocity, power, viscosity, volume, and flow rate. For each quantity, it specifies the conversion factor to multiply the BG unit by to obtain the equivalent SI unit. The list of conversion factors is extensive and covers many common units needed for engineering calculations involving fluid properties, forces, heat transfer, and fluid flow behaviors.
Manometers and Pitot tubes are devices used to measure fluid pressure and velocity. A manometer uses a liquid column to measure pressure differences, while a Pitot tube uses a pressure tap to measure flow velocity based on Bernoulli's equation. A manometer can be a simple U-tube or inclined design, while orifices are openings that can be classified by size, shape, and flow characteristics. A Pitot tube has a open end facing flow and static pressure taps, allowing velocity measurement. These devices are essential tools for analyzing fluid systems.
This document contains 5 questions regarding fluid mechanics. Question 1 involves calculating the torque and power required to overcome viscous resistance in a rotating shaft. Question 2 involves calculating pressure drop, head loss, and power required for a given water flow rate through a pipe and orifice system. Question 3 determines the necessary counterweight to balance a water gate. Question 4 calculates the water level in a tank given pump specifications and a triangular weir. Question 5 determines if a hydraulic machine is a pump or turbine and calculates its power output or input.
This document provides information and examples for calculating surface areas and volumes of rectangular and round tanks, as well as clarifier loading calculations. It includes formulas and step-by-step worked examples for determining surface area of rectangles and circles, and volume of rectangular and cylindrical tanks, including those with conical bottoms. Clarifier detention time is defined as the time it takes for water to travel from inlet to outlet.
1) The document presents the solution to calculating the force in a strut connecting two points on a small dam given information about the dam geometry and hydrostatic forces.
2) It also provides examples of calculating forces on structures like gates and stops subjected to hydrostatic forces from water, including determining the minimum volume of concrete needed to balance these forces.
3) The solutions involve applying principles of equilibrium, calculating hydrostatic force components, and summing moments. Analytical expressions for determining forces are developed.
This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and hydraulics concepts including:
1. Definitions of density, specific gravity, atmospheric pressure, absolute and gauge pressure.
2. Descriptions of viscosity, laminar flow, turbulent flow, continuity equation, and steady vs unsteady flow.
3. Explanations of surface tension, capillarity, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and center of pressure.
4. Discussions of manometers, energy equations, forces on submerged surfaces, and fluid static forces.
The document contains 7 practice problems for applying Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics situations:
1) Determining the diameter of a jet of water flowing from a tank if the water level remains constant
2) Determining if the water level in a tank with inflows and an outflow weir is rising or falling
3) Calculating pressures and drawing hydraulic grade lines for a pipe system with and without a nozzle
4) Analyzing forces on a vertical gate from upstream water with varying depths
5) Calculating flow rates and pressures at several points in a branched pipeline system
This document provides conversion factors between British gravitational (BG) units and International System of Units (SI) units for various quantities in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It lists units for length, area, mass, density, force, pressure, temperature, velocity, power, viscosity, volume, and flow rate. For each quantity, it specifies the conversion factor to multiply the BG unit by to obtain the equivalent SI unit. The list of conversion factors is extensive and covers many common units needed for engineering calculations involving fluid properties, forces, heat transfer, and fluid flow behaviors.
Manometers and Pitot tubes are devices used to measure fluid pressure and velocity. A manometer uses a liquid column to measure pressure differences, while a Pitot tube uses a pressure tap to measure flow velocity based on Bernoulli's equation. A manometer can be a simple U-tube or inclined design, while orifices are openings that can be classified by size, shape, and flow characteristics. A Pitot tube has a open end facing flow and static pressure taps, allowing velocity measurement. These devices are essential tools for analyzing fluid systems.
This document contains 5 questions regarding fluid mechanics. Question 1 involves calculating the torque and power required to overcome viscous resistance in a rotating shaft. Question 2 involves calculating pressure drop, head loss, and power required for a given water flow rate through a pipe and orifice system. Question 3 determines the necessary counterweight to balance a water gate. Question 4 calculates the water level in a tank given pump specifications and a triangular weir. Question 5 determines if a hydraulic machine is a pump or turbine and calculates its power output or input.
This document provides information and examples for calculating surface areas and volumes of rectangular and round tanks, as well as clarifier loading calculations. It includes formulas and step-by-step worked examples for determining surface area of rectangles and circles, and volume of rectangular and cylindrical tanks, including those with conical bottoms. Clarifier detention time is defined as the time it takes for water to travel from inlet to outlet.
1) The document presents the solution to calculating the force in a strut connecting two points on a small dam given information about the dam geometry and hydrostatic forces.
2) It also provides examples of calculating forces on structures like gates and stops subjected to hydrostatic forces from water, including determining the minimum volume of concrete needed to balance these forces.
3) The solutions involve applying principles of equilibrium, calculating hydrostatic force components, and summing moments. Analytical expressions for determining forces are developed.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, forces on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given flow rates, dimensions, slopes and roughness. The reader is asked to show working and assumptions for multi-part questions involving concepts like specific energy, critical flow, flow transitions, weirs and sluice gates.
The document describes a calculation to determine the height (H) of oil in a rectangular tank at which a hinged gate will just begin to rotate counterclockwise. The gate is subjected to an upward force from the oil (F1) and a leftward force from the air pressure (F2). F1 is calculated based on the oil density, area of the gate, and height of the oil column. F2 is given as the air pressure times the gate area. Setting F1 equal to F2 and solving for H gives the critical height at which rotation will occur.
The document discusses several fluid mechanics problems involving pipes, valves, pumps, and Venturi meters. It provides the relevant equations, diagrams, and step-by-step workings to calculate pressure, velocity, discharge, and other flow parameters for each problem.
The document also contains an Arabic passage discussing philosophical concepts like thinking outside the box and challenging preconceived notions.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, force on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given cross-sections, slopes, roughness and discharge. It also contains multiple choice questions testing understanding of concepts like Darcy-Weisbach equation, Chezy's formula, relationship between EGL, HGL and velocity head.
The document appears to be a 14-page final exam for a Hydraulic I course taught by Dr. Ezzat El-sayed G. SALEH in January 2017. It contains multiple pages of questions related to hydraulics for students taking the CVE 215 Hydraulic I course final.
The document contains lecture notes on hydraulics from Minia University in Egypt. It defines key terms related to fluid mechanics such as density, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, compressibility, and surface tension. It also provides the continuity equation and defines different types of fluid flow such as steady, uniform, rotational, and one, two, and three-dimensional flow. The notes conclude by listing the Bernoulli equation and its assumptions.
The document is a study sheet on Bernoulli's equation and its applications. It contains 7 practice problems applying Bernoulli's equation to calculate things like water flow rates, pressures at different points, and forces on gates. Diagrams illustrate the hydraulic systems and students are asked to calculate values, sketch graphs, and determine if water levels are rising or falling. The problems involve nozzles, pipes, weirs, and cylinders to demonstrate applications of Bernoulli's equation in hydraulics.
This document provides an overview of various topics in civil engineering, including the different branches and their applications. It discusses surveying, structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, construction management, irrigation engineering, earthquake engineering, and the roles of civil engineers in construction projects like buildings and dams. The key information presented includes the different types of structures, loads, soils, roads, and the purposes and methods of each civil engineering specialty.
This document discusses Pelton wheel turbines. It begins with an overview of Pelton wheels and their components. It then provides explanations of key concepts such as impulse turbines, velocity diagrams, effective head, maximum power output, and hydraulic efficiency. Practical considerations for Pelton wheel design like optimal bucket angles are also covered. Finally, it discusses turbine selection and the typical range of specific speeds for different turbine types.
This document defines and describes different types of fluid flows. It discusses ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, laminar and turbulent flow, steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, compressible and incompressible flow, rotational and irrotational flow, and viscous and non-viscous flow. Key fluid properties like viscosity, density, and compressibility are covered. Examples are provided to illustrate different fluid types and flows.
This document contains diagrams and questions related to fluid mechanics:
1) It shows diagrams of different devices moving in fluid and asks whether each will move in the positive or negative x-direction assuming equal pressure at the entrance and exit.
2) It shows a diagram of a sprinkler and asks to determine the torque required to prevent its rotation given the fluid velocity and distance from the point of rotation.
3) It shows a diagram of a vane moving through fluid and asks to determine the force on the vane given its angle, velocity through the fluid, and the fluid velocity striking it.
4) It asks which factors the pressure at the summit of a siphon depends on out of liquid density
The document discusses hydraulic grade lines (HGL) and energy grade lines (EGL), which are tools for representing energy in hydraulic systems. It notes that three key equations - discharge and continuity, energy, and momentum - are fundamental to solving most hydrodynamic problems. HGLs and EGLs provide a visual representation of energy along a flow path to help identify points of concern in design and analysis. Examples are given of how HGLs and EGLs change with factors like pipe diameter, valves, nozzles, pumps, and turbines.
- Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are used to produce high heads. They are suitable for large discharge and smaller heads and require less floor area and foundation than reciprocating pumps.
- The efficiency of centrifugal pumps is less than reciprocating pumps. Power required to drive centrifugal pumps is directly proportional to the fourth power of the impeller diameter.
- Axial flow pumps are preferred for flood control and irrigation applications due to their ability to provide high discharge.
1) Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze flow through orifices. It relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid flowing through an orifice.
2) For a sharp-edged orifice, the diameter of the jet is less than the diameter of the hole due to the vena contracta effect.
3) Pumps and turbines can be analyzed using Bernoulli's equation to relate input power to output power and efficiency. Head, flow rate, and losses are considered.
This document discusses different types of gates and siphons used in open channel flow. It begins by describing the geometry of sluice gates, including definitions of terms like gate opening and vena contracta. It then shows diagrams and definitions for other gate types like radial gates and drum gates. The document also explains the concepts of siphon flow, including diagrams of a basic siphon and definitions of terms. It provides equations for calculating flow rates, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, and weight flow rate. Examples are given for calculating time of emptying/filling tanks and pipes, as well as worked examples for siphon problems.
The document is a lecture on linear momentum and the linear momentum equation. It begins with definitions of linear momentum and Newton's second and third laws of motion. It then covers the conservation of momentum principle and introduces the general form of the linear momentum equation. Several examples of applying the linear momentum equation to problems involving pipes, nozzles, and hydraulic machines are shown. It also discusses the momentum correction factor and defines key aspects of using a control volume in the linear momentum equation.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding basic fluid mechanics concepts. It then discusses various fluid flow types and conditions like laminar versus turbulent flow, compressible versus incompressible flow, and internal versus external flow. Key concepts like viscosity, vapor pressure, cavitation, surface tension, and capillary effects are also introduced. Equations for hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces are provided. In summary, the document serves as an overview of fundamental fluid mechanics topics.
1) An orifice meter uses an orifice plate with a sharp-edged hole to measure fluid flow through a pipe. It works on the venturi effect where pressure decreases in a constricted section.
2) For flow through an orifice, Bernoulli's equation is applied between the upstream and downstream sections. The actual discharge is less than the theoretical value due to contraction of the jet and friction losses.
3) For large orifices where the head is less than 5 times the orifice diameter, the discharge is calculated through integration considering flow through thin horizontal strips across the orifice.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, forces on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given flow rates, dimensions, slopes and roughness. The reader is asked to show working and assumptions for multi-part questions involving concepts like specific energy, critical flow, flow transitions, weirs and sluice gates.
The document describes a calculation to determine the height (H) of oil in a rectangular tank at which a hinged gate will just begin to rotate counterclockwise. The gate is subjected to an upward force from the oil (F1) and a leftward force from the air pressure (F2). F1 is calculated based on the oil density, area of the gate, and height of the oil column. F2 is given as the air pressure times the gate area. Setting F1 equal to F2 and solving for H gives the critical height at which rotation will occur.
The document discusses several fluid mechanics problems involving pipes, valves, pumps, and Venturi meters. It provides the relevant equations, diagrams, and step-by-step workings to calculate pressure, velocity, discharge, and other flow parameters for each problem.
The document also contains an Arabic passage discussing philosophical concepts like thinking outside the box and challenging preconceived notions.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, force on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given cross-sections, slopes, roughness and discharge. It also contains multiple choice questions testing understanding of concepts like Darcy-Weisbach equation, Chezy's formula, relationship between EGL, HGL and velocity head.
The document appears to be a 14-page final exam for a Hydraulic I course taught by Dr. Ezzat El-sayed G. SALEH in January 2017. It contains multiple pages of questions related to hydraulics for students taking the CVE 215 Hydraulic I course final.
The document contains lecture notes on hydraulics from Minia University in Egypt. It defines key terms related to fluid mechanics such as density, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, compressibility, and surface tension. It also provides the continuity equation and defines different types of fluid flow such as steady, uniform, rotational, and one, two, and three-dimensional flow. The notes conclude by listing the Bernoulli equation and its assumptions.
The document is a study sheet on Bernoulli's equation and its applications. It contains 7 practice problems applying Bernoulli's equation to calculate things like water flow rates, pressures at different points, and forces on gates. Diagrams illustrate the hydraulic systems and students are asked to calculate values, sketch graphs, and determine if water levels are rising or falling. The problems involve nozzles, pipes, weirs, and cylinders to demonstrate applications of Bernoulli's equation in hydraulics.
This document provides an overview of various topics in civil engineering, including the different branches and their applications. It discusses surveying, structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, construction management, irrigation engineering, earthquake engineering, and the roles of civil engineers in construction projects like buildings and dams. The key information presented includes the different types of structures, loads, soils, roads, and the purposes and methods of each civil engineering specialty.
This document discusses Pelton wheel turbines. It begins with an overview of Pelton wheels and their components. It then provides explanations of key concepts such as impulse turbines, velocity diagrams, effective head, maximum power output, and hydraulic efficiency. Practical considerations for Pelton wheel design like optimal bucket angles are also covered. Finally, it discusses turbine selection and the typical range of specific speeds for different turbine types.
This document defines and describes different types of fluid flows. It discusses ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, laminar and turbulent flow, steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, compressible and incompressible flow, rotational and irrotational flow, and viscous and non-viscous flow. Key fluid properties like viscosity, density, and compressibility are covered. Examples are provided to illustrate different fluid types and flows.
This document contains diagrams and questions related to fluid mechanics:
1) It shows diagrams of different devices moving in fluid and asks whether each will move in the positive or negative x-direction assuming equal pressure at the entrance and exit.
2) It shows a diagram of a sprinkler and asks to determine the torque required to prevent its rotation given the fluid velocity and distance from the point of rotation.
3) It shows a diagram of a vane moving through fluid and asks to determine the force on the vane given its angle, velocity through the fluid, and the fluid velocity striking it.
4) It asks which factors the pressure at the summit of a siphon depends on out of liquid density
The document discusses hydraulic grade lines (HGL) and energy grade lines (EGL), which are tools for representing energy in hydraulic systems. It notes that three key equations - discharge and continuity, energy, and momentum - are fundamental to solving most hydrodynamic problems. HGLs and EGLs provide a visual representation of energy along a flow path to help identify points of concern in design and analysis. Examples are given of how HGLs and EGLs change with factors like pipe diameter, valves, nozzles, pumps, and turbines.
- Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are used to produce high heads. They are suitable for large discharge and smaller heads and require less floor area and foundation than reciprocating pumps.
- The efficiency of centrifugal pumps is less than reciprocating pumps. Power required to drive centrifugal pumps is directly proportional to the fourth power of the impeller diameter.
- Axial flow pumps are preferred for flood control and irrigation applications due to their ability to provide high discharge.
1) Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze flow through orifices. It relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid flowing through an orifice.
2) For a sharp-edged orifice, the diameter of the jet is less than the diameter of the hole due to the vena contracta effect.
3) Pumps and turbines can be analyzed using Bernoulli's equation to relate input power to output power and efficiency. Head, flow rate, and losses are considered.
This document discusses different types of gates and siphons used in open channel flow. It begins by describing the geometry of sluice gates, including definitions of terms like gate opening and vena contracta. It then shows diagrams and definitions for other gate types like radial gates and drum gates. The document also explains the concepts of siphon flow, including diagrams of a basic siphon and definitions of terms. It provides equations for calculating flow rates, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, and weight flow rate. Examples are given for calculating time of emptying/filling tanks and pipes, as well as worked examples for siphon problems.
The document is a lecture on linear momentum and the linear momentum equation. It begins with definitions of linear momentum and Newton's second and third laws of motion. It then covers the conservation of momentum principle and introduces the general form of the linear momentum equation. Several examples of applying the linear momentum equation to problems involving pipes, nozzles, and hydraulic machines are shown. It also discusses the momentum correction factor and defines key aspects of using a control volume in the linear momentum equation.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in fluid mechanics. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding basic fluid mechanics concepts. It then discusses various fluid flow types and conditions like laminar versus turbulent flow, compressible versus incompressible flow, and internal versus external flow. Key concepts like viscosity, vapor pressure, cavitation, surface tension, and capillary effects are also introduced. Equations for hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces are provided. In summary, the document serves as an overview of fundamental fluid mechanics topics.
1) An orifice meter uses an orifice plate with a sharp-edged hole to measure fluid flow through a pipe. It works on the venturi effect where pressure decreases in a constricted section.
2) For flow through an orifice, Bernoulli's equation is applied between the upstream and downstream sections. The actual discharge is less than the theoretical value due to contraction of the jet and friction losses.
3) For large orifices where the head is less than 5 times the orifice diameter, the discharge is calculated through integration considering flow through thin horizontal strips across the orifice.
1. CVE 215 – 2 YEAR CIVIL – FIRST SEMESTER “JAN. 2018”
- 1 -
Minia University
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Eng. Dept. / 2nd
Year Civil.
Hydraulic I (CVE 215)
Date: Jan. 1, 2018
Time: Three hours
Answer all the following questions,
Assume any missing data reasonably,
Net sketches and clear dimensions are required.
من مكون الامتحان
ورقتني
،
الك
هام
وهجني
العظمي الهناية و
70
درجة
Question No. 1 “6 Marks”
The figure shows a bearing, in which a vertical shaft is rotating. An oil
film between the bottom surface of the shaft and a bearing is provided
to rotate. The viscous resistance is offered by the oil to the shaft. Let:
N =speed of the shaft, & R = radius of the shaft,
y = thickness of oil film & the area of the elementary ring = 2 r. dr
Estimate:
a) Total torque required to overcome
the viscous resistance,
b) The power “P” absorbed.
Question No. 2 “16 Marks”
Water is pumped at a rate of 20 cfs through the system shown in the
figure.
a) What differential pressure will occur across the orifice?
b) What power must the pump supply to the flow for the given
conditions?
2. CVE 215 – 2 YEAR CIVIL – FIRST SEMESTER “JAN. 2018”
- 2 -
c) Also, draw the HGL and the EGL for the system. Assume f =
0.015 for the pipe.
Question No. 3 “10 Marks”
The counterweight pivot gate shown in the figure, controls the flow
from a tank. The gate is rectangular and is 3m x 2 m.
Determine the value of the counterweight “W” such that the
upstream water can be 1.5 m.
Question No. 4 “12 Marks”
A pump is used to deliver water from a well to a tank. The bottom of
the tank is 2 m above the water surface in the well. The pipe is
commercial steel 2.5 m long with a diameter of 5 cm and f = 0.02. The
pump develops a head of 20 m. A triangular weir with an included
angle of 60° “Cd = 0.58” is located in a wall of the tank with the
bottom of the weir 1 m above the tank floor. Find the level of the
water in the tank above the floor of the tank.
3. CVE 215 – 2 YEAR CIVIL – FIRST SEMESTER “JAN. 2018”
- 3 -
Question No. 5 “16 Marks”
i. For a hydraulic machine shown in the figure, the following data are
available:
Flow : From “A” to “B”
Discharge: 200 L/s of water
Diameters: at “A” 20 cm, and at “B” 30 cm
Elevation (m): at “A” 105 m, and at “B” 100 m
Pressures : at “A” 100 kpa, and at “B” 200 kpa.
a) Is this machine a pump or a turbine?
b) Calculate the power input or output
depending on whether it is pump or a
turbine.
ii.A vertical circular tank of 600mm
diameter and 2.5m height is full of
water. It contains two orifices each of
1300 mm2
area, one at the bottom of the
tank and the other at a height of 1.25m
above the bottom as shown in figure.
Determine the time required to empty
the tank. Take coefficient of discharge
for both of the orifices as 0.62.
Question No. 6 “10 Marks”
4. CVE 215 – 2 YEAR CIVIL – FIRST SEMESTER “JAN. 2018”
- 4 -
A sluice gate is used to control the water flow rate over a dam. The
gate is 20 ft wide, and the depth of the water above the bottom of the
sluice gate is 16 ft. The depth of the water upstream of the gate is 20
ft, and the depth downstream is 3 ft.
i. Estimate the flow rate under the gate and the force on the gate.
With best wishes and
Dr. Ezzat El-Sayed G. SALEH