The Engineers Without Borders chapter at Montana State University (EWB-MSU) works to improve welfare in Khwisero, Kenya by providing clean water and sanitation for primary students. A statistical analysis of household survey data was conducted by EWB-MSU's Impact Evaluation Team (IET) to investigate the organization's impact on primary student health, education and household time-use outcomes. Although impacts on health and education are not observed, some households save considerable time collecting water. This brief discusses these findings and offers program recommendations for EWB-MSU.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
What does the latest WASH in Schools literature say?
There has been an increase in recent years on studies assessing the impact of WinS on health and education of school-age children. However, there is still a need for rigorous evidence on efficacy and effectiveness of WinS programs, specifically on
the integration of WinS with other health and educational approaches consistent with
the belief that WinS is foundational for creating an enabling environment for a childcentered
learning environment. Most critical is the need to ensure sustained services
and behavior change.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL DENTAL SCREENING, PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH EDUC...DrRipika Sharma
Introduction: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of school screening, parental knowledge and health education in
stimulating dental attendance among 6 to 10 years old children.
Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was carried out, with a sample size of 155 in each group. The study was conducted over a
period of 3 months, baseline clinical findings were assessed using dentition status and plaque index and knowledge of parents was evaluated using a
questionnaire in both the groups. The study group participants received oral health education and educational leaflets were distributed to the
parents. Further after 3 months, the post-intervention improvement was assessed as before. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version
22. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the data.
Results: The overtime changes in oral health knowledge of parents were significantly different in the study group (p-value <0.001). Highly
significant reduction in Plaque scores was reported in the study group compared to control group (p-value <0.001). Overall there were no
significant differences in DMFT and dmft increments between the groups. The intervention was not effective at reducing the level of active caries
and increasing attendance in the population under study.
Conclusion: Even though the intervention had positive effects on plaque score and and on oral health knowledge of parents, but the rate of
utilization was low. We need additional efforts addressing another individual, family, and community level factors to make such programs more
fruitful
What does the latest WASH in Schools literature say?
There has been an increase in recent years on studies assessing the impact of WinS on health and education of school-age children. However, there is still a need for rigorous evidence on efficacy and effectiveness of WinS programs, specifically on
the integration of WinS with other health and educational approaches consistent with
the belief that WinS is foundational for creating an enabling environment for a childcentered
learning environment. Most critical is the need to ensure sustained services
and behavior change.
Impression of Mid Day Meal Scheme on Enrollement & Daily Attendence of School...professionalpanorama
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
Impression of mid day meal scheme on enrolment & daily attendance of scho...Tapasya123
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
Education is one of the most powerful things in life. It allows us to find the meaning behind everything and helps improve lives in a massive way. Education gives us an understanding of the world around us and offers us an opportunity to use that knowledge wisely. Irrespective of race, creed, and gender, education makes it possible for people to stand out as equal with all the other persons from different walks of life. Overall, education is the platform that makes it possible to defeat all barriers. - Norbert Juma, Everyday Power
School water, sanitation & hygiene (wash) clubs; indicators of an active club...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was made and delivered during an engagement with school leadership of 5 selected Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) schools in Kampala - with an objective of strengthening School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Clubs based on their role and contributions for advancing inclusive and sustainable WASH in schools. This is part of an initiative by Environmental Alert in collaboration with KCCA and Water Aid Uganda through the framework of the Sustainable WASH project. WASH project.
Children’s Nature Deficit: What We Know - and Don’t Know
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The Welfare Impacts of Engineers Without Borders in Western KenyaKirkwood Donavin
Kirkwood's thesis uses econometrics to explore the welfare impacts of Engineers Without Borders-Montana State University's (EWB-MSU) engineering projects at primary schools in Khwisero, Kenya. Welfare outcomes are modeled using linear regression including community fixed effects and principal components to produce household wealth measures. The results provide evidence that individuals are spending less time collecting water by accessing EWB-MSU borehole wells, but no evidence is found for health or educational benefits of the organization's wells or composting latrines.
Economic impact analysis looks at the effect of a project or event on the economy of a specified geography. We measure this effect in jobs, sales, and earnings created or lost. What we are really measuring is “change in final demand,” which is essentially money coming in from somewhere outside of your community.
Some may debate over which economic impact model is the best, but I’ll let you in on a little secret: the most important component of any good economic impact analysis has nothing to do with which model you use. The single biggest pitfall of many impact studies is failing to correctly calculate “net new” when thinking about change in final demand. Net new is the change in final demand once you have eliminated and accounted for all other changes. In other words, you have estimated which jobs would occur in your community regardless of the project.
Last week, Tom Dworetsky and I had a blast chatting about this topic with a group of Siena College students taking part in an Economics of Travel and Tourism Course. Check out our presentation slides for a step-by-step guide to economic impact analysis.
Impression of Mid Day Meal Scheme on Enrollement & Daily Attendence of School...professionalpanorama
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
Impression of mid day meal scheme on enrolment & daily attendance of scho...Tapasya123
For achieving the goal of education, the enrolment of children and their
daily presence in schools is essential. Mid-Day Meal Scheme is an effort to
achieve and facilitate the goal. The purpose of present study is to assess the
impression of Mid-Day Meal Scheme on enrolment and daily attendance of
children studying in class I to VIII class and to suggest some measures the
sample size is of 250 children and 11 headmasters. The study tries to prove
that the selected scheme plays an important role in improving enrolment
and daily attendance of children. Results revealed that this scheme proves a
major means in improving enrolment and attendance comparatively. More
efforts could be made to increase enrolment and attendance of students by
increasing variety and quality of Mid-Day Meal and by incorporating
interesting method of teaching.
Education is one of the most powerful things in life. It allows us to find the meaning behind everything and helps improve lives in a massive way. Education gives us an understanding of the world around us and offers us an opportunity to use that knowledge wisely. Irrespective of race, creed, and gender, education makes it possible for people to stand out as equal with all the other persons from different walks of life. Overall, education is the platform that makes it possible to defeat all barriers. - Norbert Juma, Everyday Power
School water, sanitation & hygiene (wash) clubs; indicators of an active club...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was made and delivered during an engagement with school leadership of 5 selected Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) schools in Kampala - with an objective of strengthening School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Clubs based on their role and contributions for advancing inclusive and sustainable WASH in schools. This is part of an initiative by Environmental Alert in collaboration with KCCA and Water Aid Uganda through the framework of the Sustainable WASH project. WASH project.
Children’s Nature Deficit: What We Know - and Don’t Know
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The Welfare Impacts of Engineers Without Borders in Western KenyaKirkwood Donavin
Kirkwood's thesis uses econometrics to explore the welfare impacts of Engineers Without Borders-Montana State University's (EWB-MSU) engineering projects at primary schools in Khwisero, Kenya. Welfare outcomes are modeled using linear regression including community fixed effects and principal components to produce household wealth measures. The results provide evidence that individuals are spending less time collecting water by accessing EWB-MSU borehole wells, but no evidence is found for health or educational benefits of the organization's wells or composting latrines.
Economic impact analysis looks at the effect of a project or event on the economy of a specified geography. We measure this effect in jobs, sales, and earnings created or lost. What we are really measuring is “change in final demand,” which is essentially money coming in from somewhere outside of your community.
Some may debate over which economic impact model is the best, but I’ll let you in on a little secret: the most important component of any good economic impact analysis has nothing to do with which model you use. The single biggest pitfall of many impact studies is failing to correctly calculate “net new” when thinking about change in final demand. Net new is the change in final demand once you have eliminated and accounted for all other changes. In other words, you have estimated which jobs would occur in your community regardless of the project.
Last week, Tom Dworetsky and I had a blast chatting about this topic with a group of Siena College students taking part in an Economics of Travel and Tourism Course. Check out our presentation slides for a step-by-step guide to economic impact analysis.
Market Research - Course Slides
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
-Marketing Research
-Types of Market Research
-Research Methods
2.Qualitative Research Methods
- Focus Groups
- Depth Interview
- Projective Techniques
- Comparison of Qualitative Techniques
3. Observation Methods
4. Survey: Measurement and Scaling
- Intorduction
- Comparative Scales
- Non-comparative Scales
- Multi-item Scales
- Reliability and Validity
5.Questionnaire
- Asking Questions
- Overcoming Inability to Answer
- Overcoming Unwillingness to Answer
- Increasing Willingness of Respondents
- Determining the Order of Questions
- What’s Next?
6.Sampling
- Non-probability Sampling
- Probability Sampling
- Choosing Non-Probability vs. Probability Sampling
- Sample Size
7. Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques
- Descriptive Statistics: Some Popular Displays of Data
- Organizing Qualitative Data
- Organizing Quantitative Data
- Summarizing Data Numerically
- Cross-Tabulations
- Inferential Statistics: Can the results be generalized to population?
- Hypothesis Testing
- Strength of a Relationship in Cross-Tabulation
- Describing the Relationship Between Two (Ratio Scaled) Variables
8. Advanced Techniques of Market Analysis: A Brief Overview of Some Useful Concepts
- Conjoint Analysis
- Market Simulations
- Market Segmentation
- Perceptual Positioning Maps
9. Reporting Results
This study was carried out to examine the effects of nutrition on pupils’ performance in selected primary schools in
Muhororo Sub County, Kagadi District. The study objectives were; to establish the effects of nutrition on the
academic performance of pupils in selected primary schools in Muhororo Sub County, Kagadi district, to find out
the relationships between nutrition and brain function of pupils in selected primary schools in Muhororo Sub
County, Kagadi district and to suggest measures that can be taken to solve the problem of poor nutrition in primary
schools. A cross sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to collect data.
The qualitative study design investigated the effects of nutrition on pupils’ performance between the independent
and the dependent variables.
The survey of the Problems and challenges faced by the University Students at University of Moratuwa is completed for the module "Introduction to the Psychology" during the 2nd semester of the Transport and Logistics Management Degree Program at University of Moratuwa.
School attendence is a prerequite for a student in universial secondary educa...Komakech Robert Agwot
The study explored the effects of students’ absenteeism on student academic and school performance in Uganda. The study also assessed the effectiveness of class attendance monitoring tool; the challenges faced by the school administration in dealing with absentee student(s); and established the relationship between students’ absenteeism and academic performance of students. The relevant literature was reviewed to anchor the methodology and the findings. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A combination of stratified and purposive sampling was applied to accommodate the variety of respondents from Serere, Soroti, Kumi and Ngora districts in Teso sub-region; North Eastern Uganda. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect primary data from 349 respondents who participated in the study out of the expected 384 obtained from a target population of 100,000 giving a response rate of 90.89%. The findings shows that the monitoring tools used for students’ attendance are effective (good) and there is a very positive relationship between student attendance and academic performance. The researcher also found that school attendance affects both the students and the school performance. To the students; it leads to poor academic performance, students drop out, graduating half-baked students, poor curriculum coverage and loss of interest in learning whist to the school; it affects the school image, lower the students’ enrollment, transfer of students by parents, wastage of teachers’ and administrators’ time and affects the university/tertiary enrolment. However, the school administration faces challenges of; interruption of lessons, students being hostile/belligerent to teachers, and parents defending their children whilst dealing with absenteeism students. The study also provides the practical and most effective strategies to improve students’ attendance. These staregies include; promoting Zero Tolerance to Students Absenteeism, parental involvement and participation, developing students’ mentoring programmes, improving “rich” student’s programmes, promoting guidance and counseling, promote good communication, reward students with regular attendance, and need to monitor and supervise school attendance. The researcher concludes that, to support students academically in and out of school; administrators, teachers, and families need to have a shared understanding of their children’s learning and work as partners to meet their academic and social-emotional needs.
Keywords: School Attendance, Academic Performance, Excused and Unexcused Absenteeism, Universal Secondary Education
Influence of Teachers’ Working Conditions on Curbing Examination Malpractices...paperpublications3
Abstract: Examination malpractice has become one of the most serious problem threatening our education system at all levels of learning irrespective of the institution status, level or location. For a long time examinations have witnessed increased and sophisticated incidents of examination malpractices. The problem is so alarming that all stakeholders in the educational systems all over the world have expressed serious concerns about it and need to find solution to it. The purpose of this study was to establish teachers’ working conditions influence on examination malpractices in KCSE examinations in Kisii County selected public secondary schools where the vice has been perennially exhibited. The researcher provided background information on the roles of teachers in examination process and how teacher factors as the independent variables can be manipulated to curb examination malpractices. This study reviewed relevant literature based on the variables guided by the research questions in line with their study objectives. The research analyzed the influence of teachers’ working conditions ,teachers’ roles in the examination process and the challenges teachers are faced with in curbing examination malpractices as dependent variables and illustrated in the conceptual framework and related literature provided. The target population constituted 15 Principals, 15 Deputy Principals, 15Examination Masters and 3 District Examination Officers. Saturated sampling was used to obtain the sample which is equal to the target population. Causal comparative Ex post facto research design was used. Questionnaires and interview schedules which were subjected to expert judgement and pilot tested for validity and reliability were used as research instruments. Statistical analysis was done to generate frequencies and percentages. The study recommended promoting teachers’ morale in terms of remuneration, better working conditions, provision of adequate and relevant educational/ teaching and learning facilities. The study also recommended full implementation of examination regulations and policies without partiality and further research on the role of other stakeholders in curbing examination malpractices.
Assessment of the Existing School Health Promotion Program in a Selected Educ...AnuragSingh1049
The health promotion school program was designed to promote the wellbeing of school students. This concept was introduced during the 1980s by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Sri Lanka; it was initiated and implemented in 2008 targeting all government schools. The aim of the study was to assess the existing school health promotion program. The cross-sectional study was implemented in May 2018 with all secondary schools in a selected education zone in Sri Lanka which represent three types of schools, 1AB, 1C and type 2. The study participants were students and teachers. The newly developed tool (Health Promoting School Assessment Tool) was used to assess the existing school health promotion program under six main criteria. The nominal group technique was followed to fill the assessment tool designed in the study where a team of teachers and a team of students separately took part in the assessment. The findings of the study show that the existing health promotion school program is partially unsuccessful in the selected educational zone. The existing situation of the school health promotion program, according to the main six criteria of the Health Promotion School Assessment Tool, was not at a satisfactory level of the implementation (38.2%). Only three schools (N=23) scored more than 50% while other schools (n=20, N=23) were scored less than 50%. According to the assessment, for each group of an individual school, there was a difference between teachers’ assessment and students’ assessment of the overall health promotion program. It is important to conduct continuous monitoring and have an evaluation plan for the school health promotion program to acquire effective changes in school settings.
Chapte 1
Overview
Since the publication of the Reagan e a education epo t, A Nation at Risk, the United
States has focused attention on education efo m (United States, 1983). This epo t used
compelling language to desc ibe Ame ica’s schools as la gely inadequate and unable to meet
global demands on education, the eby leaving Ame ica’s futu e in jeopa dy. Since that time
school leade s have emb aced va ious education efo m movements such as No Child Left Behind
and Eve y Student Succeeds Act (No Child Left Behind [NCLB], 2002, Eve y Student Succeeds
Act [ESSA], 2008). Each with thei own measu es of standa dized testing, academic achievement,
and school pe fo mance. Pe haps ove looked is the impo tance of school climate in the ove all
school imp ovement p ocess. Cleveland and Sink (2018) p omote the notion that student
pe spectives on school climate should be included in school imp ovement plans. Othe esea ches
such as Zahid (2014), suggest school climate to be the numbe one conside ation fo student
academic achievement.
Dutta & Sahney (2016) esea ched the elationship between school climate and student
achievement and suggested a positive co elation. School p incipals a e the leade s of thei
building, shaping a compelling vision fo the futu e while p omoting safety, academic
achievement, and a positive climate. Depending on the schools' size, the p incipal's job desc iption
may include cu iculum, discipline, community elations, and fiscal esponsibilities. P incipals a e
equi ed to balance the expectations of state, community, and dist ict leade s to p oduce the highest
possible standa dized testing, pe sonnel, and school climate esults. These esponsibilities make
them one of the most influential school imp ovement figu es.
Background and problem statement
Dr. Jaocb Bryant
Approaches Expectations
Leade ship p actices utilized by p incipals a e vital to the quality of thei job pe fo mance.
The influence of a p incipal extends to the pe ception of all inte nal and exte nal stakeholde s.
With inc easing esea ch to suggest positive school climates could be an influential component of
school imp ovement, p incipals should conside the extent to which inte nal stakeholde s such as
the teaching faculty pe ceive thei influence ove school climate. The extent to which p incipals
can influence school climate in A kansas’ schools is unknown.
Purpose of the study
The pu pose of this quantitative co elational esea ch was to investigate if and to what
extent p incipal leade ship p actices co elate with school climate as pe ceived by teache s in the in
u al and subu ban schools in A kansas. This study investigated the biva iate co elation between
the teache s' pe ception of the school p incipal's leade ship p actices and the co esponding
school's climate sco es. Twenty-fou schools a e included in the sample size f om six geog aphic
egions ...
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
1. The Welfare Impacts of EWB-MSU
Does Engineers Without Borders–Montana State University Improve Health, Education &
Time-Use in Western Kenya?
Executive Summary
The Engineers Without Borders chapter at Montana State University (EWB-
MSU) works to improve welfare in Khwisero, Kenya by providing clean water
and sanitation for primary students. A statistical analysis of household survey
data was conducted by EWB-MSU’s Impact Evaluation Team (IET) to investigate
the organization’s impact on primary student health, education and household
time-use outcomes. Although impacts in health and education are not observed,
some households save considerable time collecting water. This brief discusses
these findings and offers program recommendations for EWB-MSU.
— Kirkwood Donavin, IET Manager
Introduction
The Engineers Without Borders chapter at Montana State
University (EWB-MSU) seeks to improve the welfare of pri-
mary students and their families in Khwisero, Kenya. The
group primarily constructs bore hole wells and composting
latrines at schools in order to provide clean and accessible wa-
ter and sanitation. Motivation for these projects comes from
the fact that diseases related to water and sanitation have
outstanding consequences for children. Further motivation
comes from the fact that time spent collecting water might
be productively used elsewhere. These issues are relevant in
Khwisero just as they are in much of the developing world.
The World Health Organization estimates that, each year, ap-
proximately 14% of all deaths in children under 5 years of
age, or almost 1.5 million deaths, are related to diarrheal
disease, which is caused by dirty water and sanitation [3].
Further, the average time spent collecting water by women
and children around the globe is an opportunity cost that,
on average, is estimated to be the value of 30% and 15% of
per-capita GDP, respectively [2].
EWB-MSU bore hole wells and composting latrines are
expected to improve welfare outcomes for students and sur-
rounding communities (see Figure 1). Specifically, EWB-MSU
bore hole wells provide access to cleaner water. Use of such
water is expected to decrease incidence of enteric disease and
improve health outcomes. Additionally, these water sources
may shorten the distance to clean water for nearby house-
holds. Implementation of a bore hole well is thus expected to
reduce the amount of time households spend collecting wa-
ter. Further, EWB-MSU composting latrines are cleaner and
prevent ground water contamination with a concrete seal in
the base of the structure. Thus, these projects are also ex-
pected to improve health outcomes. Finally, both types of
projects that EWB-MSU implements are expected to indirectly
improve education outcomes because healthier students may
attend more school and time saved collecting water may be
transferred to extra time students spend at school.
The Impact Evaluation Team’s (IET) goals for this research
are two-fold. First, the IET seeks understanding of the impact
EWB-MSU has on primary student health and education out-
comes, as well as household time-use outcomes. The IET anal-
ysis of household data from Khwisero found no evidence of an
EWB-MSU impact on health or education outcomes. However,
evidence was found that EWB-MSU is reducing the amount of
time that households spend collecting water, albeit for a small
sub-set of households surrounding EWB-MSU water projects.
Second, the IET aims to foster growth of EWB-MSU and this
policy brief is a crucial part of that effort. Possible explana-
tions for the results and recommendations for EWB-MSU are
provided in closing.
Approaches & Results
The Impact Evaluation Team is motivated to understand
what effect EWB-MSU has on primary students in Khwis-
ero, Kenya. The IET decided to analyze the organizations
impact on primary student health because it is potentially
EWB-MSU’s most important welfare impact. Further, the team
The Welfare Impacts of EWB-MSU
kirkwood.donavin@gmail.com sarah.janzen@montana.edu
This brief is based on Donavin, 2015 [1]
Page 1
2. BORE HOLE WELLS
COMPOSTING LATRINES
REDUCED TIME-USE OUTCOMES
IMPROVED HEALTH OUTCOMES
EDUCATION OUTCOMES
Figure 1: EWB-MSU’s Anticipated Welfare Impacts
chose to analyze EWB-MSU’s impact on primary student edu-
cation and household time-use because it was perceived that
the 2014 household survey could reliably measure these out-
comes retrospectively for years prior to 2014. These retro-
spective measures allowed the observation of EWB-MSU’s im-
pact across time. However, these three outcomes in focus are
not representative of the organization’s complete set of poten-
tial impacts. Other EWB-MSU impacts may include decreas-
ing the amount of time students spend collecting water at
school and increasing community aspirations for the future.
Measures of each of these outcomes were collected once with
the 2014 survey. They may be used to analyze EWB-MSU’s
impact over time on student time-use and aspirations follow-
ing a future round of data collection. Additionally, EWB-MSU
provides an education from cross-cultural exchange between
Kenyans and U.S. college students, although measuring such
an impact would be difficult.
The IET implemented a household survey in the Sum-
mer of 2014 to gather data on Khwisero children and their
households. IET surveyors acquired household lists from 16
Khwisero primary schools and, from these lists, randomly
sampled households for survey. The sample size goal was 48
households per community, which was chosen with respect
to cultural, administrative and monetary limitations. Eight
of the surveyed schools are tentatively the location of the
next eight EWB-MSU projects to be implemented. The re-
maining eight surveyed schools are the location of the eight
most recent EWB-MSU projects. Four of the schools surveyed
have received composting latrines and the other four have
received EWB-MSU water projects, most of which were bore
hole wells.
The statistical analysis was primarily concerned with two
factors that potentially obscure the effect EWB-MSU has on
welfare outcomes. First, schools and surrounding communi-
ties selected for EWB-MSU projects may be characteristically
different relative to other school-communities. In fact, it is a
goal of the organization to select the most needy communities
for project implementation. Thus, it is expected that EWB-
MSU school-communities would have experienced worse wel-
fare outcomes relative to other communities had a project
not been constructed. Second, students are free to transfer
between Khwisero primary schools. Students that experience
better welfare to begin with, such as those from wealthier or
better educated households, may be the same students who
are likely to transfer to an EWB-MSU school in order to gain
access to one of the organization’s projects. These changes in
the student body may improve the average welfare experi-
enced by primary students at the school. However, such im-
provement is not a direct result of the project. These two ob-
fuscatory factors lead to an empirical obstacle called selection
bias.
“
. . . the EWB-MSU bore hole well at
Mundaha Primary has saved between 30
and 50 total hours of labor every day since
implementation in the Summer of 2013.
”
Three statistical strategies were utilized in order to ad-
dress the two selection bias obstacles. For clarity, specific
welfare outcomes including incidence of diarrhea and grade
point averages are used to describe the function of these
strategies. First, ordinary least squares analysis used data on
student and household characteristics that might lead to se-
lection bias, such as wealth or parental education. This strat-
egy holds constant the effect of these observed characteristics
on diarrhea in order to isolate the effect of EWB-MSU. Sec-
ond, fixed effect analysis holds constant each student’s idiosyn-
cratic effect on their own grade point in order to isolate the
effect of attending a school with an EWB-MSU project. For in-
stance, students at schools with EWB-MSU projects may come
from better educated families and this might positively affect
their grade point averages overall. This strategy must assume
these fixed effects are not systematically evolving at different
rates over time between schools with and without projects.
Holding these effects constant isolates the effect EWB-MSU’s
project has on the student’s welfare. Third, instrumental vari-
ables analysis restricts the measure of a student’s attendance
at an EWB-MSU project school to only the part explained by
factors unrelated to welfare outcomes. In this analysis, dis-
tance to a project school is used because it isn’t expected to
affect welfare outcomes, such as diarrhea, but it is expected
to affect a student’s likelihood of attendance at an EWB-MSU
project school.
This analysis does not find evidence for an EWB-MSU im-
pact on health or education outcomes. These outcomes in-
The Welfare Impacts of EWB-MSU
kirkwood.donavin@gmail.com sarah.janzen@montana.edu
This brief is based on Donavin, 2015 [1]
Page 2
3. clude primary student incidences of fever, vomiting or di-
arrhea in the past three months, number of missed days of
school due to illness in the previous month, annual primary
student average grade points, and finally, school-level average
national examination scores and enrollment.
The analysis does provide evidence that EWB-MSU wa-
ter projects are reducing the amount time that surrounding
households spend collecting water. On average, surround-
ing households are estimated to save one and a half min-
utes per trip in both the wet and dry seasons due to the
implementation of an EWB-MSU water project. However,
only an estimated 25 households are using EWB-MSU wa-
ter projects, or approximately 3% of all households surround-
ing such projects. Further, all of these households have chil-
dren at Mundaha Primary School. On average, these bene-
fiting households are estimated to save over 40 minutes per
trip in the dry season and over 60 minutes per trip in the wet
season. Assuming that households make two trips to collect
water per day, the EWB-MSU bore hole well at Mundaha Pri-
mary has saved between 30 and 50 total hours of labor every
day since implementation in the Summer of 2013.
Implications & Recommendations
There are at least two potential explanations for why this
analysis was unable to find evidence that EWB-MSU is affect-
ing health and education outcomes. One potential explana-
tion is that flaws in the household survey data may obscure an
impact, even if EWB-MSU is improving welfare. One flaw may
be error in reported measures collected with the household
survey. Such measurement error may occur because respon-
dents did not accurately report answers to survey questions
and can lead to imprecision in the estimates of EWB-MSU’s
impact. Further, most measures recorded with the household
survey are not observed over time. Without time-series data,
this analysis was unable to account for the possibility that
communities with EWB-MSU projects are experiencing differ-
ent rates of change in health and other related characteristics
relative to other communities. These disparate rates may hide
evidence of an actual EWB-MSU impact. Finally, the dataset
may have insufficient sample size to identify an effect on wel-
fare. In such a case, the community sample size of 16 may
cause the dataset to be underpowered because of a low likeli-
hood of identifying an impact, given it exists.
A second explanation for the lack of evidence supporting
an EWB-MSU impact on health and education is that the orga-
nization truly does not impact these outcomes. If EWB-MSU’s
efforts are failing in this dimension, it is important to ask
why. One reason for a null impact is the possible existence
of a threshold requirement for clean water and sanitation in-
frastructure prior to observed health impacts. For instance,
a student might begin drinking clean water at an EWB-MSU
school but continue drinking contaminated water at home.
Similarly, the student may sometimes use a composting la-
trine at school, but an unimproved pit latrine other times.
Consequently, this student may not experience measurable
improvements in health. As observed in the data, very few
children have access to an EWB-MSU water project while at
home. Furthermore, EWB-MSU composting latrines generally
replace only one of several pit latrines at a primary school, are
often limited to one gender and often cannot even serve all
members of that gender all the time. Additionally, although
composting latrines seal in some human waste, the other re-
maining pit latrines continue to contaminate the ground wa-
ter. For these reasons, EWB-MSU’s projects may fail to exceed
the required threshold for observable health improvements.
“
EWB-MSU should preemptively investigate
solutions to project ineffectiveness in case
further research confirms the organization
does not considerably affect health, educa-
tion or time-use outcomes.
”
A simple reason for a null EWB-MSU impact on primary
student education follows from the other results of this anal-
ysis. EWB-MSU was expected to indirectly impact education
outcomes, either through an improvement in health outcomes
or a reduction in household water collection labor. Given that
no effect on health outcomes are observed, and that the ef-
fect on time-use is limited to a handful of households, it is
not surprising that positive education outcomes are also not
observed.
The impact of EWB-MSU’s water projects on time use is si-
multaneously hopeful and disappointing for the organization.
On the one hand, some households are saving a remarkable
amount of time. With an extra 1.5 to 2 hours per day, house-
hold members may now attend more school, increase labor
force participation, increase the productivity of non-market
household activities, or spend more time enjoying their lives.
On the other hand, the amount of households benefiting from
these water projects is small relative to the number of house-
holds surrounding them. There are two potential explana-
tions for the lack of household usage. First, households may
prefer other primary water sources that are closer. In addi-
tion, these households may not be aware that the EWB-MSU
wells provide safer water for consumption. Second, schools
with projects and surrounding households may be unable to
work out a resource sharing arrangement due to social con-
straints. Anecdotal evidence suggests households are often
unwilling to contribute monetary resources towards project
repairs. In return, schools are unwilling to share the water, as
they alone bear the costs of repair.
Finally, out of this research comes two policy recommen-
dations for Engineers Without Borders-Montana State Univer-
sity. First, continued empirical study of the organization’s im-
pacts is crucial for long run improvement. Supplementing the
baseline dataset used in this analysis with follow-up data may
clarify whether a lack of evidence for an impact on health and
education is a result of flawed data or an absence of impact
in truth. If evidence for such an impact is detected with the
combined dataset, then EWB-MSU may use the results both
as a reference point for improvement and a marketing tool for
funding. Alternatively, if evidence of an impact on health and
The Welfare Impacts of EWB-MSU
kirkwood.donavin@gmail.com sarah.janzen@montana.edu
This brief is based on Donavin, 2015 [1]
Page 3
4. EWB-MSU seeks to improve the welfare of primary students in Khwisero, Kenya
education is not provided by follow-up data, such informa-
tion may fuel critical thought, and ultimately improvement of
project implementation. Furthermore, follow-up data collec-
tion may allow analysis over time of EWB-MSU’s impact on
other observable welfare outcomes from the household sur-
vey. Due to a lack of time-series data, this analysis did not
investigate the organization’s impact on the amount of time
students spend collecting water during school, nor on the as-
pirations held by people in Khwisero regarding their future.
Follow-up data collection will facilitate an analysis over time
of EWB-MSU’s impact on these outcomes.
Second, EWB-MSU should preemptively investigate solu-
tions to project ineffectiveness in case further research con-
firms the organization does not considerably affect health, ed-
ucation or time-use outcomes. For instance, EWB-MSU should
study Mundaha Primary School and its surrounding commu-
nity, because this group exhibits the sole observed case where
households are using an EWB-MSU water project. Under-
standing how this arrangement functions between Mundaha
Primary and surrounding households may provide insight
into how water sharing can be encouraged at other project
schools. EWB-MSU may subsequently create a policy for en-
couraging such behavior based on what the organization
learns. Additionally, EWB-MSU may consider experimenting
with complete replacement of school sanitation facilities with
composting latrines. In conjunction with follow-up data col-
lection, such a policy change will help determine if greater
concentration of these projects may provide the expected
welfare benefits for students. Implementing the actions de-
scribed here may remedy a potential hindrance of EWB-
MSU’s projects: that they do not exceed a threshold of invest-
ment in water or sanitation infrastructure required to observe
an improvement in welfare outcomes.
References
[1] Kirkwood P. Donavin. “The Welfare Impacts of Engineers Without Borders in Western Kenya”. Master’s Thesis. Bozeman,
MT: Montana State University, Apr. 2015.
[2] Guy Hutton. “Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target
and universal coverage”. In: (2012). URL: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75140 (visited on 05/01/2015).
[3] World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. 2015. URL: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/
node.main.ghe300-by-country?lang=en (visited on 04/30/2015).
The Welfare Impacts of EWB-MSU
kirkwood.donavin@gmail.com sarah.janzen@montana.edu
This brief is based on Donavin, 2015 [1]
Page 4