evolution.pptx
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Multicellularity allows organisms to exceed size limits imposed on single cells by allowing groups of cells to perform specialized functions. This evolutionary development enabled sexual reproduction, natural selection, metabolic adaptations, innate immunity, and survival instincts. The talk concluded with a video showing the 6 million year physiological evolution of humans.
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7.2: Meiosis
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Introduction
The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism
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produce genetically identical clones of themselves through mitotic cell division, many single-celled organisms and most
multicellular organisms reproduce regularly using another method.
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a single, unique diploid cell. In multicellular organisms, the new diploid cell will then undergo mitotic cell divisions to
develop into an adult organism. A type of cell division called meiosis leads to the haploid cells that are part of the sexual
reproductive cycle. Sexual reproduction, specifically meiosis and fertilization, introduces variation into offspring that may
account for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction. The vast majority of eukaryotic organisms can or must employ
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7.1 | Sexual Reproduction
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• Describe the three different life-cycle strategies among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities
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Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of Inheritance 153
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identical to the parent may appear to be more advantageous. If the parent organism is successfully occupying a habitat,
offspring with the same traits would be similarly successful. There is also the obvious benefit to an organism that can
produce offspring by asexual budding, fragmentation, or asexual eggs. These methods of reproduction do not require
another organism of the opposite sex. There is no need to expend energy finding or a.
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Figure 7.1 Each of us, like these other large multicellular organisms, begins life as a fertilized egg. After trillions of cell
divisions, each of us develops into a complex, multicellular organism. (credit a: modification of work by Frank Wouters;
credit b: modification of work by Ken Cole, USGS; credit c: modification of work by Martin Pettitt)
Chapter Outline
7.1: Sexual Reproduction
7.2: Meiosis
7.3: Errors in Meiosis
Introduction
The ability to reproduce in kind is a basic characteristic of all living things. In kind means that the offspring of any organism
closely resembles its parent or parents. Hippopotamuses give birth to hippopotamus calves; Monterey pine trees produce
seeds from which Monterey pine seedlings emerge; and adult flamingos lay eggs that hatch into flamingo chicks. In kind
does not generally mean exactly the same. While many single-celled organisms and a few multicellular organisms can
produce genetically identical clones of themselves through mitotic cell division, many single-celled organisms and most
multicellular organisms reproduce regularly using another method.
Sexual reproduction is the production by parents of haploid cells and the fusion of a haploid cell from each parent to form
a single, unique diploid cell. In multicellular organisms, the new diploid cell will then undergo mitotic cell divisions to
develop into an adult organism. A type of cell division called meiosis leads to the haploid cells that are part of the sexual
reproductive cycle. Sexual reproduction, specifically meiosis and fertilization, introduces variation into offspring that may
account for the evolutionary success of sexual reproduction. The vast majority of eukaryotic organisms can or must employ
some form of meiosis and fertilization to reproduce.
7.1 | Sexual Reproduction
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain that variation among offspring is a potential evolutionary advantage resulting from sexual reproduction
• Describe the three different life-cycle strategies among sexual multicellular organisms and their commonalities
Sexual reproduction was an early evolutionary innovation after the appearance of eukaryotic cells. The fact that most
eukaryotes reproduce sexually is evidence of its evolutionary success. In many animals, it is the only mode of reproduction.
Chapter 7 | The Cellular Basis of Inheritance 153
And yet, scientists recognize some real disadvantages to sexual reproduction. On the surface, offspring that are genetically
identical to the parent may appear to be more advantageous. If the parent organism is successfully occupying a habitat,
offspring with the same traits would be similarly successful. There is also the obvious benefit to an organism that can
produce offspring by asexual budding, fragmentation, or asexual eggs. These methods of reproduction do not require
another organism of the opposite sex. There is no need to expend energy finding or a.
9. origins of multicellularity & phylum porifera part I in clear explanation
- Multicellular life originated approximately 550 million years ago, arising quickly prior to the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in an evolutionary explosion that resulted in most animal phyla.
- There are two main hypotheses for the origins of multicellularity - the colonial hypothesis, where dividing cells remained together, and the syncytial hypothesis, where plasma membranes formed within the cytoplasm of a large protist.
- Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals, consisting of loosely organized cells specialized for functions like pinacocytes on the outer surface, mesenchyme cells in the jellylike mesohyl, and choanocytes lining chambers for filter feeding. Sponges may have silica or calcium
Cellular organization yhelane
Cellular processes occur within distinct regions or compartments of cells and interact with each other. Each compartment functions with other parts to create specialized cellular machines. Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization, from cells to tissues to organs and organ systems, with cells becoming dependent on each other. The basic characteristics of life include being made of cells, having different levels of organization, using energy, responding to the environment, growing, reproducing, and adapting.
Cellular organization yhelane
Cellular processes occur within distinct regions or compartments of cells and interact with each other. Each compartment functions with other parts to create specialized cellular machines. Multicellular organisms have different levels of organization, from cells to tissues to organs to organ systems to whole organisms. Cells group into tissues, tissues into organs, organs into organ systems, and organ systems into whole multicellular organisms. Unicellular organisms consist of single cells, while multicellular organisms are made of many cells that depend on each other.
Stem cells , culture and technologies
Stem cells have the ability to renew themselves and differentiate into specialized cell types. There are two main sources of stem cells: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts and adult stem cells found in adult tissues. Stem cell research aims to understand development and cell differentiation processes and develop therapies for diseases. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent while adult stem cells are multipotent or unipotent. Stem cells are cultured in controlled conditions to maintain their undifferentiated state and are characterized based on gene expression and differentiation potential.
15.1_-_totipotency_and_cell_specialisation.pptx
Embryonic stem cells are highly potent cells that can differentiate into any cell type. They are present in early stage embryos and allow the single cell zygote to develop into a complex organism with many specialized cell types. As development progresses, stem cells become restricted in their potential and can only form certain closely related cell types. Embryonic stem cells hold promise for treating diseases but their use is controversial due to ethical issues around using embryos. Alternative sources of stem cells like umbilical cord blood and adult stem cells are being explored to realize the medical potential while avoiding the ethical debates.
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- 1. Evolutionary developmental pattern of multicellularity Bilqees Sana's talk on:
- 2. Lets understandwhatis MULTICELLULARITY Acondition or stateof havingor beingcomposed of many cells or more than one cell performing differing functions. Multicellularity allows an organism to exceed thesizelimits normally imposed by diffusion: single cells with increased sizehavea decreased surface-to-volumeratio and have difficulty absorbing sufficient nutrients and transporting them throughout thecell.
- 3. Multicellular species have diverse functiOns Of evOlutiOn sOme of them are: > Sexual reproduction > Natural selection > Metabolic developments > Innateimmunity adaptations > survival insticts
- 5. In last i would like to show something interesting to you guys, Its a videO Of 6 million phsyiolOgical evOlution of human