This presentation explores the fascinating evolution of transistors—from their invention in 1947 at Bell Labs to their pivotal role in modern computing. Transistors replaced bulky vacuum tubes, enabling the miniaturization of electronics and the development of powerful processors. Key topics covered: ✅ Early Transistor Models: From Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) to Field-Effect Transistors (FETs). ✅ Advancements in Microprocessors: How FinFET technology enhances speed and efficiency. ✅ Quantum Transistors: The future of computing with quantum mechanics. ✅ AI & Machine Learning Applications: The role of advanced transistors in high-performance computing. ✅ Energy-Efficient Chips: Innovations helping reduce power consumption in data centers and mobile devices. This presentation serves as an educational resource for students, tech enthusiasts, and professionals seeking to understand transistors' impact on computing. Explore how this small but mighty component has revolutionized technology!

1. 1

2. Introduction
to Transistors:
2
Transistor: A Fundamental
Semiconductor device.
Definition: A semiconductor
device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical
power.

3. 3
Primary Transistor Types:
BJTs and FETs
1.Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs):
• Regions: Emitter, Base, Collector.
• Applications: Amplification, Switching.
2.Field-Effect Transistors (FETs):
• Types: Junction FET (JFET), Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET).
• Operation: Control current flow by voltage at Gate, affecting Drain-
Source conductivity.

4. 4
The Evolution of
Transistors :
1947s:The First
Transistor
Invented by Bardeen,
Brattain, and Shockley at
Bell Labs.
Used metal contacts to
amplify signals.
1950s: Silicon
Transistors
Shift to silicon-based
junction transistors.
More reliable, smaller,
easier to make.
1960s: Integrated
Circuits (ICs)
Multiple transistors on
one chip.
Led to calculators,
personal computers.
First Transistor Created
77 years ago…
The first
Transistor
was made 77
years ago…

5. 5
1970s-2000s: Moore’s Law and
Scaling
• Computers doubled in speed every few years.
• Smaller MOSFETs improved efficiency and power.
2000s-Present: New Transistor
Innovations
• Exploration of new materials and structures.
• Quantum tunneling transistors, nanowires.

6. 6
Moore's Law:
Evolution of
Computing Power
Moore's Law:
The number of transistors on a chip
doubles approximately every two
years.
Concept introduced by Gordon
Moore in the 1960s.
Original Observation (1965)
Moore noted transistor count
doubling annually.
Predicted continued trend for
more powerful, cheaper
computers.

7. Future transistor
designs-
A growing number of researchers
are thinking up alternatives to
silicon. They’re thinking of
computer chips that harness
• Weird quantum effects
• tiny bits of magnets
• exotic forms of carbon

8. Impact on the Internet of Things (IoT) & Role in 5G
technology and beyond…
Impact on the IoT-
IoT connects - devices, sensors, appliances
IoT sensors allow - data collection, analysis, and
communication. Examples include smart home
devices, wearables, and environmental sensors.
Role in 5G-
RF Energy Transistors:
Amplify radio frequency signals in the 5G network
SiGe-BiCMOS:.
Bipolar transistors provide speed and gain for high-
frequency analog sections,
.
Beyond 5G, terahertz transistors are being researched for even
faster wireless communication

9. Recent Innovations Using Transistor In Computer

10. Recent Innovations Using Transistor
Thermal Transistors
In 2023, a groundbreaking
achievement emerged from UCLA:
 Unparalleled potential for
atomic-level design and
molecular engineering in
computer chip heat
management.

11. Recent Innovations Using Transistor
IBM’s 5nm Process
IBM announced a new 5nm process
that enables the placement of up to
30 billion transistors on a chip the
size of a human fingernail.
 This breakthrough in
miniaturization allows for more
powerful and efficient
semiconductor devices.

12. Recent Innovations Using Transistor
Photonic Transistors
(ongoing research)
 Operate using light instead
of electrons.
 Switch light signals on and
off, making them essential
for optical communication
and quantum information
processing.

13. Recent Innovations Using Transistor
Memristors
(Ongoing Research)
 Novel electronic
components that can
change their resistance
based on the history of
applied voltage.
 Explored for
neuromorphic
computing.

14. Recent Innovations Using Transistor In Computer

15. 15
References:
[1] Nokia Bell Labs - Nokia Bell Labs (bell-labs.com)
[2]
What Is Moore's Law and Is It Still True? (investopedia.com)
[3] Foundation of rf CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS
technologies (researchgate.net)
[4]
2023 Biggest Semiconductor Inventions & Discoveries (mcki
nsey-electronics.com)

16. The small, mighty, world-changing transistor turns 77…
Without this universal technology, our
computers would probably be bulky
vacuum-tube machines

17. Any
Questions?