This document summarizes a class on genome sequencing taught at UC Davis in winter 2018. It discusses the first genome to be sequenced via shotgun sequencing, Haemophilus influenzae Rd. The researchers sequenced and assembled the genome without selecting specific genes or regions beforehand. They developed new sequencing and assembly methods to piece the genome together from random fragments. The completed genome sequence allowed for structural and functional annotation of all genes.
This edition focuses on how the Webber Academy maintains its consistency in providing quality primary education to its students. It also covers some of the important topics like the inclusion of Art and Personalised Learning in schooling and why it is essential.
This edition focuses on how the Webber Academy maintains its consistency in providing quality primary education to its students. It also covers some of the important topics like the inclusion of Art and Personalised Learning in schooling and why it is essential.
Примечательно, что в 2012 году, во время своей активной деятельности, Микитюк декларировал миллионные доходы, настоящие автопарки личных машин и гектары земли.
Study of knowledge regarding Immunization at GMC AkolaVinit Warthe
Knowledge of immunizations is important to mothers regarding vaccination to their baby, this study throws light on maternal knowledge regarding immunization at tertiary care center
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cl urtl:*t Ji&41<S. u , 1ht ltis.tory af ...
Примечательно, что в 2012 году, во время своей активной деятельности, Микитюк декларировал миллионные доходы, настоящие автопарки личных машин и гектары земли.
Study of knowledge regarding Immunization at GMC AkolaVinit Warthe
Knowledge of immunizations is important to mothers regarding vaccination to their baby, this study throws light on maternal knowledge regarding immunization at tertiary care center
c e <>
Hasic · ~
_ ,,est for the l Ji .. oric ,I
Ba l . 1e:1tt 'T Jt'
11 _} Rosn1 1
ES
Introduc ion
K\f re d'lM l MC lrnnd (f fi fY YCl"I . r1I - .,ft1J)fl1 of ri)e, pu :1nvc
i.-~:-,. chc-Ra~~, Shmt Tov . hA l'tNl
• nd, 1 ctd, chc I i~ 0ry of rel &fO'll- f.1:1-
impact jn both tbe $ rilu:'11 a d < ial
rta lms. 11 Ha~c:n~,n t u: 111)~ l ical (1 ,o~ Ln·a, 1t p art u{ onyd:sy tl10 io 111
K11 b 1111 h w,u u rnc Hlffl ;a tnal r.>r in t•n:. i ri;: ct1m m in n file mdi cr
cl o l t cnrourogil~ i :lciori. t"lp s Wll; ace 01t tb" need ro rf'.
I t tt to God tbrou ju ', i11~1cad u( bt L<ij:t ll un: a11d aJdrc,~i • LIL<' m·
J 1v 1dua
1
) ottd:s t t:tnte ii 1na1 .., c 1~01.u t1b1tcl1 • fo i lwt l, H ~ ••
rcaikd lJlll "!Uc SO.rl o( plcl1~111 that ;i p .u,tJ tb t u 11.l.Lll O of' d LC
m.1~<~ o ciu;r.e m E 1mp cim J~ y m th e n n~eer.tk~md e-1 y rwen. : erh
, ,mm ri" , J\ f«-,1 11 prriod o ' dccl n~., PlJ rkcri c,p ..-fall by hr. tm,:i, fa re
of nr t1.1aUy all Ha.sld "' , , u 11ll c d1.ui11~ tbl· Ho:! t~ t 1 Ha: iJwh a
pr-over, at h.a.s th.e powe r tu £1<.nun lt m modnn demu cn hc ,ioe1c . s.
To day we 4'C"e: .vitm:ssios m: rnen >us ro'Aih af t b "d ie ""rmlp., in ura d
:\m Nk,1, ntl f .uropc .
So da Jly , tb c Ha3id11111 dc V< ·c d to tkeu chansrutic lenders ,zuddJkim
or,1bb1".sJ, foun.:. l'l tr4!.tn~M r;rp,tn.ir~ tion 1u ,t1~f 1 tlyb -daecf m.1ny
Qt rh e ~ p, b ~lWctctn rhe cl e nnd t M r$n k 11n d le. Til ey fo'1116d d i •
rt ; . I yt r fll ri f y vol tnrtl .• °"" n-.un 1 • ei. \\, etc rh i ce, o c r«tn
of tlt'll\bt. >. -,oul> a.) o ,., Ctn, b1'"'i of so~ al jta< a.nd t co,w ,~,c
welfa r e woe ,u ,·e:niral to t he ,zuddJk'5 cow.:un n, wcre pr.t }1Cr .&r.d rit ·
u:aJ ob.sen·~nce.. •~ n 11; OWTI tin-~~ the mat1J..I nnd relif?l')11$ te.t dii ne~ a ~
l
za.-d ,~ 11 aud d Ha I ylt of w OG 1ip 1b 1b si ·us .u,d
,f.:l .mg nf:. > ~o $'nme d~e., rllc :tool ,. nd f)tim -c of II ut.a n
en Jewish religion i1mi Ge rt o1n in.:1u.enct' on « ruin ooa ·Je - h d r&-1. G,
well. Mot t"C>vcr, ,~ l id io ·s c boa or.id 11..r ,runmtd u. f~mt
at p t .t}'<t: Jtas btcll uduptc cl ct-A wotld ov~ stcreocypical emblem of
tr~cilooa. 1 Jc h if,..
l pro~, I t of I I I ovc lh3t Iii btt:1 0 C'J Ci> du: dt·
..-ellop10K1t o( mad!m Juchi sro, tbt Bu;,t (r:ir ooaut:011 E tebw.t · 11croo ·m
r>f h:.':,1 Sl1cll ~, c p ycd l twd l,u.w: lf) !i c u~ kc:t.11 11 t ~r ~1 .
1 rr, l'< ... ,.,~i ,..,, II J)I ti:~ II 111r, f~\ r , u • th t !I ) "' t IHI~ I e
Ba hr. is somthow to u.·uk.m nd fu.Jid:sm., .md 'l'i:1 it 111.'J, « moekm
cwis h t~ •ic,11 ,d t'J1~uc 1 t W, ltu a,·t lK t< the p,i.Umu o{
hlc ,u srecd rupar..siblt few~~ mw,cn:ie111~s eo ~ · and ,ns.mu.,10,u,.
ns ll n 11du.mbr .atioa of wh.1t wi1s to utlfold , or ..s il scartd.ard for mt11s...1r
i g 1 c b ier moverrum,-:'$ b~.11: of faith wi:b its foun der's nqhle in:cn
rh:.n 1
Bc,"God his«>r.;iim io n 10 Ha •idisni1 th ll ,h1 ·, pc~ ·,-.d as~ o
cl urtl:*t Ji&41<S. u , 1ht ltis.tory af ...
Innovations in Sequencing & Bioinformatics
Talk for
Healthy Central Valley Together Research Workshop
Jonathan A. Eisen University of California, Davis
January 31, 2024 linktr.ee/jonathaneisen
Thoughts on UC Davis' COVID Current ActionsJonathan Eisen
Slides I used for a presentation to Chancellor May's leadership council about the current state of UC Davis' response to COVID and how it could be improved
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Whole-Genome Random
Sequencing and Assembly of
Haemophilus influenzae Rd
Robert D. Fleischmann, Mark D. Adams, Owen White, Rebecca A. Clayton,
Ewen F. Kirkness, Anthony R. Kerlavage, Carol J. Bult, Jean-Francois Tomb,
Brian A. Dougherty, Joseph M. Merrick, Keith McKenney, Granger Sutton,
Will FitzHugh, Chris Fields,* Jeannine D. Gocayne, John Scott, Robert Shirley,
Li-lng Liu, Anna Glodek, Jenny M. Kelley, Janice F. Weidman, Cheryl A. Phillips,
Tracy Spriggs, Eva Hedblom, Matthew D. Cotton, Teresa R. Utterback,
Michael C. Hanna, David T. Nguyen, Deborah M. Saudek, Rhonda C. Brandon,
Leah D. Fine, Janice L. Fritchman, Joyce L. Fuhrmann, N. S. M. Geoghagen,
Cheryl L. Gnehm, Lisa A. McDonald, Keith V. Small, Claire M. Fraser,
Hamilton O. Smith, J. Craig Ventert
An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselecte
Lla(.%·BlllaB.LPr.lte
5. RESEARCH ARTICLE
Whole-Genome Random
Sequencing and Assembly of
Haemophilus influenzae Rd
Robert D. Fleischmann, Mark D. Adams, Owen White, Rebecca A. Clayton,
Ewen F. Kirkness, Anthony R. Kerlavage, Carol J. Bult, Jean-Francois Tomb,
Brian A. Dougherty, Joseph M. Merrick, Keith McKenney, Granger Sutton,
Will FitzHugh, Chris Fields,* Jeannine D. Gocayne, John Scott, Robert Shirley,
Li-lng Liu, Anna Glodek, Jenny M. Kelley, Janice F. Weidman, Cheryl A. Phillips,
Tracy Spriggs, Eva Hedblom, Matthew D. Cotton, Teresa R. Utterback,
Michael C. Hanna, David T. Nguyen, Deborah M. Saudek, Rhonda C. Brandon,
Leah D. Fine, Janice L. Fritchman, Joyce L. Fuhrmann, N. S. M. Geoghagen,
Cheryl L. Gnehm, Lisa A. McDonald, Keith V. Small, Claire M. Fraser,
Hamilton O. Smith, J. Craig Ventert
An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselecte
Lla(.%·BlllaB.LPr.lte