Phase change material (PCM) thermal composites consisting of porous aluminium/stearic acid phase change material have been produced for heat storage applications. Porous aluminium/stearic acid composite structures were produced by infiltrating stearic acid PCM into open- cell porous aluminium materials prepared by using dissolvable spherical salt beads in combination with vacuum casting process. Scanning electron microscopic analysis has been used to characterize the empty porous aluminium materials and the results reveal a cellular structure consisting of spherical pores which are interconnected with smaller windows. The thermal response of empty porous aluminium structures and those infiltrated with stearic acid was measured using an infrared camera. The result showed that the heat transfer performance of the PCM thermal composites was significantly improved and largely dependent on the relative density of the porous structures.
An experimental and analytical study to show the effect of theOzyegin University
The main purpose of this paper is showing the enhancement of thermal conductivity
of the epoxy with many percentages of carbon fiber into it. In addition to pure epoxy and pure
carbon fiber, three percentages of carbon fiber are used in this study, which are 20, 40, and 60%,
respectively. All of these samples are tested at different values of applied powers (input power)
(10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 W). A comparison between pure epoxy, pure carbon fiber and the
composites that involve all these percentages is done. In addition, the study involves the effect of
these simples on the performances of both Aluminum and cooper heat sinks.
It is shown from the results that increasing in fiber carbon percentage leads to increase in
thermal conductivity of composite, heat sink junction temperature, overall heat sink efficiency,
and density of composite. The increasing in overall heat sink efficiency leads to decrease the
height of heat sink, and consequently decreasing its cost. For instance at 70 W power input,
increasing the fiber carbon percentage(from 0 to 100%) for each material of heat sink, leads to
decrease the average fin length by 48% ,decrease the manufacturing cost by 47%, increase in
junction temperature by 65 %, and increase fin efficiency by 2.5 %.
Enhanced thermal conductivity of epoxy matrix composites filled with boron ni...IAEME Publication
The present paper deals with the estimation of thermal conductivity of epoxy Composites embedded with boron nitride (BN) micro-fillers. These composites with BN content ranging from 0 to 11.3 vol. % have been prepared and the thermal conductivities of the samples are measured experimentally.
An experimental and analytical study to show the effect of theOzyegin University
The main purpose of this paper is showing the enhancement of thermal conductivity
of the epoxy with many percentages of carbon fiber into it. In addition to pure epoxy and pure
carbon fiber, three percentages of carbon fiber are used in this study, which are 20, 40, and 60%,
respectively. All of these samples are tested at different values of applied powers (input power)
(10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 W). A comparison between pure epoxy, pure carbon fiber and the
composites that involve all these percentages is done. In addition, the study involves the effect of
these simples on the performances of both Aluminum and cooper heat sinks.
It is shown from the results that increasing in fiber carbon percentage leads to increase in
thermal conductivity of composite, heat sink junction temperature, overall heat sink efficiency,
and density of composite. The increasing in overall heat sink efficiency leads to decrease the
height of heat sink, and consequently decreasing its cost. For instance at 70 W power input,
increasing the fiber carbon percentage(from 0 to 100%) for each material of heat sink, leads to
decrease the average fin length by 48% ,decrease the manufacturing cost by 47%, increase in
junction temperature by 65 %, and increase fin efficiency by 2.5 %.
Enhanced thermal conductivity of epoxy matrix composites filled with boron ni...IAEME Publication
The present paper deals with the estimation of thermal conductivity of epoxy Composites embedded with boron nitride (BN) micro-fillers. These composites with BN content ranging from 0 to 11.3 vol. % have been prepared and the thermal conductivities of the samples are measured experimentally.
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
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Similar to Evaluation of the Heat Transfer Performance of Stearic Acid PCM/ Porous Aluminium Thermal Composite Structures for Heat Storage Applications
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
Similar to Evaluation of the Heat Transfer Performance of Stearic Acid PCM/ Porous Aluminium Thermal Composite Structures for Heat Storage Applications (20)
In the early twentieth century, major representatives of the Jadid movement became active participants in the socio-political processes in the Turkestan region. Usmonkhoja Polatkhoja, a progressive from Bukhara, was one of the beams not only in the Emirate of Bukhara, but also in Turkestan. He first participated in the reforms and progressives, and later in the national liberation movements, and fought for the prosperity and independence of the country.This article provides information about Usmonkhoja's life and work in Jadidism, revolts, national liberation struggles, and emmigiration.
Flood is one of the natural disaster known to be part of the earth biophysical processes, which its occurrence can be devastating; due to mostly anthropogenic activities and climatological factors. The aim of the research is to identify and map the extent at which the impact of flood due to intense rainfall and rise in water in the study area using geospatial techniques and the specific objectives are to carry out terrain analysis of the study area and to generate flood indicator maps of the study area. The study analyzed rain fall data;, the drainage system and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM 30m) of the area. ArcGIS 10.8 was to modelled and to generate the contributing factors map of the study area. The drainage system was generated through on-screen digitization of topographic map of scale 1:50,000 of Ondo South-West. The mean annual rainfall of Lagos State was generated in the ArcGIS environment from the rainfall data through spatial analysis tool. The SRTM was used in terrain analysis of the study area. The results generated showed the lowest mean annual rain fall of the area 1,700mm and the highest mean annual rain fall was 2,440mm. Digital elevation model (DEM), slope, flow direction were generated from the SRTM. Drainage density of the area was generated using the drainage system. The slope map of the entire area which are classified into five slope classes of very high (14%-48.5%) to high (7.6%-13.9%) to moderately high (4.2%-7.6%) to low (1.5%-4.2%) and very low (0. % - 1.2%).
Work study is a catch-all phrase encompassing a variety of methodologies, including method research and work measurement, that are applied in a variety of contexts and lead to a systematic assessment of all elements that affect the efficiency and economy of the situation under evaluation that is meant to be improved. The main aim of this study is to examine and enhance the process token in manufacturing a Perfume of the famous, well-known, aromatic, and beautiful Taif Roses. Some changes in the process has been suggested using method study and time study method which lead to reduction in process time, labor cost and production cost.
Workers are the maximum precious method of an association. Their importance to institutions requires not most effective the want to draw the trendy bents but additionally the need to preserve them for a long term. This paper specializes in reviewing the findings of former research carried out with the aid of colourful experimenters with the quit to identify determinants factors of hand retention. This exploration almost looked at the subsequent broad factors improvement openings, reimbursement, work- lifestyles balance, operation/ management, work terrain, social aid, autonomy, training and improvement.
Watering plants during the correct time is very important due to scientific reasons. Both underwatering, as well as overwatering, can lead to the growth of unhealthy plants or in extreme cases, the death of the plant/tree. These issues which are the case with most self-gardeners and plant lovers can be solved using the smart irrigation technique. The main purpose of this innovation is to assist plant lovers to continue their passion to grow plants at home with ease. Smart irrigation system helps in monitoring the moisture level which majorly affects plant growth besides other factors such as sunlight, fertility of the soil, etc. The digital planting pot has been designed in a way that it effectively incorporates the idea of smart irrigation. Arduino Uno R3 has been used as the main chip in this project along with a few other components like a soil moisture sensor, relay, and water pump. This project requires coding to synchronize all the components, and function properly. A required test has been carried out to review the functioning of the mechanism. The project was tested by once using the soil with enough moisture in the pot and then the soil with the least moisture. Both times, it worked exactly how it was supposed to function. When the soil with the least moisture was tested, there was a clear indication of a low level of moisture and accordingly, the water pump got triggered to water the plant, and when the soil with enough moisture was tested, there was again the clear indication of the correct level of moisture and the water pump was inactive. All the readings which were displayed on the LCD were checked back and forth during the project. The outcomes were the same as expected. Hence, it shows that every component in this project is actively functioning and the whole project is effectively designed.
Because of its accessibility and flexibility, cloud technology is among the most notable innovations in today's world. Having many service platforms, such as GoogleApps by Google, Amazon, Apple, and so on, is well accepted by large enterprises. Distributed cloud computing is a concept for enabling every-time, convenient, on-demand network access to processing resources including servers, storage devices, networks, and services that may be mutually configured. The major security risks for cloud computing as identified by the Cloud security alliance (CSA) have been examined in this study. Also, methods for resolving issues with cloud computing technology's data security and privacy protection were systematically examined.
This study's goal is to present Solutions for Determining the importance level of criteria in creating cultural resources’ attractiveness from tourists’ evaluation. Data were collected from 558 international tourists who chose Vietnam as the destination for tourism.
The study points out that we need to resolve challenges such as: building a safe, friendly destination, etc., destinations need to review and re-evaluate the services of their products and tourist attractions to prepare for the largest number of visitors and stimulate the domestic tourism market is a good solution: To boost the domestic tourism market, it is necessary to increase domestic flights and train connections to major tourist destinations.
A new convenient and efficient route for the synthesis of two very important hydroxo-bridged stepped-cubane copper complexes viz: [Cu4(bpy)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (1) and [Cu4(phen)4Cl2(OH)4]Cl2.6H2O (2) have been obtained. This synthetic route from the mononuclear CubpyCl2 complex is easier, more reproducible and afforded the complex in a much higher yield than the other two previously reported procedures which were equally serendipitously discovered. The purity and formation of the complexes were confirmed with elemental (C,H,N) analysis and the details of the UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared, electrospray ionization mass spectra of both complexes and the single crystal X-ray crystallography of 1 are presented and discussed. X-ray crystallography confirms the absolute structure of the complexes. The complexes were formed via the connection of four copper atoms to four hydroxide bridging ligands and four bipyridyl ligands with two chloride ligands. There are two coordinate environments around two pairs of copper atoms (CuN2ClO2 and CuN2O3) and each copper atom is pentacoordinate with square pyramidal geometry.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., which is commonly known as jackfruit is a tropical fruit, belonging to Moraceae family, native to Western Ghats of India and common in Asia, Africa, and some regions in South America. It is known to be the largest edible fruit in the world. The Jackfruit is an extremely versatile and sweet tasting fruit that possess high nutritional value. Jackfruit is rich in nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals. The jackfruit has diverse medicinal uses especially antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties, anticancer and antifungal activity, anthelminthic activity. Traditionally, this plant is used in the treatment of various diseases especially for treatment against inflammation, malarial fever, diarrhoea, diabetes and tapeworm infection. Jackfruit is a good natural source of phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids and tannins, saponins. The health benefits of jackfruit have been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. The use of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies.
Myogenic differentiation requires to be exactly explored for the effective treatment of fracture. The speed of healing is affected by skeletal muscle, linked to activation of specific myogenic transcription factors during the repair process. In previous study, we discovered that psoralen enhanced differentiation of osteoblast in primary mouse. In the current study, we show that psoralen stimulates myogenic differentiation through the secretion of factors to hone the quality of repair in fractured mice. 3-month old mice were treated with corn oil or psoralen followed by a tibial fracture surgery. Fractures were tested 7, 14, and 21 days respectively later by histology and images observation. Skeletal muscles including soleus muscle and posterior tibial muscle around the damaged bone were collected for quantitative real-time PCR, HE staining, as well as western blot. Daily treatment with psoralen at seven, fourteen days or twenty-one days improves protein or mRNA levels responsible for the whole myogenic differentiation process, makes the muscle fibers more tightly aligned, and promotes callus formation and development. This data shows that high levels of myogenic transcription factors in the process of fracture healing in mice foster the repair of damaged muscles, and indicates a pharmacological approach that targets myogenic differentiation to improve fracture repair. This also reflects the academic thought of "paying equal attention to both muscles and bones" in the prevention and treatment of fracture healing.
The current pandemic has generated the search for new reliable and economic alternatives for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which produces the COVID-19 disease, one of the recommendations by the World Health Organization, is the detection of the virus by RT-qPCR methods from upper respiratory tract samples. The discomfort of the pharyngeal nasopharyngeal swab described by patients, the requirement of trained personnel, and the generation of aerosols, are factors that increase the risk of infections in this type of intake. It is known that the main means of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is through aerosols or small droplets, which is why saliva is important as a relevant means of detecting COVID-19. In this study, a modified method based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA release from saliva is described, avoiding the isolation and purification of the genetic material and its quantification of viral copies; the results are compared with paired pharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swab samples (EF/EN). Results showed good agreement in saliva samples compared to EF/EN samples. On average, a sensitivity for virus detection of 80% was demonstrated in saliva samples competing with EF/EN samples. The use of saliva is a reliable alternative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by means of RT-PCR in the first days of infection, having important advantages over the conventional method. Saliva still needs to be studied completely to evaluate the detection capacity of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, however, the described process is viable, due to the decrease in materials and supplies, process times, the increment in the sampling and improvement of laboratory performance.
A recent study establishes that since 1970, there has been an ecological gap between human needs and the planet's resources, with annual resource demand exceeding the bio-productivity of the planet. Specifically, humanity utilises equivalent of 1.75 earths to produce the ecological resources used, with half of this attributable to food consumption. The present work therefore seeks to provide an empirically-based insight into the environmental sustainability of the EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode. A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used, and primary data were collected from 400 systemically sampled households via structured questionnaires and analysed descriptively using Microsoft Excel and inferentially using mathematical models for calculating ecological footprints. Findings revealed that the household EF of food consumption in Ijebu Ode is 0.05gha per capita, with the footprint of cereal consumption (0.17gha; 37%) taking the major share, followed by meat with a footprint of 0.11gha (23.9%). As a result, it was concluded that Ijebu Ode has sustainable food consumption, which is necessary for its environmental sustainability. However, the sustenance of the former requires creating awareness of the need for sustainable consumption and prioritisation of integrated and population-wide policies and food intervention initiatives to encourage attitudinal change in favour of sustainable food consumption while fostering sustainable food production strategies amidst current environmental realities.
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Metal-organic molybdenum complexes were synthesized by the hydrothermal method using ammonium heptamolybdate as the metallic source, and as the organic ligand terephthalic acid (BDC) or bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), obtained via glycolysis of poly(ethylene)terephthalate (PET). The BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo complexes were characterized by XRD, N2 physisorption, TGA, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XPS and their in vitro biocompatibility was tested by porcine fibroblasts viability. The results show that molybdates (MoO4-2) are coordinated to the carbonyl functional groups of BDC and BHET by urea bonding (-NH-CO-NH-) which is related to their high biocompatibility and high thermal stability. These organic molybdate complexes possess rectangular prism particles made up of rods arrays characteristics of molybdenum oxides (MoO3). The organic complexes BDC-Mo and BHET-Mo do not show to be cytotoxic for porcine dermal fibroblasts growing on their surface for up to 48 h of culture.
Exercise training with varying intensity increases maximal oxygen intake (VO2max), a strong predictor of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the influence of low intensity aerobic training on the vo2 max in 11 to 14 years school girls in Hyderabad district. Methodology: The research scholar has randomly selected thirty (N=30) high school girls were selected as subjects and their age ranged between 11 to 14 years. The subjects were divided into two equal groups, each group consist of 15 total 30. Group one acted as experimental group (EG) and group two acted as control group (CG). The dependent variable vo2 max was selected and it is measured by manual test. Statistical Tool: The statistical tool paired sample ‘t’ test was used for analysing of the data and the obtained ‘t’ ratio was tested for significance at 0.05 level of confidence. Results: The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant improvement on vo2 max by the application of low intensity aerobic.
Hybrid rice has the potential to outperform existing inbred rice and was said to have the potential to produce 14-20 % more yield. In response, Malaysia Government has introduced its very own first Hybrid Rice Variety knew as Kadaria 1 developed by MARDI. This is in line with one of the strategies outlined in Dasar Agromakanan Negara (DAN) 2011-2020 as an approach to increasing rice productivity within Malaysia. The next step would be developing our hybrid seed rice production system. Therefore, an experiment to determine the planting ratio and planting distance between 0025A (A)-a hybrid with MR283 (R)-inbreed variety was carried out. Planting ratios studied in this study were 2:4, 2:6, 2:8, and 2:10 while planting distance was 14 x 30 cm, 16 x 30 cm, and 18 x 30 cm. Statistical analyses suggested that yield R, yield A, and panicle number A were significantly affected by planting ratios while yield A was significantly affected by an interaction between planting distance and planting ratios. Panicle number A performed significantly higher at planting ratios of 2:4 compared to 2:10. Yield R shows higher significant performance under ratio 2:6 compared to 2:4 and 2:8. Relatively, yield A performed the best under planting distance of 18 x 30 cm. Furthermore, under this particular planting distance, the planting ratio of 2:10 shows the highest significant figure while 2:8 exhibits statistical parity. Both yield R and yield A were significantly affected by planting ratios and have a significant positive association with each other. Therefore, the planting ratio of 2:10 should be the best since it contributed to significantly highest value for yield A while yield R under 2:10 shows statistical parity with 2:6 which was the highest significant value. In conclusion, the combination of 2:10 with a planting distance of 18 x 30 cm was the best since it shows best potential for both yields A and yield R
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
Cassava plays an important role in improving food security and reducing poverty in rural areas. Despite its importance, its production in Senegal remains low compared to other African countries. Nowadays, it is confronted with numerous constraints. It is in this context that a study was conducted on the cassava production system in the Thiès "cassava granary" region, with the objective of examining farmers' cultivation practices. It was conducted in eight communes located in the department of Tivaouane, some of which are located in the Niayes agro-ecological zone and others in the central-northern groundnut basin. Surveys were conducted among the largest cassava producers in these communes. Analysis of the results showed that cassava is only grown in the rainy season with the same cultivation practices that have been used for years. Of the five varieties listed by the President of the Senegalese Cassava Interprofession, only four are grown in the areas surveyed. The Terrasse (43%) and Kombo (36%) varieties are grown more by our respondents in the Niayes area. Soya (75%) and Wallet "Parydiey" (20% of our sample) dominate in the central-northern groundnut basin.
We are witnessing very demanding and stressful times in which we live, and an occupation that is particularly exposed to stress and different working conditions is the job of a nurse. Exposing themselves to everyday challenges and stressful situations, nurses reach a stage of great emotional and physical exhaustion, lethargy, dissatisfaction, and poorer work achievements, which we know as burnout. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is and to what extent professional burnout is present in nurses and technicians working in nursing homes across Slovenia and Croatia. The paper is answering the questions of the extent of the burnout influenced by individual characteristics (age, education, years of service and work experience at the current workplace). The study involved a validated questionnaire “The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)” to measure professional burnout. Surveying of the nurses was conducted online at their home institutions. The results show that all respondents have a medium or high level of professional burnout, while no one has a low level or shows no signs of burnout. In terms of age, the group from 55-65 years of age had the highest relative level of burnout in the age group category. With regard to education, the highest burnout was measured in registered nurses.
Hepatitis B and C are one of the most commonly transmitted viral infections through needlestick injury apart from HIV. It is highly prevalent in India and many other developing countries. It accounts for high mortality rate globally amongst low socio-economic groups of individuals. Healthcare workers, especially dental professionals are at higher risk of infection due to high exposure to saliva, blood and sharps. Accidental occupational exposure to non-sterile conditions and its development to more critical and fatal conditions can be reduced through vaccination, prophylactic medications and practicing high safety measures.
This review article focuses on transmission of hepatitis through sharps injuries in medicine, especially dentistry, its prevention, management, post-exposure prophylaxis and the corresponding content.
More from Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 74-84, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
75
storage devices have low thermal conductivity and this reduces the rate of heat storage and extraction during
melting and solidification cycles [11].
To overcome this problem, high thermal conductivity materials with porous structures such as graphite and porous
metals are embedded into phase change materials to enhance their thermal conductivity [12],[13]. Although
extensive studies have been conducted on the use of porous materials to improve the thermal conductivity of phase
change materials, majority of the researches have been focused on the graphite matrix and high porosity copper
and aluminium foams embedded within phase change materials.
Zhou and Zhao [12], experimentally investigated heat transfer in paraffin and calcium chloride hexahydrate PCMs
embedded in copper foam and expanded graphite respectively. The porous copper used in this study had 30 pores
per square inch (PPI) and 18.5% relative density while the paraffin and expanded natural graphite composite was
made by mixing 3%, 6% and 9% of expanded graphite in molten paraffin. The heat transfer performances of the
PCM with and without metal foam and expanded graphite were tested at constant heat flux of 15W/m2
and all the
samples were cooled by natural convection. They concluded that porous copper provided better heat transfer
performance than expanded graphite due to their continuous inter- connected structures.
Li et al [13], performed experimental and numerical studies on the melting phase change heat transfer in paraffin-
saturated in open- celled porous copper materials. The aim of their study was to investigate the melting process of
paraffin in porous copper structures. The experiments were conducted with high porosity porous copper samples
with porosity ( , and pore size ranging from 10 PPI to 40 PPI. The wall and inner temperature distribution in
pure paraffin PCM and porous copper materials saturated with paraffin were measured during the melting process
at a constant heat flux of 400 W/m2
. They observed that the porous copper- PCM composites showed better
thermal performance than the pure paraffin material because the effective thermal conductivity of the PCM was
improved by the copper metal matrix.
Zhao et al [14] reported that high porosity ( open- celled porous metals are considered as one type of most
promising thermal conductivity enhancer of phase change materials due to their high thermal conductivity and
high surface area density, They investigated the thermal conductivity enhancement of paraffin wax RT 58 with
porous copper samples having porosities between 85% to 95% and pore sizes ranging from 10- 30 PPI. Their
results showed that the thermal performance of the paraffin wax increased as the pore density of porous copper was
increased and relative density increased.
Lafdi et al [15] investigated the effects of using porous aluminium as a thermal conductivity enhancer for thermal
cooling of electronic system with pulsed power profile. Results of their numerical simulation showed that the
performance of porous aluminium/PCM composite is dependent on porosity/relative density, pore size, foam
thermal conductivity and viscosity of the liquid phase of the PCM. Senobar et al [16] experimentally compared the
effectiveness of using copper oxide nanoparticles and porous copper foams together and separately for improving
the performance of an organic PCM (RT44HC) and reported that the PCM- nanoparticle- metal foam composites
showed the highest heat transfer performance and that this was followed by the PCM- copper foam composites and
then by the PCM- nanoparticle composites.
3. Mediterranean Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (MJBAS)
Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 74-84, April-June 2022
ISSN: 2581-5059 www.mjbas.com
76
The total charging time is a critical design parameter for latent heat thermal energy storage systems. The
literatures- thus reviewed show that incorporation of porous metals into phase change materials can improve the
thermal performance of the PCMs and hence reduce their charging time. Till date majority of researches on PCM
enhancement technique by means of incorporation of porous metals have centred mainly on the high porosity
copper foam/paraffin system and have shown that the embedding of PCM in porous metals improves thermal
conductivity and thermal performance. The heat transfer process and performance of PCMs infiltrated into
medium porosity (60- 70%) - porous metals is much less understood. The thermal efficiency of these relatively
cheap porous materials which have structures that are uniquely different from the high porosity porous metals has
not been well researched even though that the medium porosity porous metals produced from high thermal
conductivity material such as aluminium can be manufactured at low cost and can in theory produce higher rates of
heat transfer, thus resulting in shorter melting time than their high porosity equivalents due to the increased
effective thermal diffusivity. Moreover, no investigation has so far been seen for the performance of porous
aluminium structures with dual pore sizes on the thermal performance enhancement of phase change materials
used in thermal storage systems. This research work will focus on evaluating the heat transfer performance of
stearic acid PCM infiltrated in medium porosity porous aluminium structures.
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Porous aluminium manufacturing and characterization
Seven porous aluminium samples with different pore sizes and porosities were fabricated and infiltrated with
stearic acid to form PCM/porous aluminium thermal composites. The porous aluminium samples were
manufactured by infiltrating molten 99.5% aluminium (at 8000
C) through sodium chloride beads of different size
ranges in a stainless steel mould (pre-heated to 6000
C) part- inserted into a vacuum chamber and allowing the melt
to solidify under a suction pressure of 0.9 bar. Four different salt bead size ranges (1.0-1.4 mm; 1.4-2.0 mm;
2.0-2.5 mm and 2.5- 3.1 mm) were used. The different bead sizes were used to vary the pore size of the porous
aluminium samples while the porosity of the samples was varied by varying the packing density of the NaCl beads
by means of combining large (2.0-2.5mm) and small (0.5-1.0mm) beads and by compacting a bed of beads using a
hydraulic press. The salt beads were produced using the procedure described in [17]. Manufactured samples (with
solid base) were machined into 30 X 45 mm cylinders and immersed in a hot water bath maintained at 700
C for
48 hours in order to dissolve the salt beads. The pore structure of the resulting porous aluminium samples was
characterized using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The samples were weighed and infiltrated with
stearic acid by immersing them in a beaker containing molten stearic acid wax, maintained at 900
C for 30 minutes.
The arrangement was put inside a desiccator in which a pressure of 1.02 bar was applied for infiltration of PCM to
occur. The PCM/porous aluminium thermal composite samples were cooled, re- weighed and preserved for
subsequent analyses.
2.2. Thermal Analysis
The test rig for the evaluation of the thermal performance of the PCM/porous aluminium thermal composite
samples is schematically shown in fig.1. It consists of three main parts: main test section; infrared camera (FLIR
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77
SC7000); and a data acquisition system. Heat transfer performance was determined by measuring the time for both
the empty porous aluminium and PCM/porous aluminium thermal composite samples to attain 60 and 800
C at ¾
height using an infrared camera. The temperature reading of the infrared camera was measured at emissivity values
ranging from 0.96- 1.0 and compared with a K-type thermocouples embedded in the samples and the camera
measurements at emissivity of 0.96 compared very closely with those of the thermocouple. The outer surface of the
samples was covered with high temperature adhesive tape to avoid PCM leakage, spray- painted with matt black
paint to improve emissivity and the base was coated with a thermal paste (RS 217-3835) to reduce contact
resistance between the samples and the hot plate. Stainless steel and copper plates were used to act as thermal
buffer. The infrared camera was operated at a frequency of 10 Hz for 600 seconds at a constant hot plate
temperature of 100 o
C. Thermal analysis of the PCM was performed using K- type thermocouples positioned at ¼,
½ , ¾ of the height of a PCM cylinder cast into a hollow concrete (thermal conductivity, K = 0.2- 0.3 W/m.K [18])
with core size measuring 33x45 mm (weighing 46 g) and which was mounted on an aluminium base plate with 5
mm thickness. Concrete was chosen because it has a comparable thermal conductivity with stearic acid and this
will ensure one- dimensional heat flow. The PCM, encased in a hollow concrete was heated at 100 o
C and
temperature changes with time was recorded for 4 hours.
Fig.1. Experimental set-up for thermal analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Some physical properties of the porous aluminium samples and the amount (Δmi) and degree of PCM infiltration
into the porous structures are presented in Table 1. The Relative density (ρr), porosity (ε) and the degree of PCM
infiltration () into the porous samples were determined using the following equations [19],[20]:
r =
(1)
ε = 1 -
(2)
and
= =
(3)
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Where, s is the density of the solid material the porous material is made of (ρAl = 2.7g/cc [18]) and *
is the
density of porous metal, M is the mass of PCM, mi is the mass of infiltrated PCM and Vt is the total volume of
sample. ρPCM is the density of PCM. (ρPCM = 0.94 g/cc [21]). It can be noticed from Table 1 that the degree of
infiltration of PCM into the porous materials ranges from 79 to 86%.
Table 1. Some physical properties of the porous aluminium samples
Sample Density
(g/cc)
Relative
density
Porosity Δmi
(g)
α
2.5L 1.07 0.40 0.60 13.01 0.81
2.0L 1.03 0.38 0.62 12.98 0.79
1.5L 1.10 0.41 0.59 12.90 0.81
1.0L 1.20 0.44 0.56 12.96 0.86
1.5P 0.90 0.33 0.67 14.10 0.79
2.0+0.5L 1.00 0.37 0.63 13.94 0.83
2.0+0.5P 0.92 0.34 0.66 14.22 0.81
In the nomenclature of the samples presented in Table 1, 2.5L represents a porous sample manufactured by using
the 2.5-3.1 mm loosely packed sodium chloride beads while 2.0+1.5P represents a sample which was
manufactured by combining the 2.0-2.5mm and 1.5-2.0 mm NaCl beads and pressed prior to infiltration with
molten aluminium.
Fig.2. SEM images of porous aluminium samples: (a) Single pore porous aluminium with cell size of 2.25mm; (b)
Dual pore sized porous aluminium; (c) Single pore porous Al with pore size of 1.75 mm and (d) Porous Al formed
from compressed NaCl beads
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Fig.2 shows the SEM images of the porous aluminium samples and as shown, the structure consists of spherical
pores which replicate the shape and size NaCl beads from which they were manufactured and which are
interconnected by windows. The windows allow the passage of fluid within the porous materials. Figs. 2a and 2c
present SEM images of single pore porous aluminium samples. Fig.2b shows SEM image of a dual core sample
while Fig.2d shows the SEM image of a porous Al sample manufactured from compressed beads. The effective
thermal conductivity and the ability of the porous material to transfer heat by convection are largely dependent on
the physical (porosity and relative density) and morphological (pore size and ligament thickness) characteristics of
porous metal [22].
3.1. Heat Transfer Performance
Heat transfer performance of the porous aluminium samples and PCM thermal composite samples was determined
by thermography and by measuring the change in time (Δt) for the empty porous aluminium samples and those
infiltrated with stearic acid phase change material to be heated through 60 and 800
C. The temperatures, 60 and
800
C were chosen because the stearic acid PCM melts within this temperature range [23]. Δt for the empty and
PCM- filled samples are shown in Tables 2 and 3 respectively for the temperature field of the samples acquired at
a small area of the ¾ of the height of the samples while Table 4 shows a comparison of heat transfer performance
shown by the thermal composites.
Table 2. Time for empty porous aluminium samples to attain 600
C and 800
C, at ¾ Height and operating
temperature of 1000
C
t60(sec)
t80(sec)
t(sec)
ρr
2.5L 2.0L 1.5L 1.0L 1.5P 2.0+0.5L 2.0+0.5P
21.7 .8
40.2
19.1
0.40
23.4 .4
47.6 .5
24.2
0.38
18.8 .5
36.7 .4
18.5
0.41
21.1 .8
40.2
17.9
0.44
30.9
65.2
34.3
0.33
22.3
47.5
25.2
0.37
23.4 .5
50.7
27.3
0.34
Table 3. Time for composite porous aluminium/PCM structures to attain 600
C and 80 o
C at ¾ Height and
operating temperature of 1000
C
t60(sec)
t80(sec)
t(sec)
Δt/g pcm
2.5L 2.0L 1.5L 1.0L 1.5P 2.0+0.5L 2.0+0.5P
50.2
174.2
124.0
9.53
65.0
226.9
161.9
12.53
53.1
175.5
122.4
9.49
44.6
129.1
84.5
6.52
100.6
305.6
205.0
14.54
70.7
244.4
173.7
12.46
93.1
301.8
208.7
14.68
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Table 4. Comparison of heat transfer performance enhancement shown by the thermal composite samples
Sample Mass of PCM
(g)
Time @ 60 o
C (t60)
Sec
t60/g PCM
(Sec/g)
Performance
Enhancement
2.5L 13.01 50.2 3.9 18X
2.0L 12.98 65.0 5.0 14X
1.5L 12.90 53.1 4.1 17X
1.0L 12.96 44.6 3.4 20X
1.5P 14.10 100.6 7.1 10X
2.0+0.5L 13.96 70.7 5.1 14X
2.0+0.5P 14.22 93.1 6.6 11X
PCM (only) 46.00 3200 69.6 -
It can be noticed from tables 2 and 3, that the heat transfer performance of the empty porous aluminium samples
and the PCM thermal composites as estimated by Δt, increases with relative density and is highest for the 1.0L
samples and least for the 2.0+0.5P test coupons. The temperature versus time curve for the stearic acid PCM is
shown in fig.3. The time for the stearic acid (46g) to attain 600
C can be estimated from the thermograph of the
PCMs transient thermal behaviour at ¾ height as 3200 seconds. As shown in Table 4, the thermal composites can
show up to 20 times improvement of performance as their relative densities are increased.
Fig.3. Temperature Vs time curves for pure stearic acid PCM heated at 1000
C
3.2. Effect of Relative Density
The effect of relative density on the temperature changes with time for the PCM/porous aluminium thermal
composite samples at ¾ H and operating temperature of 1000
C is shown in figs. 4 and 5 for the mono-pore and dual
pore PCM thermal composite samples respectively. As seen in fig.4, the thermograph of the 1.5L thermal
composite sample shows an initial steeper temperature versus time curve and shorter melting duration as well as
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Temperature
[
o
C]
Time [Second]
1/4 H
1/2 H
3/4 H
A B C
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attained higher temperature than the 1.5P sample before approaching a near- steady state condition. This can be
attributed to higher effective thermal conductivity of the 1.5L sample. Fig.4 also shows a typical heating profile of
stearic acid- phase change material infiltrated in porous aluminium material. As shown, three distinct regions can
be identified: solid; melting; and molten. The temperature of the stearic acid rises quickly at the beginning of the
heating process and then reaches to a plateau, at about 600
C, indicating the commencement of a phase change
process (melting). Heat transfer prior to the plateau region is dominated by conduction. A combination of
conduction and convection determines the rate of heat transfer at the plateau or melting region and in the molten
region [24]. The slope of the Temperature-Time curve reduces on completion of melting since the PCM at this
stage is approaching the temperature of the hot plate and T for heat transfer is significantly low.
Fig.4. Effects of relative density on the transient temperature changes at ¾ H for mono pore- sized Al foam/PCM
samples heated at 1000
C
Fig.5. Effects of relative density on the transient temperature changes at ¾ H for dual pore- sized Al foam/PCM
samples heated at 1000
C
3.3. Comparison between Mono and Dual Pore Thermal Composites
The effect of infiltrating PCM in porous aluminium structures with mono and dual pore sizes on its thermal
response is shown in fig.6. It can be seen from this figure that the time for the PCM to attain the melting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800
TEMPERATURE/oC
TIME/SECOND
2.0+0.5L
2.0+0.5P
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temperature range is approximately the same in these porous samples. The samples have relative density of 0.38
and 0.37 (table 2) for the mono and dual- sized foam respectively. The marginal improvement in heat transfer
performance by the 2.0L thermal composite is probably due to its slightly higher relative density.
Fig.6. Effect of dual pore sized porous structure on thermal response of PCM
4. Conclusions
Utilization of porous aluminium in the manufacturing of PCM thermal composites can be more beneficial in
reducing the time for attaining phase change temperature in energy storage systems based on stearic acid than
using ‘pure’ stearic acid as phase change material. The porous aluminium materials were manufactured by
infiltrating liquid aluminium through the pore space between dissolvable sodium chloride beads under a specific
infiltration pressure while the relative density of the porous aluminium was varied by using NaCl beads of different
sizes and packing densities and by compacting the beads. The study finds that infiltrating stearic acid into porous
aluminium structures can reduce the time for the PCM to attain phase change temperature and increase heat
transfer performance by up to twenty times. The study further indicates that the heat transfer performance of the
PCM thermal composites increases with the relative density of the porous aluminium structures and that heat
transfer performance are dependent more on relative density than on the duality of the pore structure. Future
research will seek to further enhance the stearic acid/porous aluminium thermal composite performance through
the addition of nanoparticles.
Declarations
Source of Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing Interests Statement
The author declares no competing financial, professional and personal interests.
Consent for publication
Author declares that he/she consented for the publication of this research work.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 200 400 600 800
TEMPERATURE/
o
C
TIME/SECOND
2.0L
2.0+0.5L
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83
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