Evaluate and grade websites in terms of their compliance with PL pri.docx
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Evaluate and grade websites in terms of their compliance with PL principles. You will first do this with a local government site (Project 1a) and then with a federal site (Project 1b). You will perform the same analysis and evaluation that is done by those who volunteer with the Center for Plain Language to review and grade federal websites as part of the plain language Federal Report Card. .
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1. Which of the following is not a part of the HAZWOPER process:
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a.
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LOAEL
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Health History
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Euthanasia
from Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Definition
Euthanasia is the act of putting a person (or animal) to death painlessly, or allowing a person (or animal) to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable disease. The word “euthanasia” comes from two Greek words that mean “good death.” Euthanasia is sometimes called “mercy killing.”
Description
Terms and categories
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Euthanasia strictly speaking means that a physician or other person is the one who performs the last act that causes death; in other words, the physician or other person kills the patient. For example, if a physician injects a patient with a lethal overdose of a pain-killing medication, he or she is performing euthanasia. If the physician leaves the patient with a loaded syringe and the patient injects himself or herself with it, the act is an assisted suicide. Euthanasia of animals is a common practice in veterinary medicine. Euthanasia of humans is illegal throughout the United States, prohibited as a type of homicide.
Euthanasia is usually categorized as either active or passive, and as either voluntary or involuntary. The first set of categories refers to the means of ending life, and the second set of categories refers to the agent of the decision. Active euthanasia involves putting a patient to death for merciful reasons. Passive euthanasia involves withholding medical care, or not doing something to prevent death. In voluntary euthanasia, the patient is the one who wishes to die and has usually requested either active or passive euthanasia. In involuntary euthanasia, someone else makes the decision to terminate the patient's life, usually because the patient is in a coma or otherwise unable to make an informed request to die.
Another important term to understand is the socalled doctrine of double effect. This is a legal term that has been underscored by the United States Supreme Court in one of its decisions. The doctrine of double effect states that a medical treatment intended to relieve pain that incidentally hastens the patient's death is still appropriate and legally acceptable. In other words, a doctor who gives a dying patient high doses of morphine to prevent pain, knowing that such high.
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be des.docx
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be described as the act of putting a person to death painlessly. The practice mostly happens when an individual is suffering from a disease that is incurable and so painful, a physical disorder which is damaging, by withholding the treatments and also by removing the artificial measures put in place to support life.
The practice has been supported by various groups, while others have firmly stood against the practice. For instance, some religious groups believe that practicing euthanasia would kill the value as well as the respect that society has for human life (Bekos, 2019). There have been controversies on euthanasia between religion and morality. Some people are for the idea that euthanasia is the same as murder and is unacceptable.
Other people believe that euthanasia should only be practiced when someone has the capability of making sound decisions. Religious groups and other groups that are against euthanasia believe that embracing the practice would vest a lot of power to the doctors, therefore, affecting the trust of the patients (Mintz, 2019). The team believes that there is appropriate palliative care, thus reducing the need to perform euthanasia. In some cases, the patients may be pressured by the friends, the doctors, or even the family members to request for the practice what might be against the wish. Others argue that embracing the practice would demoralize the teams committed to research and develop new treatments and cures for the diseases. Additionally, euthanasia would reduce the commitment of the nurses and doctors in saving lives.
People supporting euthanasia believe that people should be given the right to make decisions on how to die and when to die. They believe that practicing euthanasia will help control the situations of people and allow them to have a dignified death. Additionally, the group argues that the state should not interfere with an individual decision concerning death since it is a separate issue. Euthanasia is also seen as a way of reducing the cost of treatment. The group believes that the cost of treating diseases that have no cure could be saved by the practice, thus diverting the resources to save more people who are suffering from curable diseases. In addition to this, the act would protect the friends and the families the pain of watching their dear ones suffer for a long time (Jones, Gastmans, & MacKellar, 2017). They, therefore, argue that the same ways the community allow animals to be put to death when they are sick as a way of showing kindness the same way human beings should be prevented from suffering. Until today, the ethicality of euthanasia has not come into a clear agreement, although some states have legalized the practice.
Ethical Egoist opinion.
The issue of euthanasia requires examination of the practice to determine the total benefit of the action. Ethical egoism, may result in an individual decision to die after cons.
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999.docx
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999
1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedPergamon
Printed in Great Britain
0263-2373/99 $20.00 1 0.00PII: S0263-2373(99)00015-8
Towards a New Model of
Strategy-making as
Serious Play
JOHAN ROOS, International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Switzerland
BART VICTOR, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
A new model of strategy-making as play is
presented in response to increasing calls for a
deeper theory of strategy-making. First an elabor-
ation of the construct of strategic imagination is
offered, describing three distinct, but interrelated
forms of imagination: descriptive, creative, and
challenging. Strategic Imagination is defined as an
emergent property of a complex interplay between
the three kinds of imagination. Then, extending the
work of the planning and design schools, the model
describes the complex social dynamic of strategy-
making itself. Applying the notion of play from
anthropology and cognitive development, the strat-
egy-making process is described as a three-phase
play process. The three
phases, constructing to
stimulate new
ideas,
story
European Management Journal Vol 17 No 4 August 1999348
telling to share meaning, and deep engagement to
assimilate new directions, are described. Finally
some directions for strategy-making practice
improvement are offered. 1999 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved
The Call for More Imaginative
Strategies
During the 90s many calls for more imaginative stra-
tegies have been heard from both academia and con-
sultants. For instance, Hamel and Prahalad urged us
to ‘… break out of old paradigms…challenge
received dogma…(and) have the courage to ask
new questions…’ (Hamel and Prahalad,
1996, p. 242). Along the same lines
many authors have recently
expressed their views of why it
is important to ‘rethink the
future’ and how to go about this
task (Gibson, 1998). The common
thread among these authors is
that the essential value of a
strategy is its originality, and
that such originality is des-
perately needed to navigate
the business landscape of
tomorrow. Only original
strategies will help compa-
nies achieve a strategic pos-
ition different from competi-
tors. Without originality a
strategy is a commodity
and any value would come
from implementation.1 Labeling
it strategy innovation, Hamel
(1998, p. 7) calls for strategy-makers
TOWARDS A NEW MODEL OF STRATEGY-MAKING AS SERIOUS PLAY
to enhance their capacity to ‘re-conceive the existing
industry model in ways that create new value for cus-
tomers, wrong-foot competitors, and produce new
wealth for all stakeholders.’
At the heart of this issue is the observation that strat-
egy-making, while increasingly sophisticated,
efficient and rigorous, is apparently less and less
imaginative. Analysis and experience only prepare
the strategic mind for its work. Original strategies are
neither the mechanically-calculated outcome of an
algorithm, nor the .
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990.docx
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990s), Europe was united by the European Union in 1993 which had important social, economic, and political implications. The standards for being in the EU were outlined in a 97,000 page document called that acquis communitaire. These are highlighted in the chart below. Overall, the EU has been a great success.
SOCIAL
***
· The EU resulted in a fear of an influx of immigrants
· Quotas placed on immigration
· EU brought human rights standards
· Turkey brought discussions of what it meant to be “European” and religion
· End of border controls
· Maastricht Treaty brought standards for worker health and safety, crime prevention, immigration, and asylum
· Some countries opt out of aspects of Maastricht because they think it infringes on their culture (ex. Britain and the Euro)
· Movement of goods impacted (people and culture)
· Initial public rejection of constitution due to lack of involvement in process
· Feeling among member populations that they should be involved in process of governing the EU
· EU has most comprehensive and generous social welfare system
· Stable peace enjoyed; armed conflict unlikely
ECONOMIC
***
· Commitment to market economy
· Incentives for reform for former communist states
· “structural adjustment” meant funds transfer from wealthy nations to weaker nations
· Made EU the world’s largest trading bloc
· EU richest consumer market
· Trade supported by lifted barriers and border obstacles
· Maastricht introduced common monetary currency – EURO
· A Central bank
· Britain and Denmark opt out of EURO because they see it as imposing on their important cultural symbols for money
· Movement of goods impacted – like people, fish, and culture
· Common guidelines for budget deficits, debt, and inflation
· Central European Bank (98) prevent governments in trouble from manipulating their own interest rates or currency value
· World’s highest per capita income
· GDP is 5% higher than it would be otherwise (w/o unity)
· Debt crisis in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal in 010 and 011 called EU economics into question; they each required loans to prevent bankruptcy – threatened stability of the currency EURO
· Supported globalization and much foreign investment
POLITICAL
***
· Required commitment to political democracy
· Joining would legitimize a regime
· Sovereignty remained intact, especially for law enforcement, foreign policy, and defense
· 97,000 page acquis communitaire had to be adopted
· Movement of goods impacted
· EU constitution which sees a EU foreign policy chief elected and an EU president
· Complex EU bureaucracy
· Lots of debate about how much of Europe’s success is because of unification
· Armed conflict between them is virtually inconceivable
· Enjoyed a stable peace
· EU people sometimes feel alienated from “Eruocrats” … Eurocrats will respond to the people for policy making
.
Europeans Encountering the AmericasRead the letters of Christoph.docx
Europeans Encountering the Americas
Read the letters of Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés and respond to them using the readings, the text, the lectures, and most importantly, your critical thinking skills and interpretive abilities. Base your analysis on the themes and concepts from the readings and lectures. Provide evidence for any arguments you make with quotes and paraphrases accompanied by in-text citations and a Works Cited page. Any outside sources must be properly cited.
.
Europe in AsiaGunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in .docx
Europe in Asia
Gunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Topics
European Overseas Expansion
State consolidation
The Gunpowder Revolution
Mercantilism: The policy of imperial expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Southwest Asia
European Exploration as Desperation
Cut off from access to main trade centers.
Even before cut off, access difficult and expensive.
Access connected to European state formation/consolidation
Henry the Navigator
Connecting through N. Africa
Finding Prester John
Portuguese Exploration
European Entry into Indian Ocean and End of Polycentrism
Reconquista in Spain (unification of Iberian peninnsula by kicking out Muslims and Jews)
State building
Gunpowder (shift in military technology)
Different attitude to property (concept of private property based on application of labor: labor theory of value)
Different attitude toward trade; modeled on practices of Italian city-states in Mediterranean, which extended practice of control over trade in ports (common throughout the world) to shipping lanes.
Running a protection racket along shipping routes like modern day pirates)
As such, brought different attitude to trade into the largely self-regulating, polycentric system of Indian Ocean basin
Armed trade
Beginning of end of polycentrism in global economy
Europeans arrived and did not find this
China as the big player in all of this, the driver of global trade
Voyages of Admiral Zheng He, 1405-1433
Specifically charged w/ encouraging trade after collapse of Mongol empire, years of Chinese isolation and earlier policies (and lack of silver) led to collapse of trade and Chinese currency
And then, as suddenly as they appeared, the Chinese were gone
By beginning of 16th c., everyone wants in on the action
The Emergence of the Modern State, c. 1500-1700 as means to achieve this
What do we mean by “modern” or “nation” in this context?
What factors contributed to consolidation of political authority in centralized states?
Gunpowder
What policies sustained consolidated states?
Revenue, recruits and labor
All had to be extracted from a world of limited good
What do we mean by “modern” state?
Modern:
Centrally administered states that can extend their authority throughout territory (more or less)
Nation?
yes and no
although rhetoric was there, much still missing, such as homogenous print culture and internal markets
New types of identities
Medieval “local” erodes further, even for rural inhabitants
Social estate (more caste than class) still important, but “subject” of a particular ruler becoming more prevalent among population
But remember…
“I’m not dead yet!”
Empire as a form of political organization still viable, vibrant and, in many ways, victorious (made it to 20th Century):
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Qing Dynasty
11
Two Tracks for State Development
Both claimed to benefit the commonweal/the common good
Limitation of monarchy by law and representa.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J.,.docx
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. J., presented below.
Based on this information, formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation, and complete the Critical Thinking Essay assignment, as instructed below.
Health History and Medical Information
Health History
Mrs. J. is a 63-year-old married woman who has a history of hypertension, chronic heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite requiring 2L of oxygen/nasal cannula at home during activity, she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day and has done so for 40 years. Three days ago, she had sudden onset of flu-like symptoms including fever, productive cough, nausea, and malaise. Over the past 3 days, she has been unable to perform ADLs and has required assistance in walking short distances. She has not taken her antihypertensive medications or medications to control her heart failure for 3 days. Today, she has been admitted to the hospital ICU with acute decompensated heart failure and acute exacerbation of COPD.
Subjective Data
Is very anxious and asks whether she is going to die.
Denies pain but says she feels like she cannot get enough air.
Says her heart feels like it is "running away."
Reports that she is exhausted and cannot eat or drink by herself.
Objective Data
Height 175 cm; Weight 95.5kg.
Vital signs: T 37.6C, HR 118 and irregular, RR 34, BP 90/58.
Cardiovascular: Distant S1, S2, S3 present; PMI at sixth ICS and faint: all peripheral pulses are 1+; bilateral jugular vein distention; initial cardiac monitoring indicates a ventricular rate of 132 and atrial fibrillation.
Respiratory: Pulmonary crackles; decreased breath sounds right lower lobe; coughing frothy blood-tinged sputum; SpO2 82%.
Gastrointestinal: BS present: hepatomegaly 4cm below costal margin.
Intervention
The following medications administered through drug therapy control her symptoms:
IV furosemide (Lasix)
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
IV morphine sulphate (Morphine)
Inhaled short-acting bronchodilator (ProAir HFA)
Inhaled corticosteroid (Flovent HFA)
Oxygen delivered at 2L/ NC
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Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mrs. J.
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Euthanasiafrom Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied HealthD.docx
Euthanasia
from Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Definition
Euthanasia is the act of putting a person (or animal) to death painlessly, or allowing a person (or animal) to die by withholding medical treatment in cases of incurable disease. The word “euthanasia” comes from two Greek words that mean “good death.” Euthanasia is sometimes called “mercy killing.”
Description
Terms and categories
It is important to distinguish euthanasia from “assisted suicide,” which is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for euthanasia. Assisted suicide, which is often called “self-deliverance” in Britain, refers to a person's bringing about his or her own death with the help of another person. When the other person is a physician, the act is called “doctor-assisted suicide.” As of 2017, assisted suicide was permitted by law in California, Colorado, Washington, D.C., Montana, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Oregon legalized assisted suicide in 1994. The other states that permitted assisted suicide had passed laws between 2008 and 2016. Laws prohibited the practice in 37 states, three states prohibited it by common law, and four states did not specify.
Euthanasia strictly speaking means that a physician or other person is the one who performs the last act that causes death; in other words, the physician or other person kills the patient. For example, if a physician injects a patient with a lethal overdose of a pain-killing medication, he or she is performing euthanasia. If the physician leaves the patient with a loaded syringe and the patient injects himself or herself with it, the act is an assisted suicide. Euthanasia of animals is a common practice in veterinary medicine. Euthanasia of humans is illegal throughout the United States, prohibited as a type of homicide.
Euthanasia is usually categorized as either active or passive, and as either voluntary or involuntary. The first set of categories refers to the means of ending life, and the second set of categories refers to the agent of the decision. Active euthanasia involves putting a patient to death for merciful reasons. Passive euthanasia involves withholding medical care, or not doing something to prevent death. In voluntary euthanasia, the patient is the one who wishes to die and has usually requested either active or passive euthanasia. In involuntary euthanasia, someone else makes the decision to terminate the patient's life, usually because the patient is in a coma or otherwise unable to make an informed request to die.
Another important term to understand is the socalled doctrine of double effect. This is a legal term that has been underscored by the United States Supreme Court in one of its decisions. The doctrine of double effect states that a medical treatment intended to relieve pain that incidentally hastens the patient's death is still appropriate and legally acceptable. In other words, a doctor who gives a dying patient high doses of morphine to prevent pain, knowing that such high.
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be des.docx
Euthanasia is also known as mercy killing. Euthanasia can be described as the act of putting a person to death painlessly. The practice mostly happens when an individual is suffering from a disease that is incurable and so painful, a physical disorder which is damaging, by withholding the treatments and also by removing the artificial measures put in place to support life.
The practice has been supported by various groups, while others have firmly stood against the practice. For instance, some religious groups believe that practicing euthanasia would kill the value as well as the respect that society has for human life (Bekos, 2019). There have been controversies on euthanasia between religion and morality. Some people are for the idea that euthanasia is the same as murder and is unacceptable.
Other people believe that euthanasia should only be practiced when someone has the capability of making sound decisions. Religious groups and other groups that are against euthanasia believe that embracing the practice would vest a lot of power to the doctors, therefore, affecting the trust of the patients (Mintz, 2019). The team believes that there is appropriate palliative care, thus reducing the need to perform euthanasia. In some cases, the patients may be pressured by the friends, the doctors, or even the family members to request for the practice what might be against the wish. Others argue that embracing the practice would demoralize the teams committed to research and develop new treatments and cures for the diseases. Additionally, euthanasia would reduce the commitment of the nurses and doctors in saving lives.
People supporting euthanasia believe that people should be given the right to make decisions on how to die and when to die. They believe that practicing euthanasia will help control the situations of people and allow them to have a dignified death. Additionally, the group argues that the state should not interfere with an individual decision concerning death since it is a separate issue. Euthanasia is also seen as a way of reducing the cost of treatment. The group believes that the cost of treating diseases that have no cure could be saved by the practice, thus diverting the resources to save more people who are suffering from curable diseases. In addition to this, the act would protect the friends and the families the pain of watching their dear ones suffer for a long time (Jones, Gastmans, & MacKellar, 2017). They, therefore, argue that the same ways the community allow animals to be put to death when they are sick as a way of showing kindness the same way human beings should be prevented from suffering. Until today, the ethicality of euthanasia has not come into a clear agreement, although some states have legalized the practice.
Ethical Egoist opinion.
The issue of euthanasia requires examination of the practice to determine the total benefit of the action. Ethical egoism, may result in an individual decision to die after cons.
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999.docx
European Management Journal Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 348–355, 1999
1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedPergamon
Printed in Great Britain
0263-2373/99 $20.00 1 0.00PII: S0263-2373(99)00015-8
Towards a New Model of
Strategy-making as
Serious Play
JOHAN ROOS, International Institute for Management Development (IMD), Switzerland
BART VICTOR, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
A new model of strategy-making as play is
presented in response to increasing calls for a
deeper theory of strategy-making. First an elabor-
ation of the construct of strategic imagination is
offered, describing three distinct, but interrelated
forms of imagination: descriptive, creative, and
challenging. Strategic Imagination is defined as an
emergent property of a complex interplay between
the three kinds of imagination. Then, extending the
work of the planning and design schools, the model
describes the complex social dynamic of strategy-
making itself. Applying the notion of play from
anthropology and cognitive development, the strat-
egy-making process is described as a three-phase
play process. The three
phases, constructing to
stimulate new
ideas,
story
European Management Journal Vol 17 No 4 August 1999348
telling to share meaning, and deep engagement to
assimilate new directions, are described. Finally
some directions for strategy-making practice
improvement are offered. 1999 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved
The Call for More Imaginative
Strategies
During the 90s many calls for more imaginative stra-
tegies have been heard from both academia and con-
sultants. For instance, Hamel and Prahalad urged us
to ‘… break out of old paradigms…challenge
received dogma…(and) have the courage to ask
new questions…’ (Hamel and Prahalad,
1996, p. 242). Along the same lines
many authors have recently
expressed their views of why it
is important to ‘rethink the
future’ and how to go about this
task (Gibson, 1998). The common
thread among these authors is
that the essential value of a
strategy is its originality, and
that such originality is des-
perately needed to navigate
the business landscape of
tomorrow. Only original
strategies will help compa-
nies achieve a strategic pos-
ition different from competi-
tors. Without originality a
strategy is a commodity
and any value would come
from implementation.1 Labeling
it strategy innovation, Hamel
(1998, p. 7) calls for strategy-makers
TOWARDS A NEW MODEL OF STRATEGY-MAKING AS SERIOUS PLAY
to enhance their capacity to ‘re-conceive the existing
industry model in ways that create new value for cus-
tomers, wrong-foot competitors, and produce new
wealth for all stakeholders.’
At the heart of this issue is the observation that strat-
egy-making, while increasingly sophisticated,
efficient and rigorous, is apparently less and less
imaginative. Analysis and experience only prepare
the strategic mind for its work. Original strategies are
neither the mechanically-calculated outcome of an
algorithm, nor the .
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990.docx
European Unity – in the final decade of the 20th century (the 1990s), Europe was united by the European Union in 1993 which had important social, economic, and political implications. The standards for being in the EU were outlined in a 97,000 page document called that acquis communitaire. These are highlighted in the chart below. Overall, the EU has been a great success.
SOCIAL
***
· The EU resulted in a fear of an influx of immigrants
· Quotas placed on immigration
· EU brought human rights standards
· Turkey brought discussions of what it meant to be “European” and religion
· End of border controls
· Maastricht Treaty brought standards for worker health and safety, crime prevention, immigration, and asylum
· Some countries opt out of aspects of Maastricht because they think it infringes on their culture (ex. Britain and the Euro)
· Movement of goods impacted (people and culture)
· Initial public rejection of constitution due to lack of involvement in process
· Feeling among member populations that they should be involved in process of governing the EU
· EU has most comprehensive and generous social welfare system
· Stable peace enjoyed; armed conflict unlikely
ECONOMIC
***
· Commitment to market economy
· Incentives for reform for former communist states
· “structural adjustment” meant funds transfer from wealthy nations to weaker nations
· Made EU the world’s largest trading bloc
· EU richest consumer market
· Trade supported by lifted barriers and border obstacles
· Maastricht introduced common monetary currency – EURO
· A Central bank
· Britain and Denmark opt out of EURO because they see it as imposing on their important cultural symbols for money
· Movement of goods impacted – like people, fish, and culture
· Common guidelines for budget deficits, debt, and inflation
· Central European Bank (98) prevent governments in trouble from manipulating their own interest rates or currency value
· World’s highest per capita income
· GDP is 5% higher than it would be otherwise (w/o unity)
· Debt crisis in Ireland, Greece, and Portugal in 010 and 011 called EU economics into question; they each required loans to prevent bankruptcy – threatened stability of the currency EURO
· Supported globalization and much foreign investment
POLITICAL
***
· Required commitment to political democracy
· Joining would legitimize a regime
· Sovereignty remained intact, especially for law enforcement, foreign policy, and defense
· 97,000 page acquis communitaire had to be adopted
· Movement of goods impacted
· EU constitution which sees a EU foreign policy chief elected and an EU president
· Complex EU bureaucracy
· Lots of debate about how much of Europe’s success is because of unification
· Armed conflict between them is virtually inconceivable
· Enjoyed a stable peace
· EU people sometimes feel alienated from “Eruocrats” … Eurocrats will respond to the people for policy making
.
Europeans Encountering the AmericasRead the letters of Christoph.docx
Europeans Encountering the Americas
Read the letters of Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés and respond to them using the readings, the text, the lectures, and most importantly, your critical thinking skills and interpretive abilities. Base your analysis on the themes and concepts from the readings and lectures. Provide evidence for any arguments you make with quotes and paraphrases accompanied by in-text citations and a Works Cited page. Any outside sources must be properly cited.
.
Europe in AsiaGunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in .docx
Europe in Asia
Gunpowder, expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Topics
European Overseas Expansion
State consolidation
The Gunpowder Revolution
Mercantilism: The policy of imperial expansion and state consolidation in a world of limited good
Southwest Asia
European Exploration as Desperation
Cut off from access to main trade centers.
Even before cut off, access difficult and expensive.
Access connected to European state formation/consolidation
Henry the Navigator
Connecting through N. Africa
Finding Prester John
Portuguese Exploration
European Entry into Indian Ocean and End of Polycentrism
Reconquista in Spain (unification of Iberian peninnsula by kicking out Muslims and Jews)
State building
Gunpowder (shift in military technology)
Different attitude to property (concept of private property based on application of labor: labor theory of value)
Different attitude toward trade; modeled on practices of Italian city-states in Mediterranean, which extended practice of control over trade in ports (common throughout the world) to shipping lanes.
Running a protection racket along shipping routes like modern day pirates)
As such, brought different attitude to trade into the largely self-regulating, polycentric system of Indian Ocean basin
Armed trade
Beginning of end of polycentrism in global economy
Europeans arrived and did not find this
China as the big player in all of this, the driver of global trade
Voyages of Admiral Zheng He, 1405-1433
Specifically charged w/ encouraging trade after collapse of Mongol empire, years of Chinese isolation and earlier policies (and lack of silver) led to collapse of trade and Chinese currency
And then, as suddenly as they appeared, the Chinese were gone
By beginning of 16th c., everyone wants in on the action
The Emergence of the Modern State, c. 1500-1700 as means to achieve this
What do we mean by “modern” or “nation” in this context?
What factors contributed to consolidation of political authority in centralized states?
Gunpowder
What policies sustained consolidated states?
Revenue, recruits and labor
All had to be extracted from a world of limited good
What do we mean by “modern” state?
Modern:
Centrally administered states that can extend their authority throughout territory (more or less)
Nation?
yes and no
although rhetoric was there, much still missing, such as homogenous print culture and internal markets
New types of identities
Medieval “local” erodes further, even for rural inhabitants
Social estate (more caste than class) still important, but “subject” of a particular ruler becoming more prevalent among population
But remember…
“I’m not dead yet!”
Empire as a form of political organization still viable, vibrant and, in many ways, victorious (made it to 20th Century):
Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Qing Dynasty
11
Two Tracks for State Development
Both claimed to benefit the commonweal/the common good
Limitation of monarchy by law and representa.
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