Eukaryotes are complex organisms characterized by a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, essential for various cellular functions and predominantly found in multicellular life. In contrast, prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with their structure primarily being simpler and consisting of bacteria and archaea. Both cell types have distinct methods of reproduction, with eukaryotes typically reproducing sexually and prokaryotes asexually, using mechanisms like binary fission.

2. EUKARYOTE
• EUKARYOTES are organisms that contain a nucleus,
organelles, and membrane-bound cytoplasm enclosed by a cell
membrane.
• Eukaryotic cells are the vast majority of all life forms on Earth
and are the basis for all known life.
• The DNA is contained in chromatin, embedded in proteins
called histones. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes and
serve as the cell’s energy factories.

3. ABOUT EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Eukaryotic cells are common to all multicellular
organisms. Eukaryotes have DNA in a centralized
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts, carrying specialized
functions. Specialized structure and functions of a
eukaryotic cell aid in regulating proper tissues and
body functioning.

4. STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
A thin, flexible membrane encloses every living cell. The structure of a group of
cells is called a tissue, and the group of tissues constitutes an organ.
• Cell membrane: The cell membrane is composed of lipids, a greasy
organic compound. The membrane also contains proteins that act as a
channel for materials to pass in and out of the cell.
• Cytoplasm: Below the membrane is a “jelly-like“ substance called
cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has many functions and consists of water
containing dissolved ions and large molecules such as proteins and
nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).

5. • Cell wall: The cytoplasm is surrounded by a fibrous cell wall layer. They
also protect the cell from drying out and attacks by harmful
microorganisms. The cell wall is only present in plant cells.
• Cell nucleus: The nucleus is the “control center” of a eukaryotic cell. It
contains DNA used to code for different proteins that perform many
functions within a eukaryotic cell.
• Mitochondria: Mitochondria are tiny membrane-bound organelles
found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria produce energy in the
form of ATP and contain their DNA.

6. • Chloroplasts: are tiny membrane-bound organelles found in
plant cells. Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis and
thus, give plants color and make them grow.
• Vacuoles: are membrane-bound sacs present in plant cells
and some animal cells. They can store food or waste products.
• Ribosome: are large, complex structures in both plant and
animal cells.

7. FUNCTION OF EUKARYOTE
The functions of a eukaryotic cell are responsible for the healthy shape
and functioning of all living things.
• Production of food and energy: Eukaryotic cells are heterotrophs,
meaning they use external energy sources to produce cellular
material such as food and water. The most common energy source
is the sun’s light, which helps plants make food from sugars.
• Growth: is the increase in the size of an organism. It is driven by
cell division, which produces identical copies of cells.

8. • Reproduction: “Sexual reproduction” is when two genetically
different sets of genes combine in an organism to create a new
individual with all the genetic information from both groups.
Sexual reproduction is essential for evolution because it introduces
variation into populations, allowing new combinations of genes to
evolve during survival in different environments.
• Regulation of cell growth and death: Cell growth and cell
death are controlled by hormones made by the body.

10. PROKARYOTES
• A prokaryotic cell is a type of cell in which the structure of the
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles is “not” appropriately
defined.
• Prokaryotes is an organism whose “lack” of nucleus and have “no”
membrane bound organelles.
The prokaryotic cells are divided into two types. These are:
• Bacteria
• Archaea

11. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
PROKARYOTIC CELL
• The structure and function of a prokaryotic cell are primarily similar to
the structure of a normal cell. They consist of a cell membrane, which
separates the cell’s internal environment from the external environment.
• The cell membrane of the prokaryotic cells is also called a plasma
membrane, as it separates the plasma of the cytoplasm.
• Along with this, prokaryotic cells also consist of a “rigid wall”, which works
as a protective layer. It prevents the cell from outer world injuries and
works as a guard of the cell. Prokaryotic cells are single-celled
organisms.

12. External Structure and Functions of a
Prokaryotic Cell.
• Some organisms consist of a flagellum in the outer part of
prokaryotic cells, facilitating their locomotion. Using these
structures, the prokaryotic cell organism can move from one
place to another.
• flagellum consists of a whiplike structure. Along with this, some
prokaryotic cell organisms consist of capsules outside their cell
wall.

13. What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
• Ribosomes are the major constituents of prokaryotic cells. They
play a significant role in the generation of proteins.
• These are the tiny spherical structures present in the cytoplasm
of the prokaryotic cells.
• The primary function of ribosomes is the synthesis of proteins.
They synthesize proteins in the cell by combining the amino
acids present in the cell.

14. Reproduction in prokaryotic cell
As the prokaryotic cells organism are single-celled, they do not
reproduce sexually. These organisms use the asexual mode of
reproduction. Which are:
• Budding
• Binary Fission
• Fragmentation

15. • Budding: In this type of reproduction, the bud-like structures develop
on the body of the parent cell. It takes nutrition from the parent body,
and after getting matured, it detaches from the parent body and lives
as a separate organism.
• Binary Fission: In this type of reproduction, the parent cell divides into
two identical cells, separated into two different organisms after
maturation.
• Fragmentation: In this type of reproduction, the parent cell splits into
various fragments, and each fragment develops into a new organism.

20. 1.https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/
biology/structure-and-functions-of-a-eukaryotic-cell
2.https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-study-material/
biology/structure-and-functions-of-a-prokaryotic-cell

21. THANK YOU! 