The document discusses moving from a monolithic architecture to an event-driven architecture (EDA) for an e-commerce system. In a monolithic system, services are tightly coupled and do not scale well. EDA loosely couples services so that they communicate asynchronously through event messages. The document provides an example where creating a product in one service triggers a "Product Created" event, which is handled by a central message bus and notification service to update other services like search and catalog without direct communication between services. Benefits of EDA include failure isolation, easy addition of new services, and improved scalability.