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Esp and speaking skills
- 1. ESP and Language skills ESP and Speaking Skill Afshan Khalid Roll no: 01 The Women University Multan Pakistan
- 2. Outline According to Christine B. Feak: Corpora English for academic purposes speaking ESP speaking beyond academia Changing perspectives within ESP speaking Conference forum
- 3. ‘Corpora’ is a plural of ‘corpus’. ‘A Corpus is defined as a collection of texts compiled according to a set criteria’. Corpora perform two roles: (a)direct role as pedagogy tool; used by students for language learning in classrooms. (b)indirect role is to provide the data and research knowledge upon which educational materials are based.
- 4. Both large and small corpora are important in ESP: Large ESP speaking corpora focus on academic speech settings: MICASE, BASE, ELFA etc. Other speech corpora include: CSPA contains transcripts of press conferences and university faculty meetings. ‘ELFA’ and ‘VOICE’ corpora allow for comparisons of ELF and English in Anglophone environment. These corpora show the differences with which speakers communicate in these contexts. (Mauranen 2006)
- 5. (2)English for academic purposes speaking English for academic purposes speaking include office hours, classroom talk, project groups, and group discussion etc. Different issues exist in classes where English is used as ELF and ENL. One important aspect of spoken English in academic settings is ‘oral presentations’, which involves use of ‘narrative style, effective images, and dynamic grammar.’ 3MT competition is required for convincing speaking style. (Morton 2009)
- 6. Attention is given to academic teaching in English worldwide: English has become a primary education lingua franca in non- Anglophone countries where ‘content and language integrated learning’ (CLIL) is becoming well established. Greater attention is given to ITAs – International Teaching Assistants, to demonstrate English proficiency and to assess language ability of professors, despite of potential problems. (Labi 2001)
- 7. (3)ESP speaking beyond academia Research shows that some speakers face two ESP contexts -- - one academic and one professional, they spend time in both university courses and work settings. ESP speaking corpora are designed to cater needs. For example, materials for driving school translators in Japan emphasized ‘precision’ in imperative constructions rather than longer but more polite requests (Turn right vs. Could you please turn right). (Freiermuth 2007)
- 8. ESP speaking beyond academia Non- verbal communication skills are important. ‘Silence’ may be important in addressing fluctuating levels of emotion in problematic interactions. With Business communication, clear messages and avoiding face- threatening acts are important. Agent’s language characterized as ‘addressee-focused, polite and elaborated’ is also important. (Friginal 2008)
- 9. (4)Changing perspectives within ESP speaking According to Frank (2000): ‘Successful spoken communication should be borne by all speakers of English, whether native or non-native.’ If we assume that no group has the linguistic upperhand, then native speakers also need language training to understand language differences. For example, ‘Aviation English (AE)’ have fixed forms of an international language for communication between air traffic controllers (ATC) and pilots. AE has its own protocols, pronunciation and grammar, language is scripted (e.g., composed to be spoken). Non-essential talk is absent, and discourse is completely task-oriented.
- 10. There are certain challenges in creating AE corpora. a) One challenge is gaining access to actual communication between ATC and pilots. (Sullivan 2002) For example, they studied AE at Ataturk international airport, which needs permission of four administrative levels(administration, airport police, defense department, and government of airport) before gaining clearance to enter the control tower. So, communication takes place between ATCs and pilots from various L1s. b) Another challenge is to deal with the deviations, which are abundant in AE corpus of communication in Us airports. 36% pilots fail to follow required scripts and lead to misunderstandings. For example, in AE ‘hold’ means ‘stop’, but colloquially can mean ‘continue’ as in ‘hold your course.’ (Jones 2003)
- 11. Like speaking deviations, distractions are also relevant and may be more prominent for L2 speakers. So, AE research suggests that certain level of language proficiency and speaker’s experience is necessary for both native as well as non-native speakers of English.
- 12. (5)Conference forum Conferences have been the focus of research, much of which is summarized in ‘The Language of Conferencing.’ (Ventola 2002) Conferences are a forum for many speech events ranging from informational networking talk to the genre cluster of more formal presentations. Conference presentations (CP) are essential. Conference papers and cluster posters were the focus of early work in ESP speaking.
- 13. Conference presentations suggest that ‘mode of expression’ is important for all ESP research. Many efforts have been made to compare speaking and writing differences and similarities to undermine whether ESP speech is more likely writing or conversation.
- 14. Conclusion and further directions There is growing awareness that ESP speaking is not only situated within a genre cluster or chain consisting of spoken and written genres, but also emerges from processes involving listening and reading. Central to ESP is the perspective that it is an approach to teaching. However, efforts to develop evidence based instructional materials are needed.