Esi act 1948
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This document outlines the composition and responsibilities of various boards and committees related to employee state insurance. It discusses that the Employee's State Insurance Corporation manages medical care and benefits for employees in hotels, restaurants, cinemas, road transport and newspapers. It is governed by a board representing central and state governments, employees and employers. Medical care is funded through contributions from employees, employers and state governments. Organizations under the Employee's State Insurance Act receive exemptions from other labor laws and tax benefits. The overall goal is to provide healthcare and maintain a healthy workforce.
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The document summarizes the Employees' State Insurance Act passed in 1948 in India. It provides social security benefits like sickness, maternity, employment injury benefits to industrial workers. Over time, the act has been amended and expanded to cover more types of establishments and provide additional benefits like medical care through hospitals and clinics run by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation. The scheme is funded through contributions from employers and employees.
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19th April, 1948. An Act to provide for certain benefits to employees in case of sickness, maternity and ' employment injury ' and to make provision for certain other matters in relation thereto.
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cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
Muskan
mpharm
2nd semester
Guru Gobind Singh college of pharmacy, yamunanagar, haryana
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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More than 20 participants took part everyday !
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Esi act 1948
- 2. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS CINEMAS AND THEATRES ROAD TRANSPORT NEWSPAPER ESTABLISHMENT SHOPS
- 4. CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN FIVE REP.OF CENTRAL GOV. ONE REP.FROM EACH STATE GOVT. ONE REP.FOR ALL UNION TERRITORIES FIVE REP.OF EMPLOYEES FIVE REP. OF EMPLOYERS TWO MEMBERS OF MEDICAL PROFFESION THREE MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT
- 5. DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH SERVICES DPTY. DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH SERVICES MEDICAL COMMISSIONER OF ESI CORPORATION ONE MEMBER FROM EACH STATE THREE REP.OF EMPLOYEES THREE REP. OF EMPLOYERS FEW MEMBERS OF MEDICAL PROFFESION(ONE MUST BE WOMEN)
- 6. BY EMPLOYEES-1.75% BY EMPLOYER-4.75% STATE GOVERNMENT-1/8 TH OF TOTAL MEDICAL CARE E.S.I.-7/8TH TOTAL MEDICAL CARE GOVT.OF INDIA-2/3 RD OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES
- 12. EXCEMPTION FROM WORKERS COMPENSATION ACT 1923 EXCEMPTION FROM MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT 1961 EXCEMPTION FROM PAYMENT TO MEDICAL ALLOWANCES REBATE UNDER THE INCOME TAX HEALTHY WORK FORCE
- 14. THANK YOU