«ESDP and SPACE», Athens special workshop organised by the EU Council Presidency and EC on “ Security and Defence Aspects of Space: The Challenges for EU”, 8-9 May 2003. Originally published on http://ec.europa.eu/comm/space/doc_pdf/kolovos.pdf
Esdp and space document circulated at 15 ms and presented at eumc on 12 mar...alexanderkolovos
The document discusses the Greek initiative on developing a space concept for the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). It provides background on existing EU space activities and policies. Specifically:
- The EU and European Space Agency (ESA) have undertaken various space programs and established policies/institutions for civil space applications.
- The initiative aims to develop a coherent EU space policy and determine space capabilities needed to achieve ESDP objectives, given space technologies can support both civil and military crisis management.
- It reviews comments from EU members and outlines findings on current European space efforts to inform developing an ESDP space policy and determining required space capacities.
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience.
This document provides an overview of Japan's research and development policies and programs in the aeronautic and space sectors. It discusses the key government agencies and private companies involved, including JAXA which coordinates the civil space program. Major current and future R&D projects are outlined for earth observation, space exploration, and space transportation. The document also briefly discusses the military R&D space programs and aeronautic sector R&D programs and budgets. Overall it aims to present Japan's present and future R&D activities, plans, policies, and potential for international cooperation with the EU.
The document discusses the EO (Earth Observation) community's vision for long term data preservation, including needs and plans. It outlines operational and political plans to establish long term funding and cooperation between agencies. Technological aspects and infrastructure needs are also addressed, such as adopting standard models, ensuring data access and interoperability, and developing shared infrastructure with other communities.
This document discusses using multi-sensor remote sensing to detect exposed and subsurface archaeological remains in eastern Crete. It summarizes how hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and lidar were used individually and together to map surface structures and detect anomalies underground that could indicate buried remains. While surface mapping was mostly successful, detecting subsurface remains proved more difficult, though thermal data showed the most promise. The study demonstrated the value of combining different sensor types to gain more archaeological information than from any single sensor alone.
This document discusses a project called AutoMAPticS that aims to improve soil mapping in Portugal using digital soil mapping techniques. The project uses artificial neural networks to predict soil classes in unmapped areas of Portugal based on relationships learned from existing soil maps and landscape data. The goals are to complete soil map coverage in Portugal at a scale of 1:100,000 and harmonize different regional soil classifications to improve transnational data integration. The document provides background on soil mapping efforts in Portugal and challenges with existing maps. It also describes how artificial neural networks can be trained on landscape and soil data to generate new digital soil maps.
The Hungarian Association for Geo-information (HUNAGI) and the Remote Sensing as Space Application.
Invited talk at the ceremony of Signing the Accession Agreement of Hungary to the European Space Agency (ESA) on 24 february 2015.
Esdp and space document circulated at 15 ms and presented at eumc on 12 mar...alexanderkolovos
The document discusses the Greek initiative on developing a space concept for the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). It provides background on existing EU space activities and policies. Specifically:
- The EU and European Space Agency (ESA) have undertaken various space programs and established policies/institutions for civil space applications.
- The initiative aims to develop a coherent EU space policy and determine space capabilities needed to achieve ESDP objectives, given space technologies can support both civil and military crisis management.
- It reviews comments from EU members and outlines findings on current European space efforts to inform developing an ESDP space policy and determining required space capacities.
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience.
This document provides an overview of Japan's research and development policies and programs in the aeronautic and space sectors. It discusses the key government agencies and private companies involved, including JAXA which coordinates the civil space program. Major current and future R&D projects are outlined for earth observation, space exploration, and space transportation. The document also briefly discusses the military R&D space programs and aeronautic sector R&D programs and budgets. Overall it aims to present Japan's present and future R&D activities, plans, policies, and potential for international cooperation with the EU.
The document discusses the EO (Earth Observation) community's vision for long term data preservation, including needs and plans. It outlines operational and political plans to establish long term funding and cooperation between agencies. Technological aspects and infrastructure needs are also addressed, such as adopting standard models, ensuring data access and interoperability, and developing shared infrastructure with other communities.
This document discusses using multi-sensor remote sensing to detect exposed and subsurface archaeological remains in eastern Crete. It summarizes how hyperspectral imaging, thermal imaging, and lidar were used individually and together to map surface structures and detect anomalies underground that could indicate buried remains. While surface mapping was mostly successful, detecting subsurface remains proved more difficult, though thermal data showed the most promise. The study demonstrated the value of combining different sensor types to gain more archaeological information than from any single sensor alone.
This document discusses a project called AutoMAPticS that aims to improve soil mapping in Portugal using digital soil mapping techniques. The project uses artificial neural networks to predict soil classes in unmapped areas of Portugal based on relationships learned from existing soil maps and landscape data. The goals are to complete soil map coverage in Portugal at a scale of 1:100,000 and harmonize different regional soil classifications to improve transnational data integration. The document provides background on soil mapping efforts in Portugal and challenges with existing maps. It also describes how artificial neural networks can be trained on landscape and soil data to generate new digital soil maps.
The Hungarian Association for Geo-information (HUNAGI) and the Remote Sensing as Space Application.
Invited talk at the ceremony of Signing the Accession Agreement of Hungary to the European Space Agency (ESA) on 24 february 2015.
Alexandros Kolovos, European Space Policy Consultation, Panel 6: Security, Ju...alexanderkolovos
Presentation on European Space Policy consultation: Closing Conference, Panel 6: The Security Dimension, Paris, 23-24 June 2003. Originally published on http://ec.europa.eu/comm/space/doc_pdf/paris_kolovos.pdf
A.kolovos, protecting critical infrastructures, june 14 2014 for slidesharealexanderkolovos
The document discusses options that nations face in protecting critical infrastructure from unregulated dissemination of high-resolution satellite imagery. It outlines how the commercialization of space imagery has given the public access but also raised national security concerns. Nations have options such as creating regulatory frameworks, coordinating international action, and negotiating with commercial entities to censor or limit certain imagery. The conclusion is that while high-resolution imagery cannot be reversed, nations can take steps to reduce security risks to critical infrastructure by limiting its exposure online.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Talk on Satellite Technology, Applications & Engineering Standardisation by Abdul M. Ismail, space technology advisor, The Northern Space Consortium. The talk was delivered on the 18th of March at the Cunard building in Liverpool as part of the inaugural Northern Space consortium 'A case for space as an economic driver' event.
Space Policy - Vis Viva - 10th bi-weekly meeting - August 7, 2013Society Vis Viva
This presentation was given by Philippe Carous, LLM Air and Space Law, at the 10th bi-weekly meeting of the Society of Space Professionals Vis Viva.
It shall be pointed out that our meetings are about more than just slides—they are about the interaction of our Fellows. Vis Viva offers a forum for the active discussion of space topics, and so our talks are lively get-together with a permanent conversation of the speaker and the audience. Since just slides cannot get this across, we kindly invite you to join one of our bi-weekly activities.
Alexandros kolovos on_'esdp and space'_initiative_presented_on_eumc_on_24th s...alexanderkolovos
This document discusses the importance of integrating space assets into the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) framework. It outlines key areas where space capabilities could provide advantages, such as command and control, intelligence gathering, early warning, navigation and timing. However, it notes there are still shortfalls in European space-based capabilities for secure communications, precision guidance, search and rescue, and weather forecasting. The aim is to provide background for developing an EU concept to better utilize space assets and address gaps to strengthen European crisis response and military operations.
The document discusses the EU's space programmes including Galileo, EGNOS, and Copernicus. It provides background on when Galileo was first conceived in the late 1990s/early 2000s and its goal of an independent European satellite navigation system. It outlines some of Galileo's achievements including its precision and integration into various sectors like automotive, aviation, and agriculture. It also summarizes some of Copernicus' services and applications in areas like climate change monitoring, natural disaster response, and maritime monitoring. Finally, it discusses challenges for the EU space sector and the goals and components of the new EU Space Programme Regulation to help maintain European leadership in space.
Space research : space research projects under the 7th framework programme for research (5th call)
Civilisations have always wondered what is beyond the sky. But it is only recently that the limitless possibilities provided by space science and technology came into stronger spotlight and started to be used to the full. The EU has been playing a significant role in this process, in particular through the FP7 space research programme. The 5th FP7 space call brochure – through presentation of 50 projects divided into four categories (Copernicus applications and data; space technologies; space science and data exploitation; cross-cutting issues) – aims at giving a comprehensive overview of Europe's endeavours to fully, yet sustainably, use space for purposes ranging from excellent reception of TV signal to helping victims of earthquakes and other natural disasters
La red de telescopios robóticos BOOTES y el proyecto GLORIAcampusmilenio
Bootes es el primer observatorio astronómico robótico ubicado en España para complementar desde Tierra la observación de fuentes celestes estudiadas en altas energías (rayos X y gamma) desde el espacio. En 1998 comienza a funcionar en Huelva, en 2001 en Málaga, y en 2009 se produce la internacionalización del proyecto con Bootes-3 en Nueva Zelanda.
Ponente: Alberto Castro Tirado (España) es licenciado en Físicas por la Universidad de Granada Doctor en Astrofísica por la Universidad de Copenhague. Es Investigador Científico del C.S.I.C desde 2007 y es el Investigador Principal del proyecto Bootes en el Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA). Es miembro de la IAU y ha publicado más de 190 artículos en revistas especializadas como Nature, Science, de divulgación sobre Astronomía y prensa.
The CNR (National Research Council of Italy) supports Italy's space sector in several areas:
- Earth observation for studying natural phenomena and risks using satellites and new platforms like stratospheric balloons and nanosatellites.
- Developing new observational payloads and data management systems.
- Launching small satellites from an airborne "AirLaunch" platform.
- Materials, communications, and technologies for energy storage and efficiency with applications for aerospace.
The CNR collaborates closely with the government and industry to provide scientific and technological support and strengthen Italy's role in space.
TCFD Workshop: Practical steps for implementation – Wendy McGuinnessMcGuinness Institute
Across Wednesday 16 October and Thursday 17 October 2019, the McGuinness Institute partnered with Simpson Grierson to host two workshops exploring the Recommendations of the TCFD in Auckland and Wellington. This presentation was given by Wendy McGuinness, Chief Executive of the McGuinness Institute.
WE4.L10.1: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA IN 2010: CONNECTING GLOBAL AND LOCA...grssieee
This document provides a historical overview of remote sensing and the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) from the 1960s to 2010. It discusses the early development of remote sensing technologies and societies, experimental missions like Nimbus and Seasat in the 1970s, and the growth of IGARSS in the 1980s with the launch of new operational sensors. It describes how remote sensing took on new roles in the 1990s related to policy and global change. Finally, it outlines new directions for 2010 and beyond with increased citizen involvement through smartphones, web tools, and crowdsourcing of data.
Alexandros Kolovos, European Space Policy Consultation, Panel 6: Security, Ju...alexanderkolovos
Presentation on European Space Policy consultation: Closing Conference, Panel 6: The Security Dimension, Paris, 23-24 June 2003. Originally published on http://ec.europa.eu/comm/space/doc_pdf/paris_kolovos.pdf
A.kolovos, protecting critical infrastructures, june 14 2014 for slidesharealexanderkolovos
The document discusses options that nations face in protecting critical infrastructure from unregulated dissemination of high-resolution satellite imagery. It outlines how the commercialization of space imagery has given the public access but also raised national security concerns. Nations have options such as creating regulatory frameworks, coordinating international action, and negotiating with commercial entities to censor or limit certain imagery. The conclusion is that while high-resolution imagery cannot be reversed, nations can take steps to reduce security risks to critical infrastructure by limiting its exposure online.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Talk on Satellite Technology, Applications & Engineering Standardisation by Abdul M. Ismail, space technology advisor, The Northern Space Consortium. The talk was delivered on the 18th of March at the Cunard building in Liverpool as part of the inaugural Northern Space consortium 'A case for space as an economic driver' event.
Space Policy - Vis Viva - 10th bi-weekly meeting - August 7, 2013Society Vis Viva
This presentation was given by Philippe Carous, LLM Air and Space Law, at the 10th bi-weekly meeting of the Society of Space Professionals Vis Viva.
It shall be pointed out that our meetings are about more than just slides—they are about the interaction of our Fellows. Vis Viva offers a forum for the active discussion of space topics, and so our talks are lively get-together with a permanent conversation of the speaker and the audience. Since just slides cannot get this across, we kindly invite you to join one of our bi-weekly activities.
Alexandros kolovos on_'esdp and space'_initiative_presented_on_eumc_on_24th s...alexanderkolovos
This document discusses the importance of integrating space assets into the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) framework. It outlines key areas where space capabilities could provide advantages, such as command and control, intelligence gathering, early warning, navigation and timing. However, it notes there are still shortfalls in European space-based capabilities for secure communications, precision guidance, search and rescue, and weather forecasting. The aim is to provide background for developing an EU concept to better utilize space assets and address gaps to strengthen European crisis response and military operations.
The document discusses the EU's space programmes including Galileo, EGNOS, and Copernicus. It provides background on when Galileo was first conceived in the late 1990s/early 2000s and its goal of an independent European satellite navigation system. It outlines some of Galileo's achievements including its precision and integration into various sectors like automotive, aviation, and agriculture. It also summarizes some of Copernicus' services and applications in areas like climate change monitoring, natural disaster response, and maritime monitoring. Finally, it discusses challenges for the EU space sector and the goals and components of the new EU Space Programme Regulation to help maintain European leadership in space.
Space research : space research projects under the 7th framework programme for research (5th call)
Civilisations have always wondered what is beyond the sky. But it is only recently that the limitless possibilities provided by space science and technology came into stronger spotlight and started to be used to the full. The EU has been playing a significant role in this process, in particular through the FP7 space research programme. The 5th FP7 space call brochure – through presentation of 50 projects divided into four categories (Copernicus applications and data; space technologies; space science and data exploitation; cross-cutting issues) – aims at giving a comprehensive overview of Europe's endeavours to fully, yet sustainably, use space for purposes ranging from excellent reception of TV signal to helping victims of earthquakes and other natural disasters
La red de telescopios robóticos BOOTES y el proyecto GLORIAcampusmilenio
Bootes es el primer observatorio astronómico robótico ubicado en España para complementar desde Tierra la observación de fuentes celestes estudiadas en altas energías (rayos X y gamma) desde el espacio. En 1998 comienza a funcionar en Huelva, en 2001 en Málaga, y en 2009 se produce la internacionalización del proyecto con Bootes-3 en Nueva Zelanda.
Ponente: Alberto Castro Tirado (España) es licenciado en Físicas por la Universidad de Granada Doctor en Astrofísica por la Universidad de Copenhague. Es Investigador Científico del C.S.I.C desde 2007 y es el Investigador Principal del proyecto Bootes en el Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA). Es miembro de la IAU y ha publicado más de 190 artículos en revistas especializadas como Nature, Science, de divulgación sobre Astronomía y prensa.
The CNR (National Research Council of Italy) supports Italy's space sector in several areas:
- Earth observation for studying natural phenomena and risks using satellites and new platforms like stratospheric balloons and nanosatellites.
- Developing new observational payloads and data management systems.
- Launching small satellites from an airborne "AirLaunch" platform.
- Materials, communications, and technologies for energy storage and efficiency with applications for aerospace.
The CNR collaborates closely with the government and industry to provide scientific and technological support and strengthen Italy's role in space.
TCFD Workshop: Practical steps for implementation – Wendy McGuinnessMcGuinness Institute
Across Wednesday 16 October and Thursday 17 October 2019, the McGuinness Institute partnered with Simpson Grierson to host two workshops exploring the Recommendations of the TCFD in Auckland and Wellington. This presentation was given by Wendy McGuinness, Chief Executive of the McGuinness Institute.
WE4.L10.1: OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA IN 2010: CONNECTING GLOBAL AND LOCA...grssieee
This document provides a historical overview of remote sensing and the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) from the 1960s to 2010. It discusses the early development of remote sensing technologies and societies, experimental missions like Nimbus and Seasat in the 1970s, and the growth of IGARSS in the 1980s with the launch of new operational sensors. It describes how remote sensing took on new roles in the 1990s related to policy and global change. Finally, it outlines new directions for 2010 and beyond with increased citizen involvement through smartphones, web tools, and crowdsourcing of data.
The document summarizes the status of the GMES Space Component program. It describes the Sentinel satellite missions for monitoring land, ocean, atmosphere and emergency situations. The Sentinels will provide long-term data continuity as well as improved coverage compared to existing missions. Sentinel data will be freely and openly available to both operational users and the science community. The program is on track, with the first Sentinel launches beginning in 2013.
This document summarizes developments in ground-based and space-based astronomy. It discusses controversies over the Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and reports on progress of the TMT technology. It also describes advances by the European Space Agency, German Aerospace Center, and NASA in space-based telescopes and observatories, which have eclipsed the TMT project. These agencies are collaborating on projects like the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy.
The Evolution of the Telecommunication Infrastructure with the Planet MarsStephan Gerard
Presentation given at the 18th European Mars Conference (EMC19) in London on 4 November 2019.
https://marssocietyuk.org/events/european-mars-conference-2019/
The document compares the capabilities of NASA and ESA. It finds that while NASA has a larger annual budget, ESA's budget is comparable when including budgets of individual European space agencies. Both agencies conduct ambitious space exploration programs, including deep space missions to study comets, asteroids, and other celestial bodies. NASA has more extensive satellite systems and a longer history of involvement in military space programs, while ESA focuses more on commercial programs but may take on more paramilitary roles. Both agencies have extensive research and development facilities to support their missions.
Both India's Space and Cyber Defence areas contain gaps to keep up with global development. India’s space defence program is guided by policies to counter the capabilities of China and Pakistan. While India has made long strides with cost effective mission to Mars and a successfully launching record number of satellites, there are several gaps in its space defence. While in the space communication arena, at present, India has extremely limited space-based COMINT (Communications Intelligence) capabilities. Cyber security of satellite communications is another arena for potential collaboration between countries. Also, to achieve complete control of satellite communications & intelligence C4ISR, India needs to have a constellation of satellites in the space with extreme communication technology at disposal. In the Space Situational Awareness area India needs radar-independent tracking methods such as lasers, coherent infrared sensors and space systems with a sole purpose of tracking the functional capabilities of suspected/rogue satellites with military connect.
In cyber-security area, according to Gartner, cyber-security in India is growing to be a $1.5 bn market by 2019 & forecasted to grow over 19% during 2018-2023. Average spend on cyber security is currently at ~3% compared to a global average of 10-15% of the IT budget. India would need a trained pool of million professionals in cyber-security by 2025.
Small Satellites and Earth Observation. The UPC NanoSat programadrianocamps
The document discusses small satellites and Earth observation using CubeSats. It provides an overview of CubeSat design standards and applications of small satellites for remote sensing. Specifically, it discusses:
1) How CubeSats follow a standard design to reduce costs using commercial off-the-shelf components within a 10x10x10cm size. Popular applications include Earth observation, communications, and technology demonstrations.
2) Remote sensing techniques used by small satellites, including passive sensors that measure reflected sunlight and active sensors like radar and lidar. Signals of opportunity like GNSS can also be used.
3) The University of Catalonia's remote sensing activities and CubeSat projects, including microwave radi
07 vicente guna fa 0073-feasibility of pvp_ps in spain-20110913_ed01pvsinbloom
This document summarizes a study on the feasibility of installing photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) in marginal lands in Spain. The study identified criteria for classifying land as marginal, used GIS to map potentially suitable areas, and conducted an economic analysis of a pilot PVPP project compared to environmental restoration costs. Key findings included the potential for over 16GW of solar power from marginal lands and that PVPP investments had a more favorable cost-benefit ratio than restoration in the pilot case. The conclusions were that PVPPs in marginal areas could have positive socioeconomic and environmental impacts in Spain.
Similar to Alexandros Kolovos, ’Esdp And Space’, Initiative on EU 2nd Pillar, Athens,May 2003 (20)
Πολεμική Αεροπορία και Διάστημα: Από το Παρελθόν στο Μέλλον Αεροπορική Επιθεώ...alexanderkolovos
Space has become an increasingly important area of global security over the last decade. As countries around the world become increasingly dependent on satellites for everything, the importance of ensuring their operation has also increased. Especially for Air Forces around the world, support from Space has become a critical component of modern military operations, providing intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities, vital communication links, early warning and GPS guidance among others.
At the same time, the issue of security in space has also become more pressing. With several countries developing space weapons and related technologies, the potential for conflict in space has increased. In addition, the issue of space debris has become more important as the number of man-made objects in orbit continues to increase. All of these factors pose challenges for the Air Forces, especially for those that have decided that their area of responsibility will extend into space.
The recent conflict in Ukraine highlighted some of these challenges. The use of satellite imagery and tactical space communications played an important role in the conflict, and the possibility of using space weapons in the conflict has raised concerns about the risks of escalation.
This article, included in a special issue of the HAF's Air Review devoted to Space, explores the issue, providing a history of HAF's involvement in Space up to the latest developments in satellite systems, as well as the challenges generally faced by the Air Force as it attempts to navigate this complex and dynamic environment.
Alexandros Kolovos, Commercial Satellites in Crisis and War: The Case of the ...alexanderkolovos
During the ongoing war in Ukraine, satellites played a crucial role in managing the crisis and supporting military operations. They provided valuable contributions, such as revealing Russia's military preparations through commercial satellite imagery and addressing the Ukrainian armed forces' critical need for satellite communications. The US and UK have used intelligence to shape international opinion on Russia's capabilities and intentions during the conflict. The war has highlighted the use of advanced technologies and cyber-attacks, leading to a need to reassess military capabilities and operations. Space technology has been instrumental in both the lead-up to the conflict and during the war, supporting Ukraine’s Armed Forces mobility and precision attacks, against a larger enemy. The private sector has become a significant contributor to military operations, with SpaceX's Starlink satellite mega-constellation aided the Ukrainians in effectively responding to Russian aggression and prolonging the war beyond what was initially anticipated. The conflict has also underscored the importance of safeguarding space technologies and the need for continued development and innovation in this area.
Kolovos alexandros, panel 14, assessing common application of surveillance to...alexanderkolovos
The document discusses the European Border Surveillance System (EUROSUR) and the EU-FRONTEX Delegation Agreement. EUROSUR uses modern surveillance technologies like satellites and unmanned aerial systems to improve situational awareness and reaction capabilities at EU borders. The EU-FRONTEX Agreement provides FRONTEX €47 million by 2020 to deliver border surveillance services using data from ship reporting systems and satellite imagery. While this helps border security, some information is withheld for security reasons. Unmanned aerial systems are not yet used due to aviation safety regulations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Alex. kolovos bill baousis-environment as a national security component, jan....alexanderkolovos
Environmental management via space-based assets is a component of national Security, which until now (1997) has not gather the attention of the public. This paper analyses two case studies which verify this argument.
This article makes a reference to the two succesful intitiatives related with space pursued by the Hellenic Presidencies in the Western European Union (WEU Space Policy, 1998) and in the EU (ESDP and Space, 2002-03)
Alexandros Kolovos On The Hellenic Institutional Framework In Spacealexanderkolovos
“Το Θεσμικό Πλαίσιο και οι Δρώντες Εκμετάλλευσης της Διαστημικής Τεχνολογίας στην Ελλάδα”, Συντονιστής Συνεδρίου, Αλέξανδρος Κολοβός, Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Σχολής Ικάρων (Εκλεγείς), Ταξίαρχος ΠΑ (ε.α), Διακλαδικό Σεμινάριο, Δεκέλεια, 23 Μαΐου 2012, "Επιχειρησιακή Εκμετάλλευση Διαστήματος για σκοπούς Ασφάλειας και Άμυνας"
Alexandros Kolovos On The Hellenic Institutional Framework In Space
Alexandros Kolovos, ’Esdp And Space’, Initiative on EU 2nd Pillar, Athens,May 2003
1. ESDP and Space:
The Hellenic Presidency’s initiatives in the
Second Pillar
Lt. Col. Alexander Kolovos
National Center for Space Applications
HAFGS/MoD
Greece
Security and Defence Aspects of Space:
The Challenges for EU
Athens, 8-9 May 2003
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SPACE APPLICATIONS 1
2. ESDP and Space:
The Hellenic Presidency’s initiatives in the Second
Pillar
I. Background
II. First Initiative on Space (September 2002)
III. Second Initiative on Space (March 2003)
IV. Current Situation
V. Way Ahead
2
3. I. Background
1998: Initiative on WEU’s Space Policy
2001: Contribution to a draft opinion on European space
policy in the framework of European Parliament. According
to the findings:
The current EU Space Strategy focuses on the competency
of transport, environment and research. That Strategy had not take
into account the developments regarding CFSP-ESDP due to
institutional limitations.
EU Space Programme is a civilian one, since:
Galileo navigation system falls in the transport domain and is
declared a civilian system of navigation satellites.
The Security component in the GMES initiative, does not include
military matters. The “S” in GMES covers the security and
protection of citizens related to environment threats. The EC
point of view is that the issues of crisis management need to be
considered at the appropriate time, at the appropriate setting.
3
4. I. Background
2002: Targets set in the beginning of the Hellenic EU
Presidency (July 2002-June 2003):
Formulation of an EU Space Security Policy
Proposals for necessary arrangements in the institutional
Framework
Regarding the Space Programme:
The recognition of the dual use of the EU space programme
(Galileo, GMES)
Definition of required space capabilities in the CFSP/ESDP
framework
Put priorities in the development of the EU space programme.
4
5. II. First Initiative on Space (9/02)
In the 2nd semester of 2002 Greece served as the lead only
in ESDP matters replacing Danish EU presidency. Its
initiative focused in pure defense matters of 2nd pillar.
Presidency’s initiative “ESDP and Space” was presented in
Military Committee (25/9/02), that claimed :
Space assets constitute an essential segment of the military
capabilities needed.
Space is an important "force multiplier" which can support
strategic decision making, operational planning and the preparation
for and execution of operations.
Following a “bottom-up approach”, initiative presented the main
areas of space applications, the identified shortfalls and other
generic requirements related with space systems (but not
specifically mentioned in EU documents as such).
5
6. II. First Initiative on Space (9/02)
Attempted a survey of the whole range of space missions:
Generic Areas of Space Related Identified Generic requirement
Domains Shortfalls in various EU docs
1. Command, Control, Communi- Secure
cations and Information (C3I) Communications
2. Intelligence, Surveillance, target Strategic satellite
acquisition, reconnaissance ISTAR Imagery
3. Early warning Warning Satellites
4. Signal Intelligence SIGINT Satellite
5. Position, navigation and timing Precision Guidance
6. Weather, oceanography, Weather forecasting-
mapping mapping
7. Combat Search and rescue Search and Rescue
8. Space Surveillance
6
7. II. First Initiative on Space (9/02)
Conclusion:
Use of space-based sensors was already mentioned in general in
some key EU documents, but in a scattered way.
There was no document that describes the overall use of these
elements.
The Hellenic Presidency, recommended the Formulation of an
EU Space Concept in the ESDP framework. This conceptual
document could take into account the:
Range of space missions and functions needed in order to enhance
the EU capabilities to carry out crisis-management operations over
the whole range of Petersberg tasks.
The existing Concepts of CIS, INTEL, ISTAR etc
Existing military scenarios and capabilities which could be
employed in each one of them.
7
8. II. First Initiative on Space (9/02)
As a Way Ahead, a Space Policy in the ESDP Framework
was envisaged.
EUMC was informed that a joint EC-ESA initiative (Green Paper)
would be launched in the future and that it would address
politically sensitive questions such as security, dual use, space
needs for the CFSP and institutional matters. Hellenic Presidency
participated in that process.
Since the process of reshaping the existing EU Space Policy in
order to take into account all the strategic interests involved has
started, it was rationale to expect that this Space policy in the
ESDP framework must be made by the appropriate, competent
bodies of IInd pillar. To this end, the formulation of a conceptual
ESDP Space Policy was envisaged, in order to give advice to the
Ist pillar.
8
9. II. First Initiative on Space (9/02)
Key comments from Six Member States:
Need for a comprehensive inventory of all assets.
A "first stocktaking" could prove very useful.
Work of ECAP panels would be taken into account.
Wondered about the selected "bottom up" approach.
Space as a "trans-pillars" issue must be undertaken very
upstream
Developments in this field in other bodies of the European
Union.
Definition of the structures charged to express the various
needs for the EU within 2nd pillar.
Examination of interaction between EUMC and bodies in
EU and ESA who deal with space matters.
9
10. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03)
The New Environment
European Space Effort in an Overall Context
Description of Different Options for a 2nd
Pillar Response
Conclusions-Recommendations
10
11. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) –
The New Environment
1st Pillar adopted a Green paper on European Space Policy
(Jan. 21st, 2003), to stimulate debate over political sensitive
issues including space-based security and the needed
institutional arrangements.
Issues and questions for CFSP/ESDP aspects include the:
Definition of:
Space capacities required to achieve the political objectives of the CFSP.
Fields of critical short-comings including those concerned with space
systems used for security and defence
Possible areas for international cooperation.
Review of the decisional architecture.
Responsibilities and mutual relationships of institutional actors.
11
12. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) –
The New Environment
The aim of the second Hellenic Presidency’s
initiative was twofold:
Firstly, it should answer to the various comments by
reviewing the European space effort in an overall
context.
Secondly, having in mind the request from 1st pillar, it
was intended to raise the awareness of the need for a
coherent approach to space and to map out a way
forward to develop such approach for 2nd Pillar.
12
13. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) -
European Effort in an Overall Context
EU Countries
1st Pillar 2nd Pillar
Space Policy European Space None Various national space
Strategy (2000) policies
Green paper (2003)
Institutional DG/Research - JRC None. Only EUSC Various national Agencies or
Cooperation with Committees.
ESA.
Space Earth Observation 3 Shortfalls Earth Observation (Helios,
Capabilities (GMES) (Strategic IMINT, SAR-Lupe, COSMO /SKY-
Navigation (Galileo) SIGINT, Early MED) + BOC initiative of 5
Warning) countries.
2 ECAP Panels
Communications (Skynet,
Strategic IMINT
Syracuse, Sicral, Hispasat)
EW&DD
Signal Intelligence
(Essaim) 13
14. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - European
Effort in an Overall Context / 2nd pillar
1st pillar has recommended the establishment of a
regular dialogue on space security issues between the
SG/HR, the Commission, ESA and Member States.
2nd pillar could contribute to the questions and issues
raised by Green paper, regarding:
Space Policy.
Institutional Architecture.
Space capabilities.
By this contribution we can be ensured that what is
being developed in the military field is fitting into the
framework of the overall EU Space Policy.
14
15. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - European
Effort in an Overall Context / 2nd pillar
Space Policy.
CFSP/ESDP space dimension was only partially addressed
so far, due to current existing institutional limitations.
According to 1st Pillar:
European Space Policy, including security and defence aspects, has
to be presented at the highest level for political endorsement.
Only Heads of State and Governments, meeting at their European
Councils, who can consider the European Space Policy in full.
To this end, it was foreseen that the Green Paper will be
presented to the PSC.
A Challenge for 2nd Pillar: The formulation of a Space
policy in the CFSP/ESDP framework.
15
16. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - Different Options
for a 2nd Pillar Response
Institutional issues.
The development of such a coherent space policy, which
will cover all civilian, security and defence aspects, calls for
a review of the decisional architecture.
Another challenge for the 2nd Pillar is to identify and to
elaborate an overall EU Space security architecture.
Which body will be the focal point dealing with security
aspects related with space? Several ideas include the :
Involvement of ESA,
Expansion of the role of EUSC,
Creation of an EU Military Space Agency and
Formulation of a Space Group.
16
17. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - Different Options
for a 2nd Pillar Response
Space Capabilities
Public European space expenditure is divided into civil and
military activities. Countries are engaged in national or
multinational related programmes outside the framework of
either EU or ESA. Of the ESA member states, only few fund
military space activities.
Due to not enough resources to fulfill all EU requirements with
expensive dedicated military systems, some of them might be of
special interest to EU.
STAR 21 Report recommends the development of a fully
European-based space defence and security capability. Areas of
application:
Surveillance, reconnaissance, telecommunications and positioning.
Shortfalls involve SIGINT capability and Early warning satellites.
But is it feasible ?
17
18. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - Different Options
for a 2nd Pillar Response
Feasibility of EU Space Capabilities
I. Comparison of population and annual GNP
Europe US
Population (million): 540 (after 2004) 230
Annual GNP (trillion Euro): 10 7
II. Comparison of World Space Budgets (in current Meuro,
Eurospace)
Europe US Russia
2000: 3470 19969 396
2001: 3519 21533 450
Space activities in US and Europe show a ratio of 6 to 1 between the
number 1 (US) and the number 2 (Europe) in astronautics.
US seeks to maintain military supremacy based on technical
superiority and space is having a prominent role in this strategy. 70%
of US space systems are for governmental uses. In Europe the
opposite is the rule.
18
19. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) -
Different Options for a 2nd Pillar
Response
Space Capabilities Possible Actions
1. Imagery satellites Strategic IMINT Panel recommended the following phased approach:
(ISTAR) – shortfall (stf) 1. improved access to Commercial Satellites,
2. negotiated access to emerging military and dual use systems.
3. continued access to the next generation of capability.
Requirements can be examined against existing or planned systems and
then ascertain whether existing systems or new systems are necessary. Steps
can be taken in the framework of BOC – GMES Initiatives.
2. Early warning – stf According to EW&DD ECAP panel, projects or initiatives in this area, are
still to be addressed. Area for possible international cooperation.
3. Signal Intelligence– stf Proposals in this area remain in their infancy.
4. Communication Multilateral efforts failed because of the lack of equality in the capability,
satellites for C3I. requirements and funds available.
(STAR21) Existence of various national systems.
There is a need to assess the EU satellite communication requirements and
then ascertain whether existing national or new systems are necessary.
5. Navigation and EU already has taken the decision to develop GALILEO system, which is a
Positioning (STAR21) civil asset, but with a clear dual use purpose.
19
20. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - Different Options
for a 2nd Pillar Response
Estimated Cost
There are 5 programmes in Europe for communications
satellites and 3 for observation satellites, corresponding to a
cash flow to industry of the order of €500 million per year.
Acquiring a minimum common space capability would
require annual investments of :
716 M€ per year (Helsinki governmental conference, 2001)
785 M€ (French Bureau Espace)
800 M€ for 10 years or so (Green paper)
880 M€ per year (ESA’s Annual analysis 2002)
The total yearly investment in ESA programmes by its
members is about 2.3 G€. From the above-mentioned
estimations, the European military space need is about the
30% of the yearly investment for ESA.
20
21. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) - Conclusion
1st pillar initialized the Green Paper on European Space Policy
process, which should embrace all aspects, including CFSP-
ESDP. Integrating space policy into EU competence, poses a
number of complex questions, regarding space policy,
organization, capabilities and short-comings.
It is logical for 2nd pillar to contribute in the dialogue for
security policy issues that lie in its competence:
The appropriate bodies must address space policy and institutional issues
in the CFSP/ESDP framework.
Regarding the space capacities, second pillar needs can be covered with a
series of different choices, which require prioritization and further
elaboration.
Contribution can ensure that what is being developed in the
military field is fitting into the framework of the overall EU
Space Policy.
21
22. III. Second Initiative on Space (3/03) -
Recommendations
As a first step of a contribution to the dialogue that has
started, the Hellenic Presidency recommended that the
EUMC tasks the EUMS:
To bring together in a information paper space needs that are required for
military operations. More specifically, this document could take into
account the:
Range of space applications and functions needed in order to enhance the EU
capabilities to carry out crisis-management operations over the whole range of
Petersberg tasks.
Existing Concepts of CIS, INTEL, ISTAR etc.
Work of ECAP panels (Space elements / shortfalls).
As a way ahead, it was proposed :
The Formulation of a concept paper, which in due course could lead to a Space
Policy in the ESDP framework, along with
Proposals of remedial steps.
22
23. IV. Current Situation
EUMC accepted the recommendation and tasked EUMS to
present an information paper. On April 15, 2003 EUMS presented
“Space Systems Needs for Military Operations” document.
At the invitation of the Presidency, the Commission presented to
PSC the Green Paper on the EU Space Policy. (April 15, 03).
The Presidency requested that the Secretariat produce a paper taking into
account the EUMS work. This paper should provide, by end May 03,
information in response to the questions relating to CFSP posed in the
Green Paper.
The PSC tasking gives the secretariat as much freedom as it needs to
answer any aspect of CFSP/Space/secuirty that it feels relevant.
23
24. V. Way Ahead
The Hellenic Presidency, following a top-down
approach, suggests that the Secretariat could issue
a recommendation to the PSC regarding the:
Space Policy in the CFSP/ESDP framework
Necessary Arrangements in the Institutional
framework
24
25. V. Way Ahead
Paradigm of a Space Security Policy for 2nd pillar.
A set of general guidelines and principles should compose the substance
of a Space Security Policy, like:
Recognition of military space activities are critical to the development of a
CFSP/ESDP.
Capitalise on the increasing synergy between military and civil developments in all
sectors of space.
Support bilateral and Multirateral cooperations in order to encourage the technology
exchanges among European Countries in all the space domains making optimum
use of the resources available.
Ensure EU’s ability to exploit space for military purposes, but also as required to
deny an adversary's ability to do so.
Since many European countries have adopted Space military policies,
the formulation of one for the 2nd pillar should take them into account:
Include space-based capabilities as an integral component of the EU’s
Communications and Information Systems (CIS), and Intelligence, Target
Acquisition and Reconnaisance system (ISTAR). (UK Strategy for Space).
25
26. V. Way Ahead
Regarding the Institutional Framework it is proposed that the
Secretariat issues a recommendation to the PSC to convene a
Group of experts from Member States, which will:
Elaborate proposals for the EU Space Security Policy, as regards all CFSP-
ESDP considerations.
Propose the coordinating mechanisms required to implement this policy. A
Space group maybe the first step.
Elaborate the EU security space architecture.
EUMS, SecGen and EUSC will take part in this Group of experts.
As a way ahead, additional steps in the future could be the:
Formulation of a Concept Paper.
Definition of the common operational requirements.
Identification of any additional shortfalls.
Proposals of remedial steps.
Prioritization and further elaboration on the EU Space Programme for security and
defence.
26