This is my EPQ dissertation, completed Sept 2019 - March 2020. I used a wide range of resources, pictures and diagrams.

1. 1
‘What are we doing to conserve our marine species and how successful are these methods?’
Elizabeth Howarth

2. 2
Content:
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4
Captive breeding…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...6
Marine ProtectedAreas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
Fishingquotas…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…11
Succession…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
Alienspecies……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………….15
Ecotourism……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………19
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Table of figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….24

3. 3
Abstract:
The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the different conservation techniques used in
our aquatic world and how successful these techniques are. The techniques I’m going to talk
about are; captive breeding, marine protected areas (MPA’s), fishing quotas, succession,
removal of alien species and ecotourism. I am going to explore the ethical aspects of each
technique and any moral issues that arise.
I will also discuss the impacts these techniques can have on our aquatic animals (the ones
we are trying to save and the ones living with them in the same habitat), as well as the
environment, surrounding ecosystems and our impacts within local communities and world
wide (both physically and economically). Finally, I plan to conclude each of the techniques to
explain why they should or should not be used.
At the end of my dissertation I will also do an overall conclusion and discuss which
techniques I think are the best/worse and why. To do this I will do a rank of the 6
techniques, from best to worst. This conclusion will be my own thoughts, based on all the
evidence I have found, and some people may see this as bias.

4. 4
Introduction:
Conservation is understood, worldwide, as the ‘care and protection of resources so that they can
persistfor future generations.Itincludesmaintainingdiversityof species,genes,andecosystems,as
well as functions of the environment such as nutrient cycling.’1
Many people confuse conservation
and preservation, as they are very similar because they both relate to the protection of nature, but
they strive to complete their objectives in different ways.
Conservation projects are completed all over the world to help save endangeredspecies,on land as
well as in our oceans. Due to each species being different, techniques must be carefully planned,
managed and adapted to become successful. This makes the job very difficult, as to allow the best
outcomespossibleavariety challengesmustbe overcome,bychangingplansorsometimestriallinga
completelynewconservationtechnique.Conservationtechniquesdon’talways work;however, when
theyfail, theygive goodinsighttohelp planthe nextprojectforthe same orsimilarspecies.Trialsare
also usually ran in order to find the most successful and morally correct technique.
Figure 1 picture showing what tropical seas can remain as if we conserve our species Accessible at:
http://theconversation.com/marine- life-typically-thrives-in-the-tropics-so-why-do-whales-prefer-the-poles-110546 . Date
accessed: 23rd November 2019
Biodiversitylossis amajorissue intoday’sworldof marine ecosystems,the lossof this biodiversity is
causedby a range of natural and artificial factorsincluding:‘land-usechange,overfishing,climate
change,the invasionof non-nativespeciesandotherimpactsof anthropogenicactivities’2
.Iwill be
talkingaboutoverfishing,inthe fishingquotassection;andtalkingaboutthe invasionof non-native
speciesinthe alienspeciessection. The lossof the biodiversity isdamagingourmarine ecosystems,
and our lives,bylimitingthe range of speciesinourmarine environments andlimitshow wellthe
differentecosystemsactbecause eachspecieshave theirownniche (job) todoto maintainthe
ecosystems. Sowithoutthesespeciesthatare declininginnumbers,the ecosystemwill become less
effective.
1 National Geographic Society, lastupdated: 23rd August 2019.Accessibleat:
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/conservation/ lastaccessed:27th November 2019
2 Geo blue planet, lastupdated: 2020.Accessibleat: https://geoblueplanet.org/biodiversity-ecosystems/ last
accessed:12th February 2020

5. 5
It has beensuggestedscientistthatby‘2100, withoutsignificantchanges,more thanhalf of the
world’smarine speciesmaystandonthe brinkof extinction’.Alreadyintoday’sworld‘60% of the
world’smajormarine ecosystemsthatunderpinlivelihoodshave beendegradedorare beingused
unsustainably’3
.These are staggeringstatisticsandreallyemphasise the damage thatwere doingto
our oceans;alsoshowingushowdisrespectful we’re beingtoouroceansand all differentmarine
species. Because of thisIdefinitelyagree that we needtomake a change now, as I believethatwe
are to blame forthisdrasticincrease inrate of extinction andrate of riskof extinction of ourspecies.
We have all the toolsto helpsupportthe life of averywide variety creaturesonthisplanet –land
and water– however,we choose nottohelpbutinsteaddamage ourenvironments. We needto
make a change before we create toomuchirreversible damage toouroceans.I alsobelieve thatit
isn’tfairthat we are treatingthe animalswithsuchdisgust;withoutthemwe wouldn’tbe able toeat
the varietyof foodswe do,or have half the activitieswe cando,includingfishing, scubadivingand
visitingaquariums.
Due to this,I thinkwe shouldstopwhatwe do that damagesourenvironmentsandinstead lookout
for whatwe needto doto helpstrengthenourstrugglingecosystemsandputsensibleandreliable
measuresinplace tohelpstabilise these communities.Overthe years,manyconservationpractices
and policieshave beenactivated andadapted tohelpthese extinctionpressures,andthiscanbe
provenbylookingatsome of the magnificentstoriesof speciesthatwe have savedfromextinction
and endangerment.
The use of conservationtechniquesbybiologistshave beencrucial inadvancingoldtechniquesfor
agenciesandnow-a-daystheyare usedall the time ‘ineffortstomeetchallengesinprotectingand
recoveringimperilledspecies’4
.Thismeansthatconservationisrequiresnow-a-daystorepopulate
endangeredspecies,thatare at the riskof extinction. However,the successof specifictechniques
has proventobe falselysuccessfulbecause theyhave onlybeensuccessful forspecificspeciesand
thiscausesscientiststobecome splitintheiropinionsaboutwhetherdifferentmethodsare more
effectiveornot. Methodsdon’talwaysworkforall species,due tothe factthat each specieshas
adaptedinitsown wayto survive inthe bestwaypossible andcompleteitsniche inthe smartest
waypossible.Also,due tospeciesalwaysadapting,theyrequire the conservationtechniquestoalso
be continuouslyadapting,if theyare toremainas longtermprogrammes.
3 UNESCO, accessibleat:http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-
ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/ last
accessed:12th February 2020
4 Wiley for Society for Conservation Biology – Dennis D. Murphy, Paul S.Weiland,Kenneth W. Cummins – A
critical assessmentof the use of surrogatespecies in conservation planningin theSacrament0-San-Joaquin
Delta, California(U.S.A.) - Lastaccessed:6th October 2019

6. 6
Captive breeding:
‘Captive breedingmeansthatmembersof awildspeciesare captured,thenbredandraisedina
special facilityunderthe care of wildlife biologistsandotherexperts’5
.Then, once theyreach
adulthood,andare healthy enough (sowill survive) theygetreleasedbackintotheirhabitat,where
theycan become reintegratedwiththe wildcommunity. Once thatare reintegrated,theycan
produce offspringwithmatesfromthe wild,aswell asincreasingthe populationthemselves,they
are preventingcrossbreedingoccurringasit won’tjustbe the captive individualsmatingtogether,
increasingtheirgeneticgene pool.
Many debateshave ariseninresponse to captive breeding,whichhas ledtomanydiverse responses
froma wide varietyof scientists,because there are arange of positivesandnegatives aspects,like
for all conservationmethods,whichiswhythere isnoperfectsolutioninconservationbiology.
Exhibitionsare used, aroundthe world,to‘bringinadditional revenue’and ascosts of ‘maintenance
isrelativelylow whenpublicare involved,comparedtolandanimal exhibitions’6
it’sagreatway to
raise all importantmoneyneededtohelpwiththe progressionof captive breedingtechniques.
These exhibitionsare runbydifferentorganisationswhichcancollectdatafromthe speciesona
dailybasis tolearnmore about the species.Theyalsoincrease popularityof the species,tothe
general public, andallowsforpeople tolearnaboutdifferentspecies.Thisisreallygoodfor
scientistsasinthe wildit’sveryhardfor data to be collected,aslotsof moneyandexperience is
requiredtocollectthe information.Ibelievethatthe use of captive breedinghasspedupour
understandingof awide varietyof species,withoutthemwe wouldn’tknow half the knowledge that
we do, sofor that reason,Ithinktheyare a reallygoodresource touse for conservation,becauseas
well asconservingourspecies,we are able tolearnmore aboutour speciesandmore aboutour
unknownblue planet.
However,these facilitiesinwhichthe speciesare raised are “neverdesignedasa replacementforan
animal’snatural habitat”so,a wide varietyof scientistdescribethisasa practical conservation
methodwhichis“ineffectiveatbestandcruel at worst”7
. Each programme isdesigned foran
individualspecies, because the biological needsmustbe met,sotherefore previouslyresearched,
and theirtemporaryhabitatmustbe a place not onlywhere theyare physicallyhealthybutalso
where theycanthrive. Captive breedinghasalsobeenproventocause ‘diseaseoutbreaks’and size
has ‘fallenbelowwhatmaybe a minimumviablesize’8
whichdoesn’tjustifycaptivebreedingtobe a
sufficientconservationmethod,asitcausesspeciestohave to adjustandnot be able to thrive as
well astheydo intheirnatural habitatof the ocean. AlthoughIdoagree that the facilitiesare only
temporary,Idon’tbelieve thatthe speciesare beingtreatedcruelly,Ihonestlybelieve thatscientist
5 Journey North accessibleat:https://journeynorth.org/tm/CaptiveBreeding.html Date accessed:27th October
2019
6AquaViews onlinescuba magazine,published:20th October 2014, accessibleat:
https://www.leisurepro.com/blog/ocean-news/captive-breeding-programs-marine-mammals/ lastaccessed:
27th October 2019
7 AquaViews onlinescuba magazine, published:21stOctober 2014 Accessibleat:
https://www.leisurepro.com/blog/ocean-news/negative-side-captive-breeding-programs-marine-mammals/
lastaccessed:27th October 2019
8 Wiley onlinelibrary,limitationsof captivebreeding in endangered species written: 1996 lastaccessed:12th
February 2020

7. 7
are tryingto lookafterthe speciesthe best waypossibleandthatthey have the speciesbest
intentionsinmind.
Figure 2 breeding tanks used to breed perch in Australia. accessible at:
https://news.flinders.edu.au/blog/2018/06/14/native-fish-tell-story-australias-less-arid-past/perch-breeding-tanks/ date
accessed: 20/11/2019
Whenthe fisharen’tbeingexhibitedinthe gorgeoustanksoutinthe publicopeninplaceslike
aquariumsandzoos,theyare beingbredintankslike the onesshownabove.Thismakesiteasierto
understandwhythismethodis explainedtobe ‘cruel’andhow theycan change mentallyfrombeing
inthe openwatersandoceans. But I still don’tagree thatitis cruel.
In conclusion,thisconservationmethodhassavedmanymarine speciesfromextinctionandhelped
answermanyof science’smysteries.Some peoplewillsee thismethodasunethical andmorally
wrongas you are takinga speciesoutof itsnatural habitat,and itscausing possible behavioural
changes,howeverdifferentgroupsof people believethatthisisa goodmethod as theyhave helped
save manyspeciesfromextinctionandhelpedimproveourknowledge onthe blue planet,whichis
still amajor mysteryintoday’sworld.Ibelievethatthisisa fairly successful conservationmethod,as
there hasbeenproof that thismethodhasbeensuccessful,howeverif the individualsare showing
signsof behavioural differences, sufferingandnotsurvivingaswell astheydointhe wild;then I
believedifferentmethodsshouldbe trialledtosee if there are anyothermethodsthatare
successful,butshowlessside-effects,soaren’tascruel to the species.If there are different
techniques thatare more morallycorrectand the conservation isn’tdecreasingineffectivity,thenI
thinkthat the othertechnique shouldbe usedoverthisone.

8. 8
Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s):
Marine ProtectedAreas(MPA’s) are describedas ‘Anareadesignatedandeffectivelymanagedto
protectmarine ecosystems,processes,habitats,andspecies’whichare usedto ‘protectmarine
ecosystems,processes, habitats,andspecies,whichcancontribute tothe restorationand
replenishmentof resourcesforsocial,economic,andcultural enrichment’.9
These MPA’s are
situatedall overthe worldandusedinall differenttypesof habitat,fromtropical coastlines, to
mangrovesandrivers.The use of MPA’s are verydiverse andcan solve awide range of problems
withan ecosystematonce;because of thistheyare veryeffective andapopularchoice for
conservationtactics.
‘MPA’sare essential toconserve the biodiversityof the oceansandtomaintainproductivity,
especiallyof fishstocks.WorldHeritage marine sitesrepresentinsurface areaone thirdof all marine
protectedareas.’However,only‘Approximately12% of the land areais protected,comparedto
roughly1% of the worldoceanandadjacentseas.’10
Aswe collectmore data fromdifferentMPA’s,if
the data showsa positive effectof MPA’sonpopulationsize,thenIthinkthatwe shouldshow an
increase inthe frequencyof the MPA’saroundthe world. Keepingincreasedbiodiversitylevelsare
importantas eachspecieshas itsownniche and withoutthatspecies,the ecosystemis
compromisedandcompromisedecosystem’smeanalack of productivityanddecreased
effectivenessof otherspecieswithinthe same ecosystem. Therefore, IthinkMPA’sshould coverthe
majorityof our waters,asI think they couldsolve hundredsof problemsthatwe face inour waters.
Figure 3 diagram to show the lobal coverage of marine protected areas. Accessible at:
http://www.inspire4nature.eu/newposition/ date accessed: 23rd November 2019
9 WWF, Accessibleat: https://wwf.panda.org/our_work/oceans/solutions/protection/protected_areas/ last
accessed:5th December 2019
10 UNESCO, accessibleat:http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-
ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/ last
accessed:12th February 2020

9. 9
To measure the successandsustainabilityof the ecosystemwe canuse ‘largerspeciesthattendto
have a relativelysmallpopulationasare oftenexcellentindicatorspeciesof tomeasure the
sustainable management’11
.The advantage tousinglargerspeciesisthattheyare easiertospot
whencountingthe populationsizeforyourdata,makingthe specieseasiertospotmeansthat the
data ismore likelytobe more reliable andmore accurate. Thiswill allow otherscientisttohave
more faithinthe resultsasthe resultswill be more reliable (exactresultsare veryunlikelydue to
individualsnotpossiblybeinginthe areawhere theyare collectingthe resultsandspecific
individualsmaybe countedmore thanonce if not marked).Havingmore accurate resultsisvery
importantbecause itwill meanthe effectivenessof the conservationmethodwhichiscalculatedis
more accurate. Meaningthe methodwon’tbe miss-usedif more orlesseffective than originally
thought. The advantage to usingspecieswithasmall populationisthattheyare easiertokeeptrack
of as there are lessindividuals,alsowhencollectingthe data,itwill speedupthe processandallow
the resultsforthe effectivenessof the conservationmethodto be publishedquicker.Quickerresults
allowanalysisof resultstobe observedfaster,whichmeansif itisineffective anew conservation
methodcan be used,givingthe speciesahighersurvivalrate. Thisisa bonusbecause itallowsusto
spedlesstime planninganMPA andmore time implementinganMPA.
In an article aboutMPA’sit wasstatedthat: ‘Basedon ourcollective experience,we suggestthe
developmentof protocolsforthe assessmentof the followingfactors:
•Stakeholderengagement –include afeedbackmechanismandsocial auditingwhichallows
organisationstoaccesstheirperformance inrelationtosociety’srequirementsandexpectations.
•Leadership –conservationsuccessusuallyreliesuponaleaderwhohelpswiththe design
processand evaluationof the MPA performance.
•Enforcementandcompliance –theyneedtobe monitored.Enforcementinsimple to
monitorbutthe assessmentof compliance ismore complicatedasisbasedonmodellingandgame-
theoretical approaches.’12
By developingtheseprotocols,the effectivenessandproductivityof MPA’swillincrease.Increasing
the stakeholderengagementwillbe beneficial asitisdescribedas‘Perhapsthe mostimportant
componentof the planninganddevelopmentof anMPA’s13
.Thisisbecause a good planof an area,
will allowthe mosttobe takenfrom itand allow itto be more effective thanif itwasjustsetup
withoutmuchthought. If youdevelopthe protocol tostakeholderengagement,thenitwill improve
the planningof the differentMPA’s aroundthe world andpossiblyincreaseoverallperformance of
themall.A goodplannermakesasolidbackbone forthe projectthat are undertakeninthe local
area and will allow formore tohappeninthe area as the plannerandthe MPA becomes more
organised. MPA’sare protectedwell from thingsthatwill harmthe habitatsandorganisms within
the MPA, e.g.poaching;butadditional supportforthe ecosystemsneedtobe setupwithinthe
MPA’s,includingcleaningthe habitats andsurroundingareas,e.g. removingplasticsfromthe
waters. I thinkthiswouldebhighly beneficial all the species livingwithinthe MPA asit will make
theirenvironmentcleanerandlessdangeroustolive in.
11 MarineEcotourism: Issues and Experiences, Brian Garrod and JulieC. Wilson –page 3 – published:3rd
January 2003,Last accessed:10th December 2019
12Frontier in MarineScience - volume 5, article223 – published 29th June 2018 – Availableat:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00223/full - lastaccessed:24th October 2019
13 Stakeholder engagement: Participatory Approaches for the Planningand Development of Marine Protected
Areas, Anne Walton, Marina Gomei, Giuseppe Di Carlo,published:2013 Availableat:
http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/stakeholder_engagement.pdf - lastaccessed:14th February 2020

10. 10
MPA’srequire strongleadershiptomake importantdecisions forthe maintenanceof the areas.
Withoutstrongleadership,MPA’swoulddecreaseinproductivity throughouttime andultimately
leadto the failure of the area.Leaders shouldlookatthe set-up,managementand maintenance of
the MPA. ‘Effective MPA managementrelatestoothercoastal and marine managementprocesses
and principles,including,butnotlimitedtocommunity-basedparticipatoryprocesses,law
enforcement,povertyreduction,creationof alternative livelihoods,sustainable tourism, institutional
capacity,education,outreachandawareness-building.’It’salsosuggestedthat ‘regularmeetings
shouldbe heldsothat informationcanbe exchangedandgroupactioncan be takenon issuesfacing
the coastal zone andaddressactivitiesthatmayhave a negative impactonthe MPA.’14
Leadershipis
a verylarge role as it coverseverythingtodowiththe MPA’s;theyhave to keepontrack of itall to
allowmaximumefficiencyof the areasto be maintained. Ibelievethe meetingthatraise issues and
activitiesthatleadtoa negative impactare veryimportantastheyhelpeveryone learnhow toset
up the bestMPA’sand if recorded,can helpleadersof otherMPA’saswell.
Enforcementandcompliance are the final mainfactorincreatingan effective MPA. Manybiologists
and organisationshave ‘evaluatednumerousnew technologiesformonitoringandenforcement’,
whichhelp monitorlarge areaseffectively.‘Achievingpubliccompliance toregulationsisavery
importantcomponentof effectiveprotection.New surveillance technologiescanincrease
monitoringcapabilityandguide lawenforcementpersonneltosuspiciousactivities’15
.Surveillance,
usingtechnologies,will make MPA’smore effectiveasitwill protectthemfromhuman interaction,
whichcoulddamage the environmentsandmake the ecosystemslesseffective,andputan
organism’slife atrisk. One of the mainhumaninteractionswhichcould affectorganismsisplastic
tippingandpollution.Havingthe surveillance will limitthe rate of pollutionof the waters,orif
pollutionisfoundinthe waters,itcanbe removedquicker. Therefore,surveillance isvery
importance inthe maintenance of MPA’s. I thinkthatthisis one of the mostimportantthingsthat
can be done because aswell ashelpthe ecosystems,itwill helpustooas we will endupwithless
microplasticsinourdrinkingwater.
In conclusion,IbelievethatMPA’sare one of the best conservationtechniques,especiallyif
protectedproperly andthe objectivesare reachedandmaintained.Sometimesitisgoodforan MPA
to fail because itallowsforlessonstobe learned,includingMPA design,implementationand
managementtechniques.Asthe MPA’sare usedworldwide,there isalot of data aboutthemand
they’re reliable. Theycanbe usedfora wide varietyof species,andaswell asbeingeffective forjust
one species,theyare normallyeffectiveforawhole ecosystem. Overall, Ibelievetheyshouldbe
usedto helpconserve species aswithoutthe use of MPA’s there wouldbe manyotherspecies
criticallyendangeredorextinct. Ihope thatone daythe majorityof ouroceanswill be MPAs.
14 MPA’s: an overview module 1 – availableat: https://nmssanctuaries.blob.core.windows.net/sanctuaries-
prod/media/archive/management/pdfs/overview_mod1_curr2.pdf - lastaccessed:14th February 2020
15 Marineconservation institute,availableat:https://marine-conservation.org/what-we-do/program-
areas/enforcement/ lastaccessed:21st February 2020

11. 11
Fishing quotas:
Fishingquotasare usedacrossthe worldto limitthe numbersof fishleavingouroceansand tryto
maintainhealthypopulationsizes foravarietyof species.However,how manyfishistoomany?
There are manydebatesaboutfishingquotasizes,andfroma newsarticle (from2012) I foundthat
Oceana(the seaconservationorganisation) believedthat‘Nearlyhalf of the quotassetwere in
excessof the bestscientificadvice.’andGreenpeace thoughtthat‘the agreementallowsformore
fishto be caught thanwas sustainable.’16
It’sobviousfromthese quotesthatOceanaand
Greenpeace bothdisagreedwiththe fishingquotasthatwere,atthattime,inplace;howeverthere
were alsomanygroupsthat suggestedthatthe fishingquotaswere rightand othersthatsuggested
that fishingquotasneededtobe increased. Due tohow the quotas were adapted,the numberof
daysthat you couldfishforwere decreased,thismeantthatvesselswouldn’thave enoughtime to
getto the areaswhere the fishwere more abundantsohave to staycloserto shore where the
youngerfishare.Thisisa problembecause the youngerfishare the onesthatneedtodesperately
stay inthe watersbecause theyare the lifeline fortheirspeciestonotdie outas theyare the ones
that are goingto reproduce nextspawningseasontoreplenishthe numberstomaintainthe healthy
populationnumber. Aswell asthat,more small fishwouldhave tobe caughtthat the same weight
of largerfish,justdue tothe individual’sweights.
Figure 4 Picture of a group of fish caught in nets on boats. Accessible at:
https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/fishing-stock-quotas-2019-eu-scientific-recommendations-cod-seabass-
scotland-a8691521.html date accessed: 4th December 2019
For manypeople,overfishingcanbe seenasa positive thing,asitprovidesabout ‘11800 jobs,which
helpsprovide anincome andnewskill setstopeople,whichcanmake themmore employablefor
future jobs.Witha combinationof increasedskill setsand boostingeconomy,thiswill improvethe
lifestyle of people inpopularfishinglocations’17
.Increasingemployabilityandskill setsisvery
16 The Guardian,Fiona Harvey – 20th December 2012 - Accessibleat:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/dec/20/eu-fishing-quotas-conservationists - lastaccessed:
6th November 2019
17 ConnectUs – 9th August 2015 - Accessibleat:https://connectusfund.org/list-of-12-big-pros-and-cons-of-
overfishing - lastaccessed:20th November 2019

12. 12
importantas itallowspeople togrowandwill give themaconstantincome.The betteringeconomy
isalso important, especiallyforsmall fishingvillagesandcommunities,asitwill helpthe village alot
and bring,probablydesperatelyneeded, income tothe communities;makingthese areasmore
diverse andpopular.Withoutthe economyfromfishing,manycommunitieswouldbe alotworse off
and wouldstruggle tosurvive otherwise.Althoughall thiscanbe seenaspositive, Ithinkthese jobs
could,andshould, be createdfordifferentsituationsasoverall itisstill causingdetrimentaleffectto
our oceans,whichismore damagingto our worldasa whole.
Scientists,whohave researchedinto successful quotasbelieve thatthe 3 main factors forcreatinga
successful andeffective quota are that‘Fishingopportunities(quota) shouldbe handedoutbasedon
clearsocial and environmental criteria. Whichboostthe profileof fishingasa careerfor young
people bycreatingascheme fornewentrants. Also, thatwe shouldputthe necessarysafeguardsin
place to protectsocial goals.’18
The set-upof the quotasisveryimportant,because if theyare setup
right,thentheywill allowforasuccessful quota,whichismore effectiveandthereforemore likelyto
be successful inconservingthe species. Boostingafishingcareerforyoungerpeople (linkedtothe
above paragraph),will give more people astable jobandhelpimprove the economyof small fishing
villages. Also,by creatingascheme fornew entrantsitallowsforpeople toexplorenew career
paths,where previouslyitwasn’tpossible. Finally,it’sveryimportantforfishingquotas,andall
conservationmethods,tohave goalsand criteria,thiswill allow peopletoknow exactlyhow theyare
helpful andgivesyousomethingtojudge the effectivenessof the technique.The technique will be
effectiveif itmeetsthe criteriaanddoesitinan ethical andmorallycorrect way. I thinkthat
sometimesthe large netsthattheyare caughtin can be seenas unethical ormorallywrongascan
cause the fishlotsof distressastheydon’tknow whatis happening.
I thinkthisisan effective method,howeveritisonlyeffectiveforfishwe catchregularlyand inlarge
quantities,e.g. cod, haddockandsalmon.Iwouldbe totallyineffective formore tropical andrarer
fish,whichwe don’teat.Therefore,youhave toonlyuse thisona small quantityof species,making
lesseffective asanoverall conservationtechnique forall species,justbecause of how limiteditisfor
the speciesof fishitcan be usedon. However, Ibelieve whenitisusedonthe rightspecies,itcanbe
veryeffectiveasitallows usto notover catch on specificspecies,asourdemandsfor specificfishwe
eat increases. AlthoughIthinkthatfishingquotasshouldbe used,Ithinkthatthe netsusedto catch
the fishcouldbe seen as unethical asitcan make the fishmore stressedastheyare confinedtothe
netswhentheyare caught, thenconfinedtothe tanksonthe vesselswhentheyare being
transportedbackto fisheriesbackonland.
18The London School of Economics and Political Science, Erin Priddle–accessibleat:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-the-government-can-use-quotas-to-build-a-sustainable-future-
for-uk-fishing/ lastaccessed:21st February 2020

13. 13
Succession:
Successionis the ‘unidirectional change inthe compositionof anecosystemasthe available
competingorganismsandespeciallythe plantsrespondtoandmodifythe environment.’19
There are
2 maintypesof succession,primaryandsecondary. ‘Primarysuccessiondealswiththe gradual
growthof the plantlife inanecosystemovertime where there waspreviouslynovegetationorsoil
to supportthat life. Secondarysuccession,onthe otherhand,takesplace whenplantsandanimals
are replacedfroma locationthathas beendisturbedbut previouslysupportedlife andcoral isthe
perfectexampleof bothtypesof succession’20
. Successionisveryslow,howeversecondaryisfaster
than primary,butit takesa lotof time to see any majoreffects of successionandthere isn’talotwe
can to helpwithsuccessionapartfromkeepingthe ecosystemhealthyandmakingsure the
organismsgetexactlywhattheyneedtogrow. E.g. correct light,temperatureandnutrients.
‘Humanactivitiescanpreventsuccession,stoppingaclimax community fromdeveloping.’21
Thisis
calledplagioclimax.Thisisn’tgoodasit isstoppingnature from developingnaturally,tomake it
more habitable andbeneficial toushumans.However,the stoppingof successioncancause
environmentstonotbe in the bestconditionsforspecificspeciesandput themingreaterdangerof
becomingendangeredorextinct. Ithinkwe shouldlimitthe amountwe adaptourenvironments,to
helpsuccessionoccurat itsnatural pace.
Figure 5 diagram of succession of coral. Accessible at: https://marineandthedolphins.weebly.com/succession.html# last
accessed: 4th December 2019
Whenthe coral changes;it alsoaffectsthe speciesarounditasmost of the speciesthatlive around
corals,needthemfortheirsurvival andthe coral playsa massive partof the ecosystem.Corals:
 ‘protectcoastlinesfromthe damagingeffectsof wave actionandtropical storms;
• provide habitatsandshelterformanymarine organisms;
• are the source of nitrogenandotheressentialnutrientsformarine foodchains;
• assistincarbon and nitrogenfixing;
• helpwithnutrientrecycling.’22
Thisprovesthat coralsare extremelyimportant forsustainingreefsformanyreasons.However,I
thinkthat one of the most importantusesforthe corals isprovidinghabitatsandshelter from
19 MerriamWebster, lastupdated: 10 February 2020 - accessibleat:https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/succession lastaccessed:21st February 2020
20 MarineBiome Accessibleat:https://marineandthedolphins.weebly.com/succession.html#Lastaccessed:4th
December 2019
21 GCP A-level biology year 2 revision book,page 190
22 Queensland Museum, Accessibleat: https://www.qm.qld.gov.au/microsites/biodiscovery/05human-
impact/importance-of-coral-reefs.html Lastaccessed:4th December 2019

14. 14
predators formany marine organisms.Tohelpconserve ourmarine species,we canconserve and
protectour corals.To dowe can make sure we don’tstopor slow downoursuccessionof coralsand
allowthemtonaturallychange,accordingto how the seais changing.Butincreasedtemperature
and otherchangesto the watersare causingcoralsto change differentlythanhow theyshouldbe.
For example,‘oneof the mostvisibleimpactsof higheroceantemperaturesiscoral bleaching.’23
This
isverydetrimental tothe whole ecosystem, asthe coralsdie,sonolongerproduce protectionfrom
predators,or foodforspecies. Thismeansthe organismshave tomove toa differentenvironment,
otherwise theywill probablydie.FromthisIbelieve thatcoralsplaythe mostimportant role inreef
ecosystems. Ialsothinkthatdiversshouldbe extremelycareful whendivingtomake sure theydon’t
damage any coral.
Overall,Ibelieve thatwe shouldbe supportingcommunitiesthatrequire successionbecause itwill
keepall the organismsinthe ecosystemhealthierandata lowerriskof becomingextinct.However,I
do believe thatthis methodisn’tthe bestforconservationasitis verydifficulttocontrol nature and
successionissoslowthat itwouldtake yearsand yearsforany massive changestobe visible. I
believethatthisisthe leasteffective,mainlybecause itissoslow andso unpredictable. AlthoughI
thinkthat itis the leasteffective conservationtechnique,Idothinkwe shouldall still tryourhardest
to not slowsuccessioninanywaypossible.
23 Climatecentral, published:June 8th, 2016 Accessibleat:
https://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/rising-ocean-temps-can-kill-corals lastaccessed:21st
February 2020

15. 15
Alien species:
Alienspeciesare describedasnon-nativespeciesthathave been ‘deliberatelyoraccidentallyrelease
by humanagencyof an organism(s) intothe wildbyhumansinareaswhere the speciesorrace is not
native. Impactsof introductionsonbiodiversitymay be categorizedaccordingtowhetherthe
introductionhashadnegative,positiveornoimpactupon native biota.’24
These alienspeciesare a
riskto our native speciesbecausetheycanoutcompete the native speciesandcause themtodie
out.Alienspecies,Ithink,are one of the top reasonsforspeciesbecomingendangered. Thisis
because there are manymore negative introductions,thanpositive ones (bythisImeanhow the
alienspecies affectthe native speciesinthe same ecosystem theyhave beenintroducesto). Mostof
the time, alienspeciesare more aggressive andbetteradaptedtothe environment, soitbecomes
harderfor the native speciestosurvive.
However,sometimesaspeciesinintroducedintentionally,thisisbecause theycanbe usedall over
the worldfor ‘mariculture,providingfoodandjobs.There are twomaindangersassociatedwith
this.Speciesthatare movedcan escape andbecome a threatto native species,ecosystemfunction
or livelihoods.’25
Ithinkthatthese intentional introductionsshould notoccuras theyare puttingthe
native species underunnecessarythreat, althoughtheyare usedasfood andjobs, I think other
resourcesshouldbe usedanddifferentjobscreatedbecauseIbelieve thatthe healthof ourmarine
environmentsare more important. Tohelpconserve the marine species inanenvironmentIthink
we shouldstop all intentionalintroductionsof alienspecies,asonce theyare incorporatedtoan
environment,Icanimagine theyare verydifficulttoremove andwill take manyyearsandalot of
money tosuccessfullyremove the speciesandgetthe environmentbackto how it wasoriginally.
Figure 6 picture of lionfish, an alien species in US costal Atlantic waters, accessible at: https://www.thegef.org/blog/when-
life-gives-you-lionfish-innovation-fighting-invasive-species-caribbean last accessed: 11th December 2019
24 The impacts of non‐native species on UK biodiversity and the effectiveness of control,Sarah J. Manchester
James M. Bullock Published:25 December 2001 Accessibleat:
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00538.x lastaccessed:4th
December 2019
25 MarineMenace Alien invasivespecies in the marineenvironment written by Maj De Poorter of IUCN’s
InvasiveSpecies SpecialistGroup,with contributions fromC. Darby and J. MacKay.Accessibleat:
https://www.cbd.int/invasive/doc/marine-menace-iucn-en.pdf lastaccessed:21st February 2020

16. 16
‘It isclearthat invasive marine speciesconstitutemajorthreatstothe economicandenvironmental
healthof marine ecosystemsandmayalsopose substantial risksforhumanhealth’.Itisbelieveditis
gettingworse as ‘the growingenvironmental,social andeconomicrisks,andthe negative impacton
people’swell-beingare still beinglargelyignoredbygovernmentsandenvironmental interest
groups.’26
Alienspeciesare one of the mainfactorsfor causingmarine speciestobecome
endangered.Invasionsinourwatersare a massive problem;whichisgettingmuchworse anditis
alsobelievedthatthreatsdue toalienspeciescanonlybe successfullymanagedif handledata
global or regional level.
Scientiststhatare expertsinthe fieldof conservation andalienspeciesbelieve that ‘Education
effortsthattargetthe horticultural industry,especiallywithregardtothe sale of plantsthat are
knownto be invasive,are still needed,butthe lackof knowledge of the invasive speciesproblemby
the general publicremainsaformidableobstacle.’27
Idobelieve thatthisisimportant toeducate the
general publicbecause itallows scientiststoteach ushow to preserve ournatural species andthe
importance of removingalienspeciesfromenvironments,whentheyare disrupting ourecosystems.
Alienspeciescan survive betterthannative speciesbecause they can‘kill large numbersof endemic
species, parasitize nativefish(lamprey’sknownforthis) andoutcompetingthemforresources.’28
Because of this,I thinkthatalienspeciesare a large threat to native species,andare causinga lotof
speciestobecome endangered. Withoutremoval,theyare definitelygoingtogrow to become
biggerthreatsandcause extinctionof more animals. AlthoughIthinkthatalienspecieswouldbe
veryeffective,Iknowithasonlyeverworkedonce inthe world,inAustralia,andittook2 years and
a lot of money, soI knowthat thismay seemunrealistic.
Overall,Ibelieve thatthe removal of alienspeciesfrommarine habitatswill definitelymake a
positive effectonthe ecosystemasawhole andwouldbe beneficial in spendingcoststo remove
them. I thinkthatthe deathratesof endangeredspecieswill decrease, andpopulationsizeswill start
to increase again. However, the mostimportantthingIthinkwe cando is to preventany future
introductionsto ecosystems.Iknowthatall intentional introductionscandefinitelybe cutout,and
for the non-intentional introductions,we will justhave totryour hardestto prevent them, and
hopefullyscientistscancome upwith some tacticsto helpreduce the non-intentional introductions
of alienspecies.
26 Marineinvasivealien species:a threat to global biodiversity,NicholasBaxa,*,Angela Williamsona,Max
Aguerob, Exequiel Gonzalezb, Warren Geevesc. Published: July 2003,lastaccessed:4th December 2019
27 Managinginvasivespecies,Patrick C Tobin,page 13 - Accepted 2018 Oct 19. Accessibleat:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6206619/ lastaccessed:21st February 2020
28 Environmental science, Jacob Hill,accessibleat:https://www.environmentalscience.org/invasive-species last
accessed:21st February 2020

17. 17
Ecotourism:
Accordingto The International EcotourismSociety(TIES),ecotourismisa‘strategicallyof
environmental conservationinwhichResponsible traveltonatural areasthat preservesthe
environmentoccurs’.Thishelpsto ‘sustainthe well-beingof the local peopleandinvolves
interpretationandeducation.’29
Ecotourismcaninclude arange of activities.However,for marine
ecotourismactivitiesusuallyinclude ‘watchingwales,dolphinsandothermarine mammalsandfish,
birdwatching,scubadiving,beachwalking,rockpooling,snorkelling,walkingoncostal footpathsand
sightseeingtripsbysurface boats,submarinesandaircraft.’30
All these activitiesimpactpositivelyon
the environment orlocal community insome way.Producingincome, helpsthe local communityto
put tacticsin place to helppreserve andconservethe marine environmentsandecosystems. The
fact that ecotourismactivitiesare alsoeducational isgood,as it’sa funway to teachchildren,and
adultsaboutlocal marine environments,withoutjustbeinglistedalong listof facts.As theyare fun,
it will interestmore people and create afunday out,withalsosupportingthe marine environments.
Because of all thisI believe thatisaverygood ideafortryingto conserve marine species,especially
for those speciesthatlive nearcoasts,andare veryinteresting.
Figure 7 Venn diagram to simply explain how ecotourism is helpful. Accessible at:
https://planeta.com/9502challengeofecotourism/ last accessed: 11th December 2019
Ecotourismhas manypositives,butalsoisassociatedwithsome negatives;justlike all conservation
techniques.Agreeably,ithasbeensuggestedthat ‘ecotourismshouldhave aminimal impacton
boththe environmentandthe culture.’However,some peoplealsosuggestthat‘companieswho
abuse the conceptof ecotourismtotake advantage of the wealthgeneratedbythe interestineco-
29 WILDSEA Europe – published 5th June 2018 Accessibleat: https://www.wildsea.eu/blog-en/what-is-
ecotourism-and-why-is-so-important.html - Lastaccessed:10th December 2019
30 MarineEcotourism: Issues and Experiences,Brian Garrod,JulieC. Wilson –pages 2-3 – published 3rd
January 2003,lastaccessed:10th December 2019

18. 18
tourism.’31
Ido believe thatecotourismshouldhave minimal impactonthe environment,thisis
because toomuch impactcoulddamage the environment,whichwouldtotallycontradictthe
objectives of the ecotourismtasks. If the environmentwastogetdamaged,all the moneyyouearn
wouldhave togo intorestorationof the damagedparts andthe ecosystemwouldbe worse off than
if you were to do nothingtohelpthe environment. Ithinkthatthe companiesthattake the money
fromecotourismforgrantedshouldbe shutdown or more grateful andsupportive people should
take over. I believethatthe people whoare like thisruinthe ecotouristcommunity asthere isno
pointdoingall these activitiesif the environment andlocal community doesn’tbenefitfromit.
Some people believe ‘Inappropriate ecotourismdevelopmentdegradeshabitatsandlandscape,
depletesnatural resources,disturbsthe economicsystemandgenerateswaste andpollution.
Ecotourism, managedandsupportedbyall stakeholders,cantake place inthe absence of these
elementsof negative change.’32
Idoalsoagree withthis as if ecotourism activitiesare tooclose to
the environments,withoutcareful supervision,Icanbelieve thatdamage tothe environmentswill
occur. If the ecotourismisdegradinghabitatsand depletingresourcesIbelieve thattheyshouldbe
stopped,reviewedandadaptedor stoppedforeverbecausethe environmentshouldn’tbe suffering
because of us,we shouldbe helpingtoenhance the marine environmentsandtheirnatural beauty.
Overall,Ibelieve thatecotourismisapositiveconservationtechniqueasitisfunand interactive,
whichcan bringlocal communitiestogether, aswell as beingeducational.Thismeansthatpeople
enjoythe activities,soare more likelytorememberthe lessonsandthiswill helptowardsthe
protectionof specificspecies.Idothinkthatyouwouldhave to use thisonlyforspecificspeciesthat
mostpeople findinteresting.Forexample;sharks,rays,dolphins,octopi andwhales.Thistechnique
won’tworkfor marine speciesthatare hard to findandindeepwatersbecause itwill be toodifficult
to spotthemor speciesthatare lessinterestingtopeople.However, Ithink thatitisa massive
shame that some companiestake ecotourismforgrantedbecause it’sputsastrainon the local
communityandputsthe marine animalsin that areamore at risk.Whenecotourismisdone wrong
or badly,itcan be more damagingto the local environment,ratherthanhelpingit,sobecause of this
it can’tbe the bestconservationtechnique.Butwhendone correctlycanbe reallybeneficialas helps
the marine environments,local communitiesand the local economy.
31 MarineBio – lastupdated: 16th February 2019,Accessibleat:
https://marinebio.org/conservation/sustainable-ecotourism/ ,lastaccessed:10th December 2019
32 Critical Issues in Ecotourism:Understandinga Complex TourismPhenomenon, James Higham– published
2007,accessibleat:
https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WXLQaR9KM6UC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1978&dq=ecotourism+in+
marine+environments&ots=XGYUAZvn4X&sig=cw91kKBZ7p4-_9fl1F91mCUGQ6g#v=onepage&q&f=false last
accessed:21st February 2020

19. 19
Conclusion:
In mypersonal opinion,Ibelieve that Marine ProtectedAreas(MPA’s) are the bestconservation
technique,thisisbecause itcanbe adaptedwidely tosupportsaverylarge varietyof species.Ithink
that thisis the mostflexible and adaptablemethod. Ialsothinkthatthisisthe most ethicallyand
morallycorrectmethod,asyou’re not movingthemoutof theirnatural habitator involve anything
that will affectthe speciesdrasticallyinanegative way. MPA’sdon’tonlybenefitthe one species
youare tryingto conserve;italsohelpsprotectandconserve whole habitatsandecosystems. They
can be usedoververylarge areasof waters,includingoceansandcoasts. Althoughtheytake alotof
planningtosetup,once setup,theyare prettyself-maintained,aslongasMPA objectivesare
reviewed andmaintained.
The nextbestconservationtechnique Ithinkthere is,is Captive breeding.Ithinkthatthisissecond
as there are manysuccessstoriesof captive breedingand the reintroductionof speciesintothe wild.
Like MPA’s,captive breedingalsorequiresalotof planningtomake ita successful method.
However, unlikeMPA’sitIs lessadaptable andcan’tbe used for all species. There are alsomore
ethical andmoral issuesthatarise,like shouldtheybe keptin cagesastheyare usedtobeingable to
roam free inthe oceansand otherlarge bodiesof water.There have alsobeenmany researching
tasksthat have takenplace to see howthese tanksare affectingthe organisms;insome cases,ithas
beenobviousthatithas causedsignificantchangestothe speciesandhow theybehave. However,I
do still believethattheyare a reallygoodconservationtechniqueastheycan alsohelpthe
economy,asusuallyinvolve zoosoraquariumtofeature the speciesbeingcaptivelybred.
Thisleadsontomy nexttechnique,ecotourism. Thiscanbe a verygood technique asitiseducational
to us and allowsthe speciestoremainintheirnatural habitats,howeverforme,there are toomany
storiesof people whotake thisforgranted,orit is damagingto the environmentforitto be any
higherupin mylist. However,whendone correctly,Ithinkthatthisisan effective conservation
technique forspeciesthatlivenearthe coastsof places, e.g.inreefsornear beaches.This isbecause
theyare more easily accessible formore peopletogetto. Like captive breeding, andfishingquotas,
theyare greatfor the economyandlocal communitiesastheybringjobsandtouriststo the area.
However, like Isaidbefore,there are manypeople whojusttake the moneyforgranted,so theyend
up damagingthe environmentsandthe economy,astheydon’tgive anythingback.Ialsothinkthat
all activitiesaroundthe environmentsshouldbe carefullymonitoredtomake sure there inno
damage to the marine ecosystems.
I thinkthat fishingquotasshouldbe next.Thisisbecause Ithinkitisgoodthat theyinvolve
governments tochange the lawsto try make our marine environmentsbetter,however mostof the
time they don’tlistentoimportantscientificadvise onhow theyshouldadaptthe lawstomake it
betterandtry repopulate species.Thismeanstheyusuallymake the situationworse oritstaysthe
same,and inthat case useless. Also,the factthatthisconservationtechnique isused forfishing
purposesonlymeansthattheycan onlyapplyitto specieswhich are caughtregularly.Forother
species,thisisn’tavalidconservationtechnique whichcanbe used.
The nextconservationtechnique isthe removal of alienspecies. The removalof alienspecies,Ithink,
istoo difficulttobe used,andtherefore shouldonlybe usedasafinal solution. Thistechnique isjust
too time consumingandexpensive tobe usedall the time,andif the alienspeciesisthatwell
integrated,Ithinkitwould cause a collapse of anecosystem, thisisbecause if itisplayingacrucial

20. 20
role inthe ecosystem,thenthe ecosystemmaynolongerbe able tosurvive withoutit,orthe
efficiencyof the ecosystemwill atleastdeplete rapidly. The onlythingwe canreallydowithalien
speciesisstopthe intentional introductionandtrylimitthe non-intentional introduction,asmuchas
possible. If we dothis,Ithinkitcan still protectour endangeredspeciesandwill still be effective,
Obviouslythe leasteffectiveconservationtechnique issuccession.Thisisbecause it wouldtake
yearsto see anymajor effect,andwe have nopropercontrol overit (apart fromplagioclimax),asis
all to do withnature. Successionis alwaysoccurring,sowill alwaysbe there,however itisso slow it
isimpossible tosee any obviouschangesinashortperiodof time,andthere isno wayto speedit
up.
Finally,Ibelieve that there ispositivesandnegativestoall conservation techniques,andIonly
skimmedthe surface of these conservationtechniques.However, IthinkIhave givena good
backgroundto all conservationtechniquesI’ve talkedabout.but,there are manymore that I could
touch on,but I thinkIhave lookedatmost of the majorones. Aswe can see,there isnoperfect
conservationtechnique,andwe can notsay there isas overall bestforall species,aseachspeciesis
differentandwill reacttoeach technique inadifferentway. However,Idothinkthat something has
to be done,on a global level, nowtosave ourmarine world,before we cause irreversibledamage
and loose the natural beautyof ourmarine world.

21. 21
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22. 22
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23. 23
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24. 24
Table of figures:
Figure 1 picture showingwhattropical seascanremainas if we conserve ourspeciesAccessible at:
http://theconversation.com/marine- life-typically-thrives-in-the-tropics-so-why-do-whales-prefer-
the-poles-110546 . Date accessed: 23rd November 2019................................................................ 4
Figure 2 breedingtanksusedtobreedperchinAustralia.accessible at:
https://news.flinders.edu.au/blog/2018/06/14/native-fish-tell-story-australias-less-arid-past/perch-
breeding-tanks/ date accessed: 20/11/2019................................................................................... 7
Figure 3 diagramto showthe lobal coverage of marine protectedareas.Accessible at:
http://www.inspire4nature.eu/newposition/ date accessed: 23rd November 2019.......................... 8
Figure 4 Picture of a groupof fishcaughtinnetson boats.Accessible at:
https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/fishing-stock-quotas-2019-eu-scientific-
recommendations-cod-seabass-scotland-a8691521.html date accessed: 4th December 2019......... 11
Figure 5 diagramof successionof coral.Accessibleat:
https://marineandthedolphins.weebly.com/succession.html# last accessed: 4th December 2019... 13
Figure 6 picture of lionfish,analienspeciesinUScostal Atlantic waters,accessible at:
https://www.thegef.org/blog/when-life-gives-you-lionfish-innovation-fighting-invasive-species-
caribbean last accessed: 11th December 2019 ..........................................................................1515
Figure 7 enndiagramto simplyexplainhow ecotourismishelpful.Accessibleat:
https://planeta.com/9502challengeofecotourism/ last accessed: 11th December 2019...............1717