Epictetus was a Greek/Roman philosopher who lived from around 55-135 AD. He was born a slave in Hierapolis, but studied Stoic philosophy and gained his freedom. He later taught Stoicism in Rome until being banished by Emperor Domitian in 93 AD. Epictetus then founded his own school in Nicopolis, Greece, where he taught that virtue is the only true good and that external things like wealth and health cannot guarantee happiness. He believed people cause themselves suffering by wanting control over things outside their control, and that peace of mind comes from accepting what we cannot change. Epictetus' teachings emphasized living according to nature and reason in order to attain freedom from emotions and worry. His works
We should value what's in our control by epictetuswinthasari31
in this powerpoint with title "We should value what's in our control" by Epictetus, describe about :
1. things in our control and things outside of our control
2.why (and how) is death not to be feared, according to Epictetus?
3. does the essence of goodness consist of things in our control?
We should value what's in our control by epictetuswinthasari31
in this powerpoint with title "We should value what's in our control" by Epictetus, describe about :
1. things in our control and things outside of our control
2.why (and how) is death not to be feared, according to Epictetus?
3. does the essence of goodness consist of things in our control?
15 Egoism, Pleasure, and IndifferenceThis chapter will pre.docxaulasnilda
15 Egoism, Pleasure, and Indifference
This chapter will present three ethical theories—namely, ethical egoism, hedonism, and
Stoicism. Of the three, only Stoicism has any present-day following in the field of moral
philosophy (e.g., see Becker 1998).
15.1 Stoicism
In its time, particularly after the death of Alexander the Great, Stoicism was a very
influential ethical philosophy. It dominated Roman thinking about moral philosophy until
Christianity replaced it. Stoicism, as a philosophy, has been refined and developed over time
from its initiation by Zeno (3rd century BCE), who is supposed to have lectured from a
porch called a stoa, from which Stoicism derives its name.
It is important to appreciate Greek history to understand how Stoicism developed. In
summary, Phillip, the father of Alexander the Great, placed Greece under Macedonian rule,
ending the regime of the Greek city-states (Prior 1991: 194–197). During his life, Alexander
the Great extended the Macedonian empire and began the process that dispersed Greek
language and civilization throughout the Mediterranean. The period of transition from
Greek city-states to an empire is known as the Hellenistic period. These changes to Greek
civilization were influential because Greek philosophy became widely available throughout
the region. The city-states were replaced by imperial rule. This change seemed to make
much of the work of Plato and Aristotle on ethics and politics obsolete because now
philosophers began to see themselves as part of a single enterprise rather than as
representing the individual city-states.
The classical Greek philosophers shaped their view of virtue and the good life from the
community of small city-states, but this form of social organization no longer existed.
Questions were now asked about how virtue would apply in this new age. It was thought
that the new social structure required a new philosophy. In addition, much of the daily
activity of a citizen in classical Athens had changed with the onset of imperial rule. The
political and social life of the city continued, but the close relationships between individuals
as well as the social life of the city had changed. In response to these dislocations, new
religions arose in an attempt to give individuals a new sense of citizenship. As well, some
turned to philosophy instead of religion, and this led to the development of the schools of
Epicureanism and Stoicism.
The Stoics reacted to the collapse of the closed social system of the city-states by offering
advice to individuals in what for them was a crumbling world. Although Stoicism is a
complex moral theory, the basic principle advocated by Stoics is that one should learn to be
indifferent to external differences. Many of the writings of the early and later Stoics have
disappeared, but among those remaining are the writings of Epictetus, who began life as a
Roman slave. He advocated a philosophy of indifference, believing that this practice would
constitute ...
Philosophy Of Realism (Defination And Brief History)JOHNY NATAD
Explaination of this paper are mostly copeid from the Four Philosophies and Their Practices in Education and Religion. 3rd Edition by Donald J. Butler. We used this in our report presentation in MPA.
15 Egoism, Pleasure, and IndifferenceThis chapter will pre.docxaulasnilda
15 Egoism, Pleasure, and Indifference
This chapter will present three ethical theories—namely, ethical egoism, hedonism, and
Stoicism. Of the three, only Stoicism has any present-day following in the field of moral
philosophy (e.g., see Becker 1998).
15.1 Stoicism
In its time, particularly after the death of Alexander the Great, Stoicism was a very
influential ethical philosophy. It dominated Roman thinking about moral philosophy until
Christianity replaced it. Stoicism, as a philosophy, has been refined and developed over time
from its initiation by Zeno (3rd century BCE), who is supposed to have lectured from a
porch called a stoa, from which Stoicism derives its name.
It is important to appreciate Greek history to understand how Stoicism developed. In
summary, Phillip, the father of Alexander the Great, placed Greece under Macedonian rule,
ending the regime of the Greek city-states (Prior 1991: 194–197). During his life, Alexander
the Great extended the Macedonian empire and began the process that dispersed Greek
language and civilization throughout the Mediterranean. The period of transition from
Greek city-states to an empire is known as the Hellenistic period. These changes to Greek
civilization were influential because Greek philosophy became widely available throughout
the region. The city-states were replaced by imperial rule. This change seemed to make
much of the work of Plato and Aristotle on ethics and politics obsolete because now
philosophers began to see themselves as part of a single enterprise rather than as
representing the individual city-states.
The classical Greek philosophers shaped their view of virtue and the good life from the
community of small city-states, but this form of social organization no longer existed.
Questions were now asked about how virtue would apply in this new age. It was thought
that the new social structure required a new philosophy. In addition, much of the daily
activity of a citizen in classical Athens had changed with the onset of imperial rule. The
political and social life of the city continued, but the close relationships between individuals
as well as the social life of the city had changed. In response to these dislocations, new
religions arose in an attempt to give individuals a new sense of citizenship. As well, some
turned to philosophy instead of religion, and this led to the development of the schools of
Epicureanism and Stoicism.
The Stoics reacted to the collapse of the closed social system of the city-states by offering
advice to individuals in what for them was a crumbling world. Although Stoicism is a
complex moral theory, the basic principle advocated by Stoics is that one should learn to be
indifferent to external differences. Many of the writings of the early and later Stoics have
disappeared, but among those remaining are the writings of Epictetus, who began life as a
Roman slave. He advocated a philosophy of indifference, believing that this practice would
constitute ...
Philosophy Of Realism (Defination And Brief History)JOHNY NATAD
Explaination of this paper are mostly copeid from the Four Philosophies and Their Practices in Education and Religion. 3rd Edition by Donald J. Butler. We used this in our report presentation in MPA.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Introduction
Epictetus (c. A.D. 55 - 135) was a Greek/Roman philosopher of the Hellenistic
period. He managed to overcome huge obstacles in developing from a
crippled Roman slave to become one of the most popular and sought after
philosophers of his time.
He was one of the most influentialteachers of thelater years of the school of
Stoicism, and considered by some to bethe greatest of the Stoics. Because so
little of the original early works of Stoicism has survived, his transcribed
teachings are also a major source of our knowledge of the movement.
Life
Epictetus (pronounced epic-TEE-tus) was born around A.D. 55 in the Roman
city of Hierapolis (thepresent-day city of Pamukkalein south-western Turkey).
He spent his youth in Rome as a slave to Epaphroditus, a wealthy freedman
and secretary to the Roman Emperor Nero. He was either lame from birth or,
as some sources haveit, deliberately crippled by Epaphroditus. Even as aslave,
he studied Stoic philosophy under one of the greatest Stoic teachers of the
age, Gaius Musonius Rufus, before the latter's exile by Nero for his ethical
teachings.
He gained his freedom after his master was put to death by Nero's successor
Emperor Domitian, and began to teach philosophy in Rome. Around A.D. 93,
however, Emperor Domitian banished all philosophers from Rome (and
ultimately from all of Italy), and Epictetus traveled to Nicopolis in north-
western Greece. There, he founded his own philosophicalschool, which soon
acquired a good reputation, attracting many upper-class Romans. His most
famous pupil there was Arrian (Flavius Arrianus: c. A.D. 86 - 160), who studied
under him as a young man and wrote the famous "Discourses" and the
"Handbook" based on his lecture notes.
He lived a life of great simplicity, with few possessions. He was reportedly a
powerful speaker and famed for his knowledge and wisdom. According to
some reports, he was more popularin his day than Plato had been in his, and
the Emperor Hadrian (among other eminent figures) favored him and may
havevisited his schoolin Nicopolis. He nevermarried and had no children, and
for many years he lived alone, although in his old age he adopted a friend's
child (who would otherwise havebeen left to die), and broughthim up as his
own.
Epictetus died around the year A.D. 135 in Nicopolis.
So faras is known, Epictetus himself wrote nothing, and allthatremains of his
work was faithfully transcribed by his pupil, Arrian around theyears A.D. 104 -
107. The main work is "The Discourses" (of which four of the original eight
books have been preserved), and a popular digest of that work, entitled the
"Enchiridion" (or "Handbook").
The Stoicism school of philosophy had been founded nearly 400 years before
Epictetus, and very littleof the originalworks of Zeno of Citiumand Chrysippus
of Soli (c. 280 - 207 B.C.) has survived. Most of our knowledge of Stoic
philosophy thereforecomes down to us from Epictetus, although itis difficult
to tell to what extent he preserved the original doctrines, and how much he
innovated and adapted.
Epictetus focused more on Ethics (and less on Logicand physics)than theearly
Stoics had, and he brought to a logical conclusion Stoicism's tendency to
reduce philosophy to Ethics. He saw the role of the Stoic teacher as
encouraging his studentsto discover the invariableand inviolabletrue nature
of things. The nature of things falls into two categories: those which are
subject to ourexclusive power (e.g. judgment, impulse, desire, aversion, etc),
and those which are not (e.g. health, material wealth, fame, etc). In order to
achieve the ultimate goal of ataraxia (an undisturbed and serene state of
mind), the philosopher should therefore concentrate on those things he has
some control over, and not be affected by the external objects of our lives
(over which we have no control). Essentially, then, Stoicism teaches the
development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming
destructive emotions, in order to develop clear judgmentand inner calm and
the ultimate goal of freedom from suffering.
The Stoics were essentially materialists, and God was conceived of as atype of
fiery breath that blended perfectly with all other matter in the universe and
transformed matter from undifferentiated "stuff" into the varied forms that
we see around us. The mind of each person was quite literally a fragment of
God, and the rationality that we each possess therefore a fragment of God's
3. similar to aplay orbeing in the military, as we all haveourpartto play. Himself
a cripple, he explains that whatever your fate, it is God’s intention.
Epictetus recognized that a stoic’s response to an event would make him
stand outfromthe crowd. Heexplains that this simply the price topay in living
a virtuous life. Epictetus distinguishes between philosophers and non-
philosophers. He believed a philosopher should marry and have children in
order to provide a replacement for himself. Since Epictetus had done neither
himself, a clever student once asked him if he could marry one of his
daughters.
Epictetus’ Stoicism would greatly influence the Roman emperor Marcus
Aurelius, and his own Stoic writings the Meditations. Epictetus has since
served as an inspiration for others who have endured hardships. Most
strikingly in recent times, James Stockdale, a prisoner of war in Vietnam was
imprisoned for seven and a half years, tortured, and held in solitary
confinement for four years. He would credit his survival to the writings of
Epictetus, explaining “The emotions of grief, pity, and even affection are well-
known disturbers of thesoul. Grief is themost offensive; Epictetus considered
the suffering of grief an act of evil. It is a willful act, going against the will of
God to have all men share happiness.”
http://www.philosimply.com/philosopher/epictetus
Epictetus
GREEK PHILOSOPHER
WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Epictetus, (born AD 55, probably at Hierapolis, Phrygia [now Pamukkale,
Turkey]—died c. 135, Nicopolis, Epirus [Greece]), Greek philosopher
associated with theStoics, remembered forthereligious toneof his teachings,
which commended him to numerous early Christian thinkers.
His original name is not known; epiktētos is the Greek word meaning
“acquired.” As a boy he was a slave but managed to attend lectures by the
Stoic Musonius Rufus. He later became a freedman and lived his life lame and
in ill health. In AD 90 he was expelled from Rome with other philosophers by
theemperor Domitian, who was irritated by thefavourablereception given by
Stoics to opponents of his tyranny. The rest of his life Epictetus spent at
Nicopolis.
As far as is known, Epictetus wrote nothing. His teachings were transmitted
by Arrian, his pupil, in two works: Discourses, of which fourbooks are extant;
and the Encheiridion, or Manual, a condensed aphoristic version of the main
doctrines. In his teachings Epictetus followed the early rather than the late
Stoics, reverting to Socrates and to Diogenes, the philosopherof Cynicism, as
historical models of the sage. Primarily interested in ethics, Epictetus
described philosophy as learning “how it is possible to employ desire and
aversion without hindrance.” True education, he believed, consists in
recognizing thatthere is only onething thatbelongs toan individualfully—his
will, or purpose. God, acting as a good king and father, has given each being a
will thatcannot be compelled or thwarted by anything external. Men are not
responsible for the ideas that present themselves to their consciousness,
though they arewholly responsible forthe way in which they use them. “Two
maxims,” Epictetus said, “wemustever bearin mind—thatapartfrom thewill
thereis nothing good orbad, and thatwemustnottry toanticipateortodirect
events, but merely to accept them with intelligence.” Man must, that is,
believe there is a God whose thought directs the universe.
As a political theorist, Epictetus saw man as a member of a great system that
comprehends both God and men. Each human being is primarily a citizen of his
own commonwealth, but he is also a member of the great city of gods and
men, of which thepolitical city is only apoorcopy. All men arethe sons of God
by virtue of their rationality and are kindred in nature with the divinity. Thus,
man is capable of learning to administer his city and his life according to the
will of God, which is the will of nature. Thenatural instinctof animated life, to
which man also is subject, is self-preservation and self-interest. Yetmen are so
constituted that the individual cannot secure his own interests unless he
contributes to the common welfare. The aim of the philosopher, therefore, is
to see the world as a whole, to grow into the mind of God, and to make the
will of nature his own.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Epictetus-Greek-philosopher