The document discusses several enzymes and their units of measurement, including amylase, cellulase, invertase, lactase, lipase, maltase, and protease. It also discusses several tumor markers and their clinical significance, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), CA 125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), CA 19-9, and CA 15-3. Finally, it discusses chromogens such as aminoethyl carbazole (AEC), 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and 3-Amino-9

2. • The enzyme-labeled antigen method is potentially useful for analyzing
pathological conditions from a novel point of view that enables us to
observe the distribution of antigen-specific antibody-producing cells
in such lesions accompanying dense infiltration of plasma cells as
infectious diseases, malignant tumors, and ...other diseases

3. • Amylase – DU (Alpha-amylase Dextrinizing units)
• Cellulase – CU (Cellulase unit)
• Invertase – IAU (Invertase Activity unit)
• Lactase – LacU (Lactase unit)
• Lipase – FIP, LU, FCCLU (LU= Lipase unit)
• Maltase – DP (degrees Diastatic power)
• Protease – HUT (Hemoglobin Unit Tyrosine base), USP.

4. • The present report successfully illustrates immuno-localization of
amylase in the pancreatic acinar cells of rats and humans using
commercial

5. • Cellulases of microbial origin have shown their potential application in
various commercial sectors including textile, pulp and paper, laundry,
brewing, agriculture and biofuel. Cellulases have diversified
applications in the food industry, food service, food supply and its
preservation.

6. • Lactase is the enzyme responsible for the digestion of the milk sugar
lactose and its production decreases after the weaning phase in most
mammals, including most humans. Some humans, however, continue
to produce lactase throughout adulthood, a trait known as lactase
persistence.

7. • Lipase is majorly synthesised by the pancreas and helps in the
digestion of fats to free fatty acids and glycerol. A small amount of
lipase in the blood is normal but the high level of lipase has clinical
significance and it indicates an inflammation of the pancreas or a
pancreatic disease such as pancreatitis.

8. • Invertase is an enzyme that is widely distributed among plants
and microorganisms and that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the
disaccharide sucrose into glucose and fructose.

9. • Thus, proteases regulate the fate, localization, and activity of many
proteins, modulate protein-protein interactions, create new bioactive
molecules, contribute to the processing of cellular information, and
generate, transduce, and amplify molecular signals.

10. • Here are some examples of chromogens: HRP: Aminoethyl carbazole
(AEC) 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB)

11. • In chemistry, the term chromogen refers to a colourless chemical
compound that can be converted by chemical reaction into a
compound which can be described as "coloured". There is no
universally agreed definition of the term

12. • DAB (3,3′-Diaminobenzidine) is a derivative of benzene. It is most
often used in immunohistochemical (IHC) staining as a chromogen. It
is also used in in situ hybridization (ISH) and sometimes in dot blots
and in western blotting.

13. • 3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) is a chemical compound commonly
used as a chromogenic substrate in immunohistochemistry,

14. • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
• Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
• CA 125.
• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
• Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• CA 19-9.
• CA 15-3.

15. • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a widely-used tumor marker to aid in
the early detection of prostate cancer. PSA testing has appreciable
false-positive and false-negative results, particularly in the 2.5-10.0
ng/ml range.

16. • It has little clinical utility as a screening test for prostate cancer.
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is the preferred test for prostate cancer
screening, monitoring, and predicting outcomes. Benign prostatic
hyperplasia, prostate massage, and prostatic infarction may result in
elevated PAP concentrations.

17. • A CA 125 test measures the amount of the protein CA 125 (cancer
antigen 125) in the blood. This test may be used to monitor certain
cancers during and after treatment. In some situations, the test may
be used to look for early signs of ovarian cancer in people with a very
high risk of the disease.

18. • Post operative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) can help detecting
minimal residual disease in colon cancer after curative resection.
Methods: The aim of this study was to identify the potential role of
serum CEA after liver resection in patients with CLM

19. • It's usually used to help diagnose certain types of cancer and to check
how well treatment is working. AFP is a protein that the liver makes
when its cells are growing and dividing to make new cells. AFP is
normally high in unborn babies. After birth, AFP levels drop very low

20. • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a chemical created by
trophoblast tissue, tissue typically found in early embryos and which
will eventually be part of the placenta. Measuring hCG levels can be
helpful in identifying a normal pregnancy, pathologic pregnancy, and
can also be useful following an aborted pregnancy

21. • Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9; also known as carbohydrate antigen
19-9) is used to help differentiate between cancer of the pancreas and
other conditions, as well as to monitor treatment response and
recurrence. The reference range of serum CA 19-9 is less than 37
U/mL

22. • CA 15-3 is a substance that stimulates your body's defense system.
Some kinds of cancer cells release the CA 15-3 antigen into the blood.
This test is used to monitor certain types of cancer. Breast cancer is
the cancer most likely to release CA 15-3, especially in breast cancer
that comes back after treatment.