Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected in blood, urine, or tissue. They are used to screen for cancers, help diagnose cancer, determine prognosis, detect recurrence, and monitor treatment response. An ideal tumor marker would be highly sensitive and specific to a particular cancer, correlate with tumor size, respond rapidly to treatment, and predict recurrence before clinical detection. Examples of commonly used tumor markers include AFP, CEA, CA125, PSA, and CA15-3. Their levels can be elevated in both cancer and some benign conditions.
Uncontrolled cell growth results in tumors that can be benign or malignant. Tumor markers are biochemical indicators used to detect tumors and include oncofetal antigens, hormones, enzymes, and proteins. An ideal tumor marker would be specifically produced by tumor cells and detectable at low tumor sizes. Tumor markers are classified into oncofetal antigens like AFP, hormones like beta-HCG, and proteins and enzymes. Clinically important tumor markers include AFP for liver cancer, CEA for colorectal cancer, beta-HCG for germ cell tumors, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, and PSA for prostate cancer. Tumor markers are used for cancer screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and detecting recurrence.
Tumour markers are biochemical indicators selectively produced by neoplastic tissue and released into blood or other body fluids. They can help detect tumours, monitor disease progression and treatment response. Common gynaecological tumour markers include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), CA19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA). The levels and diagnostic utility of these markers vary depending on the type and stage of gynaecological cancer.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. They can be used to screen for cancers, help diagnose cancer, determine prognosis, stage cancer, detect recurrence, and monitor treatment effectiveness. Common tumor markers include enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrates, blood group antigens, proteins, and receptors. Examples are PSA for prostate cancer, CEA for colorectal cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and AFP for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels can indicate the presence, location, and spread of cancer as well as how well cancer treatment is working.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. They can help monitor treatment response, detect recurrence, and provide prognostic information. However, no single tumor marker is perfect, as they may be elevated in benign conditions and not all cancer patients exhibit increased levels. The most useful tumor markers are those that correlate with tumor burden and stage and are cancer-specific.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in bodily fluids. They can help differentiate cancer from normal tissue, determine the presence of cancer, and monitor treatment response. Some key points:
- Ideal tumor markers are highly sensitive and specific for cancer, accurately reflecting tumor burden.
- Tumor markers are classified by molecule type, such as enzymes, hormones, antigens. Examples include AFP, CEA, CA125.
- They can be used for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response. However, most lack specificity for screening.
- Elevated levels require correlation with clinical findings due to non-cancer causes. Serial
Tumor markers are proteins produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissue samples. This document discusses various tumor markers associated with gynecological cancers including their tissue of origin, clinical utility for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment response and recurrence. It provides details on commonly used markers like CA125 for ovarian cancer and CEA for cervical and ovarian cancers as well as less common markers like HE4, AMH, and inhibin. The document emphasizes that tumor markers should have high sensitivity and specificity for cancer to be clinically useful.
Tumor markers
Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma. These molecules are known as tumor markers.
A good tumor maker should have those properties:
1. A tumor marker should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. A tumor marker should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of a tumor marker should be at a minimum level in healthy subjects and in benign conditions.
4. A tumor marker should be specific for a tissue, it should have different immunological properties when it is synthesized in other tissues.
5. Plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the both size of the tumor and the activity of the tumor.
6. Half-life of a tumor should not be very long
7. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected in blood, urine, or tissue. They are used to screen for cancers, help diagnose cancer, determine prognosis, detect recurrence, and monitor treatment response. An ideal tumor marker would be highly sensitive and specific to a particular cancer, correlate with tumor size, respond rapidly to treatment, and predict recurrence before clinical detection. Examples of commonly used tumor markers include AFP, CEA, CA125, PSA, and CA15-3. Their levels can be elevated in both cancer and some benign conditions.
Uncontrolled cell growth results in tumors that can be benign or malignant. Tumor markers are biochemical indicators used to detect tumors and include oncofetal antigens, hormones, enzymes, and proteins. An ideal tumor marker would be specifically produced by tumor cells and detectable at low tumor sizes. Tumor markers are classified into oncofetal antigens like AFP, hormones like beta-HCG, and proteins and enzymes. Clinically important tumor markers include AFP for liver cancer, CEA for colorectal cancer, beta-HCG for germ cell tumors, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, and PSA for prostate cancer. Tumor markers are used for cancer screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and detecting recurrence.
Tumour markers are biochemical indicators selectively produced by neoplastic tissue and released into blood or other body fluids. They can help detect tumours, monitor disease progression and treatment response. Common gynaecological tumour markers include human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), cancer antigen 125 (CA125), CA19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA). The levels and diagnostic utility of these markers vary depending on the type and stage of gynaecological cancer.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. They can be used to screen for cancers, help diagnose cancer, determine prognosis, stage cancer, detect recurrence, and monitor treatment effectiveness. Common tumor markers include enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrates, blood group antigens, proteins, and receptors. Examples are PSA for prostate cancer, CEA for colorectal cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and AFP for liver and germ cell cancers. Tumor marker levels can indicate the presence, location, and spread of cancer as well as how well cancer treatment is working.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. They can help monitor treatment response, detect recurrence, and provide prognostic information. However, no single tumor marker is perfect, as they may be elevated in benign conditions and not all cancer patients exhibit increased levels. The most useful tumor markers are those that correlate with tumor burden and stage and are cancer-specific.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in bodily fluids. They can help differentiate cancer from normal tissue, determine the presence of cancer, and monitor treatment response. Some key points:
- Ideal tumor markers are highly sensitive and specific for cancer, accurately reflecting tumor burden.
- Tumor markers are classified by molecule type, such as enzymes, hormones, antigens. Examples include AFP, CEA, CA125.
- They can be used for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response. However, most lack specificity for screening.
- Elevated levels require correlation with clinical findings due to non-cancer causes. Serial
Tumor markers are proteins produced by cancer cells or the body in response to cancer that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissue samples. This document discusses various tumor markers associated with gynecological cancers including their tissue of origin, clinical utility for screening, diagnosis, and monitoring treatment response and recurrence. It provides details on commonly used markers like CA125 for ovarian cancer and CEA for cervical and ovarian cancers as well as less common markers like HE4, AMH, and inhibin. The document emphasizes that tumor markers should have high sensitivity and specificity for cancer to be clinically useful.
Tumor markers
Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma. These molecules are known as tumor markers.
A good tumor maker should have those properties:
1. A tumor marker should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. A tumor marker should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of a tumor marker should be at a minimum level in healthy subjects and in benign conditions.
4. A tumor marker should be specific for a tissue, it should have different immunological properties when it is synthesized in other tissues.
5. Plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the both size of the tumor and the activity of the tumor.
6. Half-life of a tumor should not be very long
7. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in bodily fluids. An ideal tumor marker would be highly sensitive and specific for a particular cancer, able to detect early-stage tumors, and useful for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response. Common tumor markers include enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrate markers, and proteins. Examples discussed in detail include CA125 for ovarian cancer, hCG for germ cell tumors and gestational trophoblastic disease, AFP for liver and germ cell cancers, CEA for colorectal and other cancers, and LDH which is elevated in dysgerminoma. The document provides information on
Endocrinological Markers in Gynaecological Tumours.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Endocrinological Markers in Gynaecological Tumours - an overview.
Tumour markers are biochemical indicators selectively produced by the neoplastic tissue or by other cells in the body in response to neoplasm and released into the blood and detectable in blood or other tissue fluids.
Various molecules that can act as Tumour Markers:
Enzymes and Isoenzymes (ALP, LDH)
Hormones (Beta-HCG, HPL, Inhibin, AMH)
Oncofoetal Proteins (CEA, AFP)
Carbohydrate epitopes( CA125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9)
Receptors( oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone)
Serum and tissue protein( TAG 72, HE 4)
Tumor markers may be used to help diagnose cancer, monitor treatment response, and check for recurrence. Common tumor markers discussed include AFP for liver and germ cell cancers, CEA for colon and other cancers, HCG for germ cell and trophoblastic tumors, calcitonin for thyroid cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, CA19-9 for pancreatic cancer, PSA for prostate cancer, and estrogen/progesterone and HER2 receptors for breast cancer. The document outlines the ideal properties of tumor markers and methods for detecting them.
Tumor markers are substances, such as proteins, biochemicals, hormones or enzymes, produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. As tumor cells multiply, cancer spreads, and tissue is damaged, these substances increase and leak into the bloodstream. Tumor marker levels in blood help physicians evaluate people for certain types of cancer
This document discusses tumor markers, which are substances that can indicate the presence of cancer. It defines tumor markers as products of cancer cells or the body's response to cancer that are usually found in blood or urine. However, tumor markers alone cannot diagnose or rule out cancer. The document then classifies different types of tumor markers such as antigens, enzymes, hormones, oncofetal proteins, and tumor-associated antigens. It explains how tumor markers can be used for cancer screening, diagnosis, determining prognosis and treatment effectiveness, and detecting cancer recurrence. Key tumor markers are discussed for different cancer types.
Tumour markers are substances related to the presence or progress of cancer. Common tumour markers include hormones, enzymes, and tumour antigens. They can be used to monitor treatment response, assess follow-up, aid in diagnosis using blood or biopsy samples, and provide prognostic information. Specific high-risk populations can also be screened using tumour markers like calcitonin for thyroid cancer. Important individual tumour markers include alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, prostate-specific antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen.
Tumor markers are proteins or mutated proteins that can indicate the presence of cancer. They are useful for screening, diagnosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence, though none are sufficiently sensitive and specific for screening alone. Tumor markers associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and other tumor events can provide information about cancer. While not diagnostic, they are helpful for treatment monitoring given their limitations. Proper use requires understanding their sensitivity, specificity and potential causes of false positives.
Tumor Markers include a wide range of biomacromolecules orchestrated in abundance fixation by a wide assortment of neoplastic cells. The markers could be endogenous results of exceptionally dynamic metabolic threatening cells or the results of recently turned on qualities, which stayed unexpressed in early life or recently obtained antigens at cell and sub-cell levels. The presence of tumor marker and their focus are identified with the beginning and development of dangerous tumors in patients. A perfect tumor marker ought to be profoundly delicate, explicit, dependable with high prognostic worth, organ particularity and it should relate with tumor stages. Be that as it may, none of the tumor markers answered to date has every one of these attributes. Inspite of these impediments, numerous tumor markers have indicated incredible clinical significance in checking adequacy of various methods of treatments during whole course of sickness in malignant growth patients. Moreover, assurance of markers additionally helps in early discovery of malignant growth repeat and in anticipation.
Tumour Markers are substances present in the tumour, produced by the tumour or by the host as a response to the presence of the tumour, providing information about biological characteristics of the tumour. these tumour markers may specific for the tissue but often get elevated in neoplastic as well non-neoplastic lesions, further Various analytical platforms available for serum tumour markers lack standardisation. These factors add to interpretative challenges in serum tumour markers
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissues. Some common tumor markers are alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, carcinoembryonic antigen for colorectal cancer, and prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer. These markers can be useful for cancer screening, diagnosis, determining prognosis, and monitoring response to treatment. However, tumor markers are not specific enough to diagnose cancer alone and should be used along with other tests and examinations.
This document defines various tumor markers and their clinical applications. It discusses commonly ordered tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostate-specific antigen. These markers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment effectiveness. However, tumor marker levels are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in certain non-cancerous conditions. Enzymes were among the first tumor markers identified but provide only nonspecific indications of malignancy.
Tumour markers are substances released by cancer cells or produced by the body in response to cancer that can help detect and monitor cancer. They include enzymes, hormones, and antigens. Some common tumour markers are PSA for prostate cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and CEA for colorectal cancer. While elevated levels can indicate cancer, tumour markers can also be increased in some non-cancerous conditions. Researchers are studying tumour markers to improve cancer detection, diagnosis, treatment evaluation and monitoring for recurrence.
The document discusses how certain hormones can cause cancer by encouraging cell proliferation. It notes that hormones are an important factor in sex-related cancers like breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Both genetic and non-genetic factors determine an individual's hormone levels. Sex hormones drive the growth of cancers in hormonally responsive tissues, and hormone therapy aims to block the effects of these hormones. The document provides details on specific hormone-related cancers and potential hormone-based treatments.
Tumor markers are biomarkers found in blood, urine, or tissues that can indicate the presence of cancer. They include proteins, enzymes, hormones, and other molecules. Ideal tumor markers are highly sensitive and specific to a particular cancer, reflect disease stage, and remain stable. Some common tumor markers are AFP for liver and testicular cancers, CEA for colorectal and lung cancers, CA125 for ovarian cancer, PSA for prostate cancer, and calcitonin for medullary thyroid cancer. Elevated levels can also occur in some benign conditions.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. This document discusses several types of tumor markers including serum proteins, antigens, hormones, receptors, enzymes, and metabolites. It describes the application of tumor marker testing for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrence. Common testing methods are enzyme assays, immunoassays, high-performance liquid chromatography, and immunohistochemistry. Frequently ordered tumor markers discussed in detail include alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, cancer antigen 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate-specific antigen.
This document discusses serum tumor markers, which are molecules that can be detected in blood, body fluids, or tissue that are produced by or in response to cancer cells. It describes several commonly used tumor markers, including their history, clinical uses, and interpretations. The key tumor markers discussed are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for gestational trophoblastic tumors, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer, CA 19-9 for pancreatic cancer, and CA 15-3
This document discusses special chemistry tests and tumor markers. It defines special chemistry as tests not part of routine panels, including electrophoresis, urine chemistry, and radioimmunoassay. It describes the sensitivity and specificity of troponin, myoglobin, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide for detecting heart damage and failure. It also discusses various tumor markers like CEA, AFP, PSA, and their uses for screening, monitoring cancer survivors, and diagnosing certain tumors. Guidelines are provided for ordering and interpreting tumor marker tests. Common detection techniques include serology, enzyme assays, immunoassays, and genetic analysis.
Tumor markers are biological substances released by tumor cells or the body in response to tumors. They can be detected in bodily fluids and indicate the presence or progression of cancer. While no single tumor marker is perfect, they can be useful for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrence. Common tumor markers include CEA, AFP, CA19-9, PSA, CA125, and hormone receptors. A variety of detection methods exist. While beneficial, tumor markers also have limitations like elevated levels in benign conditions and lack of presence in some cancer types. Continual research aims to improve tumor marker tests and discover new markers.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the host body in response to tumors. They can be used to detect cancers, determine cancer prognosis, and monitor cancer treatment effectiveness. Some key tumor markers discussed in the document include:
- AFP which is used to detect hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular cancer.
- CEA which is used to detect colorectal cancer recurrence. Rising CEA levels may indicate cancer recurrence while stable levels indicate remission.
- CA125 which is used to detect ovarian and endometrial cancers.
- PSA which is used to screen, stage, and monitor prostate cancer recurrence and treatment.
- HCG which is used to detect germ
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in bodily fluids. An ideal tumor marker would be highly sensitive and specific for a particular cancer, able to detect early-stage tumors, and useful for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment response. Common tumor markers include enzymes, hormones, oncofetal antigens, carbohydrate markers, and proteins. Examples discussed in detail include CA125 for ovarian cancer, hCG for germ cell tumors and gestational trophoblastic disease, AFP for liver and germ cell cancers, CEA for colorectal and other cancers, and LDH which is elevated in dysgerminoma. The document provides information on
Endocrinological Markers in Gynaecological Tumours.pptxNiranjan Chavan
Endocrinological Markers in Gynaecological Tumours - an overview.
Tumour markers are biochemical indicators selectively produced by the neoplastic tissue or by other cells in the body in response to neoplasm and released into the blood and detectable in blood or other tissue fluids.
Various molecules that can act as Tumour Markers:
Enzymes and Isoenzymes (ALP, LDH)
Hormones (Beta-HCG, HPL, Inhibin, AMH)
Oncofoetal Proteins (CEA, AFP)
Carbohydrate epitopes( CA125, CA 15-3, CA 19-9)
Receptors( oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone)
Serum and tissue protein( TAG 72, HE 4)
Tumor markers may be used to help diagnose cancer, monitor treatment response, and check for recurrence. Common tumor markers discussed include AFP for liver and germ cell cancers, CEA for colon and other cancers, HCG for germ cell and trophoblastic tumors, calcitonin for thyroid cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, CA19-9 for pancreatic cancer, PSA for prostate cancer, and estrogen/progesterone and HER2 receptors for breast cancer. The document outlines the ideal properties of tumor markers and methods for detecting them.
Tumor markers are substances, such as proteins, biochemicals, hormones or enzymes, produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells. As tumor cells multiply, cancer spreads, and tissue is damaged, these substances increase and leak into the bloodstream. Tumor marker levels in blood help physicians evaluate people for certain types of cancer
This document discusses tumor markers, which are substances that can indicate the presence of cancer. It defines tumor markers as products of cancer cells or the body's response to cancer that are usually found in blood or urine. However, tumor markers alone cannot diagnose or rule out cancer. The document then classifies different types of tumor markers such as antigens, enzymes, hormones, oncofetal proteins, and tumor-associated antigens. It explains how tumor markers can be used for cancer screening, diagnosis, determining prognosis and treatment effectiveness, and detecting cancer recurrence. Key tumor markers are discussed for different cancer types.
Tumour markers are substances related to the presence or progress of cancer. Common tumour markers include hormones, enzymes, and tumour antigens. They can be used to monitor treatment response, assess follow-up, aid in diagnosis using blood or biopsy samples, and provide prognostic information. Specific high-risk populations can also be screened using tumour markers like calcitonin for thyroid cancer. Important individual tumour markers include alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, prostate-specific antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigen.
Tumor markers are proteins or mutated proteins that can indicate the presence of cancer. They are useful for screening, diagnosis, monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence, though none are sufficiently sensitive and specific for screening alone. Tumor markers associated with cell proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and other tumor events can provide information about cancer. While not diagnostic, they are helpful for treatment monitoring given their limitations. Proper use requires understanding their sensitivity, specificity and potential causes of false positives.
Tumor Markers include a wide range of biomacromolecules orchestrated in abundance fixation by a wide assortment of neoplastic cells. The markers could be endogenous results of exceptionally dynamic metabolic threatening cells or the results of recently turned on qualities, which stayed unexpressed in early life or recently obtained antigens at cell and sub-cell levels. The presence of tumor marker and their focus are identified with the beginning and development of dangerous tumors in patients. A perfect tumor marker ought to be profoundly delicate, explicit, dependable with high prognostic worth, organ particularity and it should relate with tumor stages. Be that as it may, none of the tumor markers answered to date has every one of these attributes. Inspite of these impediments, numerous tumor markers have indicated incredible clinical significance in checking adequacy of various methods of treatments during whole course of sickness in malignant growth patients. Moreover, assurance of markers additionally helps in early discovery of malignant growth repeat and in anticipation.
Tumour Markers are substances present in the tumour, produced by the tumour or by the host as a response to the presence of the tumour, providing information about biological characteristics of the tumour. these tumour markers may specific for the tissue but often get elevated in neoplastic as well non-neoplastic lesions, further Various analytical platforms available for serum tumour markers lack standardisation. These factors add to interpretative challenges in serum tumour markers
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or tissues. Some common tumor markers are alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular carcinoma, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, carcinoembryonic antigen for colorectal cancer, and prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer. These markers can be useful for cancer screening, diagnosis, determining prognosis, and monitoring response to treatment. However, tumor markers are not specific enough to diagnose cancer alone and should be used along with other tests and examinations.
This document defines various tumor markers and their clinical applications. It discusses commonly ordered tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein, cancer antigen 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prostate-specific antigen. These markers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment effectiveness. However, tumor marker levels are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in certain non-cancerous conditions. Enzymes were among the first tumor markers identified but provide only nonspecific indications of malignancy.
Tumour markers are substances released by cancer cells or produced by the body in response to cancer that can help detect and monitor cancer. They include enzymes, hormones, and antigens. Some common tumour markers are PSA for prostate cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and CEA for colorectal cancer. While elevated levels can indicate cancer, tumour markers can also be increased in some non-cancerous conditions. Researchers are studying tumour markers to improve cancer detection, diagnosis, treatment evaluation and monitoring for recurrence.
The document discusses how certain hormones can cause cancer by encouraging cell proliferation. It notes that hormones are an important factor in sex-related cancers like breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Both genetic and non-genetic factors determine an individual's hormone levels. Sex hormones drive the growth of cancers in hormonally responsive tissues, and hormone therapy aims to block the effects of these hormones. The document provides details on specific hormone-related cancers and potential hormone-based treatments.
Tumor markers are biomarkers found in blood, urine, or tissues that can indicate the presence of cancer. They include proteins, enzymes, hormones, and other molecules. Ideal tumor markers are highly sensitive and specific to a particular cancer, reflect disease stage, and remain stable. Some common tumor markers are AFP for liver and testicular cancers, CEA for colorectal and lung cancers, CA125 for ovarian cancer, PSA for prostate cancer, and calcitonin for medullary thyroid cancer. Elevated levels can also occur in some benign conditions.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or the body's response to tumors that can be detected and measured in blood, urine, or body tissues. This document discusses several types of tumor markers including serum proteins, antigens, hormones, receptors, enzymes, and metabolites. It describes the application of tumor marker testing for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrence. Common testing methods are enzyme assays, immunoassays, high-performance liquid chromatography, and immunohistochemistry. Frequently ordered tumor markers discussed in detail include alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, cancer antigen 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, and prostate-specific antigen.
This document discusses serum tumor markers, which are molecules that can be detected in blood, body fluids, or tissue that are produced by or in response to cancer cells. It describes several commonly used tumor markers, including their history, clinical uses, and interpretations. The key tumor markers discussed are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer, CA-125 for ovarian cancer, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for gestational trophoblastic tumors, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer, CA 19-9 for pancreatic cancer, and CA 15-3
This document discusses special chemistry tests and tumor markers. It defines special chemistry as tests not part of routine panels, including electrophoresis, urine chemistry, and radioimmunoassay. It describes the sensitivity and specificity of troponin, myoglobin, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide for detecting heart damage and failure. It also discusses various tumor markers like CEA, AFP, PSA, and their uses for screening, monitoring cancer survivors, and diagnosing certain tumors. Guidelines are provided for ordering and interpreting tumor marker tests. Common detection techniques include serology, enzyme assays, immunoassays, and genetic analysis.
Tumor markers are biological substances released by tumor cells or the body in response to tumors. They can be detected in bodily fluids and indicate the presence or progression of cancer. While no single tumor marker is perfect, they can be useful for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognosis, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrence. Common tumor markers include CEA, AFP, CA19-9, PSA, CA125, and hormone receptors. A variety of detection methods exist. While beneficial, tumor markers also have limitations like elevated levels in benign conditions and lack of presence in some cancer types. Continual research aims to improve tumor marker tests and discover new markers.
Tumor markers are substances produced by tumors or the host body in response to tumors. They can be used to detect cancers, determine cancer prognosis, and monitor cancer treatment effectiveness. Some key tumor markers discussed in the document include:
- AFP which is used to detect hepatocellular carcinoma and testicular cancer.
- CEA which is used to detect colorectal cancer recurrence. Rising CEA levels may indicate cancer recurrence while stable levels indicate remission.
- CA125 which is used to detect ovarian and endometrial cancers.
- PSA which is used to screen, stage, and monitor prostate cancer recurrence and treatment.
- HCG which is used to detect germ
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
TUMOR MARKERS.-1.pptx by Aikoman radiology scientist at Catholic University of health and allied sciences Mwanza.
1.
2.
3. Characteristics of Ideal Tumor Marker
1. TM should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. TM should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of TM should be at a minimum level in
healthy subjects and benign lesions.
4. TM should be specific for a tissue
5. Half life of a tumor marker should not be very long
6. TM levels correlates with the tumour stage, tumour
mass, and regression (during treatment or
recurrence)
7. TM should be present in plasma at a detectable level,
even when tumor size is very small
4.
5.
6. CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR MARKERS
ACCORDING TO THE MOLECULE.
1. Enzymes (PSA, ALP)
2. Hormones (hCG, inhibin)
3. Oncofetal (AFP, CEA)
4. Glycoproteins/charbohydrates (CA 125, CA
15-3)
5. Proteins (immunoglobulin, thyroglobulin)
7. I.ENZYMES AS TUMOR MARKERS.
• Prostate Specific
Antigen(PSA)
• Produced only in the
epithelial cells of the acini
and ducts of the prostate
gland
• Functionally regulates
seminal fluid viscosity
Detection of total PSA has been
used in screening for and in
monitoring of prostate
cancer
it’s a tumor marker for prostste
cancer.
• ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
(ALP)
• ALP is mainly present in liver,
biliary tract, bone and
placenta.
• Increased ALP can be seen in
• liver cancer
• Cancer of biliary tract
• Metastatic cancer with bone
or liver involvement
• Testicular seminomas.
8. II. HORMONES AS TUMOR MARKERS.
HUMAN CHORIONIC
GONADOTROPIN(HCG).
• hCG is secreted by trophoblasts in the
placenta to maintain the corpus luteum
during pregnancy.
• hCG is elevated in
– trophoblastic tumors
– choriocarcinoma
– germ cell tumors of the ovary and testis.
• hCG has several clinical applications as a
tumor marker.
– it is a prognostic indicator for ovarian
cancer
– a diagnostic marker for classification of
testicular cancer
– the most useful marker for detection of
gestational trophoblastic diseases
(GTDS)
– Pregnancy test
• INHIBIN.
• Inhibin is a produced by
granulosa cells of the
ovary and sertoli cells of
the testes.
• Certain sex cord-stromal
tumors can produce
inhibin.
• Inhibin is a peptide
hormone produced by
ovarian granulosa cells.
• This is the tumor marker
for mucinous epithelial
ovarian carcinomas.
9. III. ONCOFETAL ANTIGENS AS TUMOR
MARKERS.
A-FETOPROTEIN(AFP)
Synthesized by the yolk SAC, the fetal
liver and gut and is major plasma
protein.
In adults the normal conc is <10 g/L.
Increased plasma conc of protein are
seen in normal pregnancy.
It’s a tumor markerfor liver cell
cancer.
Also used in diasgnosis of neural
tube defects, hepatocellular
carcinomas (HCC) and
tesotherticular teratomas and
other germ cell carcinoma.
CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN(CEA)
tumor marker for colorectal
cancer, produced by normal
fetal gut cells and colorectal
cancer cells in adult.
also frequently elevated in lung,
breast, and gastrointestinal
tumors
but also high levels of CEA (>10
ng/mL) are associated with
non malignant conditions like
liver disease, pancreatitis
and inflamatory bowel
disease.
therefore CEA is not used for
screening, since its not
specific to colorectal cancer.
10. IV. Glycoproteins
CANCER ANTIGEN 125(CA 125)
its a glycoprotein Produced by
epithelial cells lining female
reproductive tract including
ovarian tissue.
it is also elevated in patients with
– endometriosis
– during the first trimester of
pregnancy
– during menstruation.
A high level (> 95 U/mL) of CA-
125 has a 90% positive
predictive value for ovarian
cancer.
A marker for ovarian cancer.
CANCER ANTGEN 15-3 (CA
15-3)
• Is a glycoprotein
Produced by certain
breast cancer cells. Its
shed in bloodstream
hence detected in
serum.
• A marker for breast
carcinoma.
• It may also be present in
pancreatic, Lung, Ovarian,
Colorectal and liver cancer
and in some breast benign
11. V. PROTEIN AS TUMOR MARKER.
THYROGLOBULIN.
• Synthesized by thyroid cells
and stored within thyroid
gland as the precursor to T3
& T4.
• In thyroid cancer, both
normal& cancerous thyroid
cells produce thyroglobulin,
hence elevated levels in
blood.
• Is a useful marker for
detection of differentiated
thyroid cancer.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN.
• Bence-Jones protein is
produced by abnormal
plasma cells in the bone
marrow.
• Bence-Jones protein is a
free monoclonal
immunoglobulin light chain
in the urine and its reliable
marker for multiple
myeloma.
