This document summarizes a life cycle assessment of the environmental impact of cruise holidays. It finds that a one-week cruise holiday has a carbon footprint over four times that of a comparable hotel-based holiday in Barcelona. The largest contributor is fuel usage, as cruise ships are very inefficient modes of transport that emit high amounts of greenhouse gases. While some materials can be reclaimed at the end of a ship's lifespan, the energy required to construct ships and the emissions generated during their operation far outweigh any savings from recycling. The document concludes that cruise passengers are essentially subsidized by others, as they do not pay the true environmental costs of their holiday.
A cruise ship is a passenger used for pleasure voyages. Cruise ships are destinations in themselves With features and amenities comparable or superior to land-based resorts. Cruising is remarkably affordable and one can enjoy his/her dream vacations. Cruise tourism made its small beginnings in 1839 as part of the fortnightly crossing mail service between Liverpool and Boston.
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com/
The presentation is all about:
1. Parts of the Cruiseship
2.Major Cruise liners
3.What Cruise Sold?
4. Most Popular places to Cruise
Reference:
Mancini, Marc Ph.D. (2012)
Access, Introduction to Travel and Tourism
Hiyas Press Inc.
A cruise ship is a passenger used for pleasure voyages. Cruise ships are destinations in themselves With features and amenities comparable or superior to land-based resorts. Cruising is remarkably affordable and one can enjoy his/her dream vacations. Cruise tourism made its small beginnings in 1839 as part of the fortnightly crossing mail service between Liverpool and Boston.
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com/
The presentation is all about:
1. Parts of the Cruiseship
2.Major Cruise liners
3.What Cruise Sold?
4. Most Popular places to Cruise
Reference:
Mancini, Marc Ph.D. (2012)
Access, Introduction to Travel and Tourism
Hiyas Press Inc.
A commentary on the various aspects of tourism geography cutting across the dimensions of physical geography, cultural geography and Human Geography. Also a narration on the physical dimensions of the world and the seasonal features.
A commentary on the various aspects of tourism geography cutting across the dimensions of physical geography, cultural geography and Human Geography. Also a narration on the physical dimensions of the world and the seasonal features.
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: Mια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας τ...Spyros Langkos
Παρουσίαση στο 3rd Student Excellence Conference 2015
Η Αθήνα ως διεθνής τουριστικός προορισμός: μια εμπειρική μελέτη της εικόνας της πόλης και του ρόλου των τοπικών «φορέων μάρκετινγκ προορισμού»
Σπύρος Λάνγκος, Mediterranean College Αθήνα - Σχολή Διοίκησης Επιχειρήσεων
http://www.medcollege.edu.gr/en/student-excellence-conference-programma
Προορισμοί σε όλο τον κόσμο σε μεγάλο βαθμό ανταγωνίζονται μεταξύ τους, προκειμένου να διατηρηθεί η ελκυστικότητα και την ανταγωνιστικότητά τους στην παγκόσμια τουριστική βιομηχανία. Για να γίνει αυτό, είναι απαραίτητο για τις αρχές προορισμού να είναι σε θέση να αντιμετωπίσουν τις διαφορετικές ανάγκες των διαφόρων τμημάτων της αγοράς, καθώς και για την εικόνα τους και να διαχειρίζονται τους προορισμούς με τρόπο που προσελκύει τους τουρίστες. Με άλλα λόγια, θα πρέπει να εφαρμόσουν αποτελεσματικά Destination Marketing, ο όρος που αναφέρεται στην προώθηση των τουριστικών προορισμών ως μέσο βελτίωσης της εικόνας και τη δημοτικότητά τους,
Η τουριστική βιομηχανία στην Ελλάδα είναι ένας από τους σημαντικότερους τομείς της οικονομίας που αφορά στη χώρα της αξίας (Ελληνική Στατιστική Αρχή, το 2014). Υπάρχουν πολλές δημόσιες και ιδιωτικές οργανώσεις που εμπλέκονται στην τουριστική βιομηχανία στην Ελλάδα.
6 προσωπικές συνεντεύξεις με στελέχη που εργάζονταν σε 6 διάσημα τοπικά DMOs. τεχνικές δειγματοληψία χωρίς πιθανότητα, τα μέλη του δείγματος επιλέγονται με βάση τη γνώση, τις σχέσεις τους και την εμπειρογνωμοσύνη όσον αφορά ένα θέμα έρευνας
Η ανάλυση περιεχομένου χρησιμοποιείται για την ανάλυση των δεδομένων που συγκεντρώθηκαν από τις προσωπικές συνεντεύξεις.
Sustainable Tourism - Lessons from around the worldAlan Lew
Defines sustainable tourism from ecosystem, geographic scales, and time horizon perspectives. Explores the diversity of ways that Sustainable Tourism is created around the world.
Carbon emissions are depleting the ozone layer. Globally, we need to half the carbon emissions by 2050. The Ship Emission Rating Index (SERI) helps ships to compare their emission rating with similar ships. SERI also helps to motivate ship owners to be the best they can be by striving to be on the leaderboard for being in the top class for environment friendly rated ships, demonstrated through their Ship Emission Rating. SERI will motivate ships to reduce their emissions as no ship would like to be at the bottom of the ratings. Ships with good Emission Ratings will have an advantage when seeking bank loans and insurance cover as banks and insurance companies will prefer to insure and lend environmental friendly ships that are highly rated and ranked.
The Port Environment – Emissions, Issues and Actiondrctaylor
Emissions from Ports affect air quality and climate change. What practical action can ports take? Presented at PIANC Young Professionals Seminar July 2010
Green shipping refers to the use of resources and energy to transport people and goods by ship and specifically concerns the reduction in such resources and energy in order to preserve the global environment from GHGs and environmental pollutants generated by ships.
Aviation carbon footprint of global scheduled international passenger flights...Dave Southgate
This book describes the carbon footprint of global international aircraft operations in 2012. It contains a large number of graphics and tables which are designed to make the data readily accessible to the reader.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN FUELED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEijsrd.com
In the history of internal combustion engine development, hydrogen has been considered at several phases as a substitute of hydrocarbon-based fuels. Starting from the 70’s, there have been several attempts to convert engines for hydrogen operation. Together with the development in gas injector technology it has become possible to control precisely the injection of hydrogen for safe operation. Here we are using stainless steel plate as electrode in the electrolytic cell, the electrolyte being water and NACL salt. The electrolytic cell we used is a 12V battery case made of plastic. The cross sectional layers are cut such that the stainless steel plate fix in the battery case. The plates are separated by very small distance and the plates are given parallel holes for electron flow to be uniform. The power source to the kit is provided by a 12V and 9Ams battery. We used a transparent tube to supply the hydrogen produced in the kit to the air hose tube of our motor cycle. In order to keep the battery charged we used two 6 Amp diode to power the battery while running. There is a separate switch to power the kit and to protect the battery from getting drained. The stainless steel plates are of 50cm length, 25cm height, 2 millimeter thickness. The battery case can hold up to 5 liters of electrolyte. The use of hydrogen with petrol to power the vehicle has resulted in increase in vehicle mileage, accelerating speed with most important task of reduction in exhaust emission.
Shipping industry ha sbeen experiencing a small boom in connection to the use of LNG as fuel. However more fuels come into play. What will be the future mix of all these fuels? Is it going to be one fuel dominating all others or we will have a more diverse picture?
This paper attempts to answer these questions.
Pkyrete research project: interim presentationRichard Farr
This research project aimed to create ‘Environmentally Benign Containers’, exploring if the cold chain (for example, fish being transported in flaked ice) could employ reinforced ice – called Pkyrete – in place of styrofoam, to reduce the amount of single-use material going into landfill.
This presentation provides an introduction to the key concepts of the sustainable supply chain, providing definitions of sustainability, explaining climate change and the ways that supply chains can be expected to change in the future, as a result of the need to "go green".
Green design principles are introduced, including the need to avoid creating a "monstrous hybrid". The limitations of recycling are explained and the need for business models centred upon reuse is made clear. The presentation is designed for use at HE5 and HE6 (UK second year or final year Bachelors degree) but it could also be of interest to companies and individuals.
The slides are downloadable, and the download includes presenter notes – plus a short sustainability game that was used in class.
Get your classroom warmed up with this simple exercise, challenging students to decide and justify the location of a set of facilities. The slides are downloadable, and include teaching notes and a handout sheet for students to complete.
Richard Farr and Joe Gazdula: the Social Media Minefield, a presentation for the TIRI 2016 ("Teaching Intensive, Research Informed") conference. Looking at what social media might bring to the classroom... and discussing some of the hazards for educators.
Simulating the Impacts of RemanufacturingRichard Farr
It’s the billion-dollar industry that most people have never heard of: remanufacturing... taking products at the end of their life and making them as good as new (or better). Should businesses plan to get products back, renew them and make them serve again? That's complicated: the sustainability benefits of remanufacturing are obvious, but the consequences at the operational level include fluctuating capacity requirements, and a need for new skills within the organisation. A parametric model, described here, shows how a business might find out what they can expect if they pursue a remanufacturing strategy. Originally presented at ICoR 2011, the International Conference on Remanufacturing.
Supply Chain Management: Context, Collaboration and CompetitionRichard Farr
Why are supply chains as they are? Who decides what jobs a company should do, and which ones should be left to others? These slides encourage the learner to think about the company operations in their supply chain context, with reference to established principles such as Porter's Five Forces, and Brandenburger and Nalebuff's work on coopetition. Suggested student activities are included, and the presentation can be downloaded.
Assembly is often a neglected activity: human beings are clever, dexterous and adaptable, so all too often we leave the production worker to figure things out. Proper assembly planning would reduce risks, and save time and money. This presentation introduces the key concepts of assembly sequence generation and evaluation. It doesn’t promote any particular software tool, but provides an introduction to the types that exist, and makes a case for a systematic consideration of the assembly task. Review questions for learners are included.
Downloadable presentation in Powerpoint format, originally produced with Keynote.
Giving feedback to students is often mutually unsatisfactory: it requires a great deal of time, yet it isn't always accessed. Can we do something better? This presentation was used to kick off a practitioner workshop back in 2014.
Design for in-circuit test (vintage 1994)Richard Farr
This one is an oldie, so please excuse the visual style. It comes from the first year of my PhD studies, 1994. The guidelines shown may still be of use to somebody working in printed circuit board (PCB) design. IT’S PROBABLY BEST DOWNLOADED since it's meant to run as a rolling slideshow, and it achieves a crude form of animations via multiple slides...
File translation courtesy of Zamzar.com, which allowed me to salvage this very old file, and make it available. For the PhD thesis itself (1999), see http://usir.salford.ac.uk/34320/
Design for Assembly (DFA) is a vital component of concurrent engineering – the multidisciplinary approach to product development. You might think it strange to begin by thinking about the assembly before you have designed all the components, but you can often eliminate many parts at the conceptual stage, and save yourself a lot of trouble.
This slideshow provides an introduction to the rules that are used in industry to produce affordable, reliable products. It includes the in-depth analysis of two real-world products subjected to a "product autopsy", detailed in photographs, plus tutor notes and recommendations for additional activities including an assembly game.
+++
Thanks for all the interest shown in this presentation... visit Capacify and leave me a message if you have any questions or comments. Also let me know if you'd like to have me as a guest speaker: the in-class 'ease of assembly game' is always fun.
Coopetition changes everything. Learn how to turn your competitors into 'complementors', and find "win-win" solutions in the modern business environment. Supported by examples, this short presentation explains the basic principles of how to secure a "bigger slice of the pie" even as you work to make the "pie" bigger for everybody.
The mantra of modern management in risk reduction, risk reduction, risk reduction... but what is risk, and how can managers make informed decisions about the hazards they (might) face? This presentation introduces students to some fundamental concepts, and methodologies, making reference to a boardgame that virtually everybody knows.
As a business, how can you reduce the impact of tourism, and ensure that you have access to visitor attractions for years to come? How can you defend yourself against critics, and how can you detect 'greenwash'? Finally, students apply what has been covered by planning a sustainable holiday.
You design for manufacture, design for assembly, design for reliability... why not design for logistics as well?
This presentation provides a theoretical background on the purposes of packaging, and the characteristics of products with good logistics properties. The efficiency of packaging strategies is discussed, and the influence of good relationships within the supply chain.
How can the complex supply chain for an aero engine respond to a request for quotation from an airline in just a week? This is the presentation that accompanied our ICE 2006 conference paper on aero industry virtual enterprises, legal issues and the "seven day proposal". One output from the EU Sixth Framework Integrated Project, VIVACE (Value Improvement through a VIRTUAL Aerospace Collaborative Enterprise).
Uses the ‘Da Vinci’ theme from Keynote Theme Park.
We are the stakeholders. All of us: you, me, governments, businesses and host communities... what happens in the tourism industry affects us all. This introductory lecture presents some of the key concepts in sustainable tourism, and reviews some of the problems that we face.
Don't let the natural and cultural wonders of our world be degraded by the people who love them and want to experience them: instead, discover sustainable solutions that benefit everyone.
Impacts of Cruise Tourism upon Small Island CommunitiesRichard Farr
Cruise holidays: love them or hate them... you can't deny that there are more people cruising than ever before. But is cruising ethical? Sustainable? Using the emerging destination of Chios as an example, we look at the impact that cruise ships have upon port communities, and the natural environment.
This is the conference presentation that accompanied our first research paper on the impact of cruise tourism, looking at a small island community in the Aegean.
For the full text of the accompanying paper, see: http://www.jotr.eu/index.php/tourism-management/64-understanding
How To Change Name On Volaris Ticket.pdfnamechange763
How to change name on Volaris ticket? This is one of the most common questions asked by travelers flying with Volaris Airlines. The mentioned details can help you with your name rectification on the airline ticket. If you are still facing difficulties call the consolidation desk at +1-800-865-1848.
Exploring Montreal's Artistic Heritage Top Art Galleries and Museums to VisitSpade & Palacio Tours
Montreal boasts a vibrant artistic heritage, showcased in its top art galleries and museums. From the expansive collections at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts to the cutting-edge exhibits at the Musée d'art contemporain, discover the city's rich cultural landscape. Experience dynamic street art, indigenous works, and contemporary pieces, reflecting Montreal's diverse and innovative art scene.
4 DAYS MASAI MARA WILDEBEEST MIGRATION SAFARI TOUR PACKAGE KENYABush Troop Safari
Join our 4-day Masai Mara Wildebeest Migration Safari in Kenya. Witness the incredible wildebeest migration, enjoy exciting game drives, and stay in comfortable lodges. Get up close and personal with one of nature's most amazing exhibits! Book Your Safari Today at - https://bushtroop-safaris.com/
How To Talk To a Live Person at American Airlinesflyn goo
This page by FlynGoo can become your ultimate guide to connecting with a live person at American Airlines. Have you ever felt lost in the automated maze of customer service menus? FlynGoo is here to rescue you from endless phone trees and automated responses. With just a click or a call to a specific number, we ensure you get the human touch you deserve. No more frustration, no more waiting on hold - we simplify the process, making your travel experience smoother and more enjoyable.
MC INTERNATIONALS | TRAVEL COMPANY IN JHANGAshBhatt4
Experience the world with MC Internationals travel and tourism. From foreign getways to cultural concentration, we tailor unforgettable journeys for every traveler. Let us turn your dream into reality and create lasting memories. Explore with us today. #TRAVEL,COMPANY #BEST,TRAVEL,COMPANY #VISIT,VISA #EMPLOYMENT,VISA #STUDY,VISA #HAJJ,AND,UMRAH
BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. BTW UK Visa Application Process, Uk Visa complete guide, Uk Visa fees, requirements and application process. Know all about uk visa and best way to apply for the uk visa. Get to know about the requirements that allows you for the faster visa appliaction. Get information in this PDF and simplyfy your visa process.
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza begins in the second week of March and lasts until the end of April, varying with altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the world flock to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates visitors.
About the Company:
The Cherry Blossom season in Hunza starts in the second week of March and extends until the end of April, depending on the altitude. During this enchanting period, tourists from around the globe travel to Hunza Valley to witness its transformation into a vibrant tapestry of white, pink, and green. The valley comes alive with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque and mesmerizing landscape that captivates all who visit. For the best experience, join Hunza Adventure Tours, the top tour company in Pakistan, and immerse yourself in this breathtaking seasonal spectacle.
London Country Tours, the foremost travel partner offers customized Stonehenge tours from London coming with private tour guides and direct access to the inner circles. Visit: https://www.londoncountrytours.co.uk/tour/tours-to-stonehenge-oxford/
Discover Palmer, Puerto Rico, through an immersive cultural tour that unveils its rich history and vibrant traditions. Experience lively festivals, savor authentic cuisine, and explore local markets. Visit historical landmarks, museums, and stunning colonial architecture. Engage with friendly locals, enjoy live music, and hike scenic nature trails, all while participating in cultural workshops and discovering unique artisan crafts.
The Power of a Glamping Go-To-Market Accelerator Plan.pptxRezStream
Unlock the secrets to success with our comprehensive 8-Step Glamping Accelerator Go-To-Market Plan! Watch our FREE webinar, where you'll receive expert guidance and invaluable insights on every aspect of launching and growing your glamping business.
Discover the wonders of the Wenatchee River with a variety of river tours in Monitor, WA. Whether you're seeking thrilling whitewater rafting, peaceful kayaking, family-friendly float trips, or scenic sunset cruises, there's something for everyone. Enjoy fishing, wildlife spotting, bird watching, and more in this beautiful natural setting, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts and families alike.
LUXURY TRAVEL THE ULTIMATE TOKYO EXPERIENCE FROM SINGAPORE.pdfDiper Tour
Get off on the most luxurious Tokyo itinerary from Singapore. Experience Tokyo’s sophisticated modernism and rich tradition with first-class travel, sumptuous lodging, fine food, and special tours. Savor the finest that this energetic city has to offer for an experience that will never be forgotten.
During the coldest months, Italy transforms into a winter wonderland, providing visitors with a very unique experience. From the Settimana Bianca ski event to the lively Carnevale celebrations, Italy's winter festivities provide something for everyone. Enjoy hot cocoa, eat hearty comfort foods, and buy during winter deals. Explore the country's rich cultural past by participating in Settimana Bianca, and Carnevale, sipping hot chocolate, shopping during winter deals, and indulging in winter comfort foods. Visit our website https://timeforsicily.com/ for more information.
Antarctica- Icy wilderness of extremes and wondertahreemzahra82
In this presentation, we delve into the captivating realm of Antarctica, Earth's southernmost continent. This icy wilderness stands as a testament to extremes, with record-breaking cold temperatures and vast expanses of pristine ice. Antarctica's landscape is dominated by towering glaciers, colossal icebergs, and expansive ice shelves. Yet, amidst this frozen expanse, a rich tapestry of unique wildlife thrives, including penguins, seals, and seabirds, all finely attuned to survive in this harsh environment. Beyond its natural wonders, Antarctica also serves as a vital hub for scientific exploration, providing invaluable insights into climate change and the Earth's history
Its running cost is among the diverse vital aspects you must consider before buying an electric scooter. Calculate the cost of getting e-scooter charge for your regular usage to calculate its economic efficiency, similar to people who investigate the mileage of petrol or diesel-driven scooters.
Understanding the Running Costs of Electric Scooters.pptx
Environmental Impact of Cruise Holidays
1. A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF
THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF CRUISE HOLIDAYS
• Richard Farr and Christine Hall
• Off-Campus Division
• University of Bolton capacify.wordpress.com
2. • The cruise industry: some numbers
• Issues and concerns
• Focus on greenhouse gases
• Life Cycle Assessment
• The cruise holiday carbon calculator
• Results obtained
• Concluding remarks
CONTENTS
capacify.wordpress.com
3. Tax paid on profits
AN INDUSTRY, IN NUMBERS
(WTTC, 2013)
(Leonhardt, 2011; Frantz, 1999)
(statistica.com, 2015)
Cruise ships, worldwide
Passenger capacity
Industry value, 2013
Passengers carried, 2012
Growth
capacify.wordpress.com
8. SMOKE IS NOT
AN INDICATOR
OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
Our interest was in
greenhouse gases;
carbon dioxide and
other substances that
pose a hazard to our
common future.
capacify.wordpress.com
9. “Climate change is occurring, is caused
largely by human activities, and poses
significant risks for a broad range of human
and natural systems.”
– National Resource Council (2010: 2)
CLIMATE CHANGE…
capacify.wordpress.com
10. A “cradle-to-grave” approach for
assessing industrial systems,
beginning with the gathering of
raw materials and ending at the
point when all materials are
returned to the earth.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
– Environmental Protection Agency (1993)
capacify.wordpress.com
11. LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT
Raw materials acquisition
Manufacture (shipbuilding)
Use phase
End-of-life
Atmospheric
emissions
Waterborne
wastes
Co-products
Solid wastes
Other
releases
(Adapted from EPA, 1993)
Materials
Energy
capacify.wordpress.com
12. RAW MATERIALS
• Building a cruise ship requires up to 100,000 tonnes
of materials; mostly steel.
• Each material obtained has “carbon consequences”.
• Substantial amounts of material can be reclaimed at
the end-of-life, at which point the ship earns a
‘discount’.
capacify.wordpress.com
13. SHIPBUILDING
• No clear figures for emissions and energy
expenditure during shipbuilding are available in the
public domain.
• Shipbuilders do have detailed information on this,
and an excellent tool for measuring their
performance: the Shipyard Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory Tool (EPA, 2014)
• A workaround: the DEFRA (2012) Conversion
Factors give a blanket figure for “other transport
equipment” including ships at 0.76kg CO2e per
pound spent.
capacify.wordpress.com
14. USE PHASE
• Fuel usage is the “big
problem” – and heavy fuel
oil (HFO) is exceptionally
dirty.
• Fuel consumption: around
127 tonnes per day.
• DEFRA (2012) quotes
3766.5 kg CO2e per tonne
for HFO.
• Add in connecting flights,
food and drink, excursions,
etc.
capacify.wordpress.com
17. USE OF THE MODEL
• DEFRA’s (2012) Conversion factors were used to
quantify the greenhouse gases associated with the
construction of a ship, its operations and end-of-life.
• The paper presents a fictional cruise holiday,
featuring a return flight from London to Barcelona,
and a week-long cruise of the Mediterranean,
including excursions and food and drink consumed
while aboard.
• This was compared with a week-long hotel holiday
in Barcelona, staying in an Accor Group hotel for
which environmental performance data were
available.
capacify.wordpress.com
18. One passenger’s share of…
kg CO2e
Ship materials & construction process
87.56
Fuel usage
1,116.14
Excursion travel
10.92
Food and beverages
84.00
Air travel to and from port of embarkation
39.10
Reclaimed ship materials at end-of-life
-24.03
Total contribution to climate change
1313.69
RESULTS OBTAINED
(About four times the CO2e of a comparable hotel-based holiday.)
capacify.wordpress.com
19. CONCLUDING
REMARKS
• A massive carbon footprint.
• Cruise passengers aren’t
paying anything close to the
real cost of their holiday –
which means that the rest of us
are.
• Will cruising one day be no
more acceptable than wearing
a fur coat?
(AmericanVogue,October1966)
capacify.wordpress.com
20. THANK YOU
Richard Farr
Senior Lecturer (Partnerships)
Off Campus Division
University of Bolton
+44 (0)1204 903631
r.farr@bolton.ac.uk
Capacify, the Sustainable Supply Chain blog:
http://capacify.wordpress.com
Twitter: @Capacified
21. Cruise Market Watch (2015) Growth of the Cruise Line Industry, available
from: http://www.cruisemarketwatch.com/growth/
DEFRA (2012) 2012 Greenhouse Gas Conversion Factors for Company
Reporting, available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2012-
greenhouse-gas-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting
Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory
Guidelines and Principles, EPA/600/R-92/245, Cincinnati, Ohio: Office of
Research and Development.
Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Shipbuilding Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) Emission Inventory Tool Version 2.1, available from:
http://www.epa.gov/sectors/publications/pubsector.html
Frantz, D. (1999) Soverign Islands: A special report; Cruise Lines Reap Profit
From Favors in Law, New York Times, 19th February 1999
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
22. Leonhardt, D. (2011) The Paradox of Corporate Taxes, New York Times, 1st
Feb 2011
Leslie, D. (2012) Responsible Tourism: Concepts, Theory and Practice,
Wallingford: CABI
National Research Council (2010) Advancing the Science of Climate Change,
Washington DC: The National Academies Press
Statistica.com (2015) Forecast of passenger capacity of the cruise industry
worldwide in 2015, by cruise line, available from:
http://www.statista.com/statistics/269134/passenger-capacity-of-the-cruise-
industry-worldwide-by-cruise-line/
Taylan, M. (2013) An Insight into Ship Recycling: Facts and Figures, in
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Maritime Safety, Security
& Environmental Protection, Athens, 30th – 31st May 2013
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
23. WTTC (2013) President and CEO of WTTC urges the cruise industry to speak
with ‘One Voice’ to Governments around the world, WTTC News and Media,
12th March, available from: http://www.wttc.org/news-media/news-
archive/2013/president-ceo-wttc-urges-cruise-industry-speak-one-voice-
governm/
REFERENCES
capacify.wordpress.com
24. Slide 1: In our earlier Chios study we had discovered that Greek
people were concerned about pollution of the sea, being affected by
the 2007 sinking of the MS Sea Diamond near Santorini, where
leaking oil wrecked their beaches… but what about climate change?
Ward (2010) in the Berlitz Guide to Cruising quoted 960kg CO2 per
week. (For comparison, UK norm is 152kg.) Was this accurate?
Slide 5: The Shields cartoon protests against fecal contamination
and illegal dumping, and shows a plume of black smoke… but says
nothing about climate change (or a number of other issues of
concern).
Slide 6: Those “financial issues” include the question of who pays for
the services that cruise ships depend upon, such as the Coast
Guard – bearing in mind only around 1% of tax on profits is paid, as
was shown on Slide 3.
Slide 7: The focus of this paper is only on greenhouse gas
emissions; not sulphur dioxide (causing acid rain and breathing
difficulties; fuel oil may be up to 4.5% sulphur) and not particulates
(linked with cancer).
Slide 9: David Leslie describes transport as tourism’s Achilles heel,
because of its carbon footprint. It’s worth considering how much
worse this is when your holiday is “all transport”, and when you move
not just the tourist but a small resort constructed mostly out of metal.
Slide 12: The melting point of steel is around 1370°C, and we put in
a lot of energy to reach that temperature. The specific heat capacity
of steel is 420J/kg/°C at room temperature, and increases to
720J/kg/°C near the melting point. That’s a minimum 375KWh to
melt a tonne of steel, if starting at room temperature… but real-world
machinery isn’t 100% efficient. In reality foundries use between 500
and 800 KWh to melt a tonne of steel… and that’s just to make steel
slabs – you still need to shape it into a boat, later.
Slide 13: Shipbuilding harm is spread between all passengers over
the lifespan of the ship, so we can divide by the number of
passengers berths, by the number of cruises undertaken in a year,
and by the number of years for which the ship will operates. A
passenger’s share of the harm resulting from shipbuilding actually
works out quite small (see Slide 16).
Slide 14: In CO2, cruise ships compare favourably to hotels in some
ways: a hotel in an unfashionable resort is a ruin, whereas a cruise
ship can simply be sailed elsewhere. They produce their own water,
and their sewage doesn’t require treatment of the kind performed on-
shore. Also, the staff don’t commute to work!
The vast majority of the carbon footprint of the cruise comes from
fuel usage. Possibly invite the audience to consider how they might
choose a vehicle based on miles per gallon: Hinrichsen [2010] tells
us a cruise ship delivers about 12 feet per gallon – that’s 0.0023
mpg.
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25. Slide 15: Reclaiming steel yields a carbon saving: 1,300 kg CO2e
according to DEFRA (2012). Note, however, that the ship breaking
nations are not countries we normally associate with excellence in
worker safety or ‘green’ performance… only carbon saving is a
positive and toxicity remains a concern. The west is still exporting its
pollution.
Slide 16: Simplicity. There’s nothing complicated going on in the
“cruise holiday carbon calculator”; just mathematical operations like
multiplication and addition. Excel was used as a common
denominator: it’s a simplistic approach but this means that anybody
can use (and improve) the model.
Slide 18: Our fictional cruise holiday (detailed briefly on the previous
slide) worked out about four times as much as a more conventional
holiday, staying in an Accor Group hotel in Barcelona… and it
involved about eight times as much of a contribution to climate
change as a typical week for a UK citizen.
Recall how we demonise air travel – and penalise it with departure
taxes and the like – but it forms only a very small part of the overall
carbon footprint of the holiday. Air travel does contribute to climate
change, but being crammed into a “cigar tube with wings” for a few
hours while it flies high is a lot different to having a stateroom on a
ship that has to push its way through the sea. We’re not comparing
like with like, in this regard… but Mintel [2014] describes a cruise
ship as “hotel-at-sea” so it’s worth considering fly-and-stay as
opposed to the cruise product.
Slide 19: In terms of carbon emissions, passengers are “using more
than their fair share” – and cheap fuel plus a large existing base of
installed engines means the industry isn’t likely to change any time
soon. As with the issue of who pays for the Coast Guard, the people
who cruise are basically subsidised by the people who don’t.
Cruise Tourism is a mass product nowadays, but to some extent it
still likes to trade on past glories, recalling ocean liners and
associating the cruise with luxury. But will a conspicuous display of
wealth and excess one day become as unfashionable as wearing
fur? It hasn’t happened yet… but then, few cruise passengers know
their carbon footprint.
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Editor's Notes
David Leslie described transport as tourism’s Achilles heel: how much worse when your holiday is “all transport” – and when you move not just the tourist, but a small resort constructed mostly out of metal.