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- 1. Aedes aegypti Monica S. Gambican
- 2. Taxonomic Classification Arthropoda Phylum Insecta Class Diptera Order Culicidae Family Aedes Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Bilateria Superphylum Ecdysozoa Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subclass Pterygota Infraclass Neoptera Superorder Endopterygota Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera Infraorder Culicomorpha Family Culicidae Subfamily Culicinae Tribe Aedini Genus Aedes Subgenus Stegomyia Species Aedes aegypti
- 3. Common Names principal vector for yellow fever yellow fever mosquito striped-color abdomen tiger mosquito
- 4. Synonyms 1920 Aedes aegypti (linnaeus, 1762) Stegomyia aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) Culex aegypti Linnaeus 1762 Several other synonyms from other countries
- 5. Aedes aegypti Monica S. Gambican Origin and Distribution
- 7. Egg May develop in as little as 2 days, whereas in cooler temperate climates, development can take up to a week Life History Larva Strictly aquatic that lasts five to seven days to complete the 4 instars Pupa the last aquatic developmental stage, usually lasting between 2.0 and 3.6 days under optimal conditions Adult The initial 24-hour period post- emergence is the teneral period. Males emerge first than females.
- 8. Life Span Female mosquitoes: 10-35 days (Goindin et al., 2015) Male mosquitoes: 3-6 days (Clements, 2000)
- 9. Egg • long, smooth, more or less ovoid shaped, and approximately 1 mm long • white in colour when freshly laid but turn black as a result of melanisation Morphology
- 10. Larvae • have ovoid head, thorax, and abdomen of nine segments • straight row of 7 to 12 comb scales on the 8th abdominal segment. Morphology
- 11. Pupa • comma-shaped • composed of cephalothorax and abdomen • At the tip of the abdomen there is a pair of oars or paddles used for swimming, which in the female are wider and overlap, but in the male are narrow and separated Morphology
- 12. Adult • Mouthpart • Males have longer maxillary palps than females Morphology
- 13. Adult • Antenna • Males have longer maxillary palps than females Morphology
- 14. Behavior Emergence • adult rests on the container wall allow the exoskeleton and wings to harden to rotate the male terminalia 180℃ (males)
- 15. Behavior Mating • takes place during flight • The male clasps the tip of the female abdomen with his terminalia and inserts his aedeagus into the genital chamber.
- 16. Behavior Flight Range • Usually the female does not fly more than 50m in the course of a lifetime • The female will often remain in the same house where it emerged, provided that adequate hosts, resting places, and oviposition sites are available • if sustainable containers are not present, a gravid female can fly up to 3km in search of a place to lay eggs • Males disperse less than females
- 17. Behavior Resting behavior • they seek a dark, quiet place to rest • commonly rest indoors in bedrooms, and kitchen and only occasionally outdoors in garden vegetation • Most resting occurs on vertical surfaces.
- 18. Behavior Habitat • container breeding mosquito: artificial or natural containers • Artificial containers: tanks, drums, automobile tires, tin cans, and bottles • Natural containers: tree holes, leaf axils, and rock holes
- 21. Mouthparts The proboscis is longer in males (0.76 ± 0.04 mm) than in females (0.66 ± 0.03 mm) Antennae The antennal hairs are bushy and plumose in males whereas in females they are smaller and less dense
- 22. Mouthparts The proboscis is longer in males (0.76 ± 0.04 mm) than in females (0.66 ± 0.03 mm) Antennae The antennal hairs are bushy and plumose in males whereas in females they are smaller and less dense
- 23. Chemical Control Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Biological Control Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Physical Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Find us On Social Media
- 24. Head Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Not satisfied? Get your money back. Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Thorax Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Abdomen Presentations are tools that can be used as demonstrations. Morphology
- 27. 400-550 years ago Introduction of Ae. aegypti to the new world 16th to 18th century Introduction of Ae. aegypti to the Mediterranean Region 1870’s Introduction to Asia through the Suez canal 1880’s Introduction to Australia, UK, South America (via shipment of tyres)
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Editor's Notes
- Domain Eukaryota KingdomMetazoa PhylumArthropoda SubphylumUniramia ClassInsecta OrderDiptera FamilyCulicidae GenusAedes SpeciesAedes aegypti
- The usual common name for Ae. aegypti is the “yellow fever mosquito”, as it is a principal vector for yellow fever. The closely-related species Ae. albopictus is often referred to as “Asian tiger mosquito”. In colloquial language, “tiger mosquito” is sometimes used for naming both species indistinctly, drawn from the observation of their striped-color abdomen. Synonyms
- “The trouble was that it (Ae. aegypti) had so many aliases, almost one for every country and systematist.” Culex albopalposus Becker, 1908Culex anguste-alatus Becker, 1908Culex annulitarsis Macquart, 1844Culex argenteus Poiret, 1787Culex augens Wiedemann, 1828Culex calopus Meigen, 1818Culex elegans Ficalbi, 1889Culex exagitans Walker, 1856 The species was first named as Culex aegypti in 1757, but since 1920 the name Ae. aegypti has been frequently used for the yellow fever mosquito. To resolve the nomenclature, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1964) validated the name Ae. aegypti and placed Ae. aegypti in the tribe Aedini, family Culicidae and subgenus Stegomyia. Analysis by Reinert et al. (2004) found the subgenus should be elevated to the rank of genus. However, this has largely not been adopted and more recently, Wilkerson et al. (2015) restored the Knight and Stone (1977) generic classification of the Aedini prior to Reinert et al. (2004) and updated the subgenera and informal species groups to Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Medlock et al., 2015).
- Aedes aegypti is distributed throughout tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions such as sub-Saharan Africa (from where it originates) (Mousson et al., 2005), south-eastern USA, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the Pacific and Indian Islands and Northern Australia (Kraemer et al., 2015). It has reappeared in parts of Southern Russia and Georgia (Yunicheva et al., 2008), which has been re-colonized again; it is introduced in Madeira (Almeida et al., 2007) and has been reported recently in the Netherlands, although it was eradicated (Scholte et al., 2010).
- Eggs. The eggs are laid over hours or days (Clements, 1992) and spread out over two or more sites. The eggs are smooth, long and ovoid-shaped, and approximately 1 mm long, colored white, which then turns a shiny black. In warm climates, such as the tropics, eggs may develop in as little as 2 days, whereas in cooler temperate climates, development can take up to a week (Clements, 1992). Larva. The larval and pupal stages are strictly aquatic. Larval development begins with the first of four instars, each larger than the last. Complete larval development typically lasts five to seven days and ends when the fourth instar larva develops and reaches the pupal. Fourth instar larvae are approximately 8 mm. long. Larvae are omnivorous and spend most of their time feeding. Males develop faster than females, so males generally pupate earlier. Pupa. The pupa is the last aquatic developmental stage, usually lasting between 2.0 and 3.6 days under optimal conditions. This stage is mobile (although non-feeding), and swims actively within the container in response to external stimuli such as vibrations and changes in light intensity. Adult. Adults emerge by ingesting air to expand the abdomen, thus splitting open the pupal case and emerging headfirst. The initial 24-hour period post-emergence is the teneral period, a physiological state during which the exoskeleton hardens and sexual maturation occurs (Clements, 2000). Males are the first to emerge and a balanced sex ratio is produced.
- The adult life expectancy varies from 10-35 days for female mosquitoes (Goindin et al., 2015) and 3-6 days for male mosquitoes (Clements, 2000) although this is highly dependent on temperature, being shorter in tropical regions and longer in more temperate climates, etc.
- Eggs. Eggs of Ae. aegypti are long, smooth, more or less ovoid shaped, and approximately 1 mm long. They are white in colour when freshly laid but turn black as a result of melanisation about two hours after oviposition (this colour change is not exclusive to Aedes mosquito species) (Nelson, 1986; Service, 2012).
- they have an ovoid head, thorax, and abdomen of nine segments. The posterior segment (anal) has four lobed gills for osmotic regulation and a short barrel-shaped siphon bearing a single pair of subventral tufts for breathing at the water surface (Clements, 2000; Service, 2012). The most distinguishing characteristics facilitating the differentiation of Ae. aegypti larvae from many other species of the Aedes genus are the 2 lateral spines on each side of the thorax and the straight row of 7 to 12 comb scales on the 8th abdominal segment. Ae. aegypti exhibits a medial spine with stout, subapical spines which are absent in Ae. albopictus (Nelson, 1986).
- Pupa. Pupae are comma-shaped, composed of two main sections, cephalothorax (head and thorax fused) and abdomen (Nelson, 1986; Service, 2012). At the base of the cephalothorax of the pupa is a pair of breathing tubes or “trumpets” that pierce the water surface to allow breathing (Nelson, 1986). At the tip of the abdomen there is a pair of oars or paddles used for swimming, which in the female (Figure 1.4, panel A) are wider and overlap, but in the male (Figure 1.4, panel B) are narrow and separated (Vargas, 1968).
- The mouthparts in these mosquitoes include a pair of maxillary palps, which have five white scale bands and are longer (0.77 ± 0.06 mm) and more developed in males than in females
- Males have longer antennae (0.57 ± 0.03 mm) than females (0.52 ± 0.07 mm). The antennal hairs are bushy and plumose in males whereas in females they are smaller and less dense
- Emergence. After emergence from the pupal stage case, the adult rests on the container wall for a few hours to allow the exoskeleton and wings to harden and, in the case of males, to rotate the male terminalia 180℃.
- Within 24 hours after emergence, both sexes can mate, and females can take blood meal. These two activities occur simultaneously because the males are attracted to the same vertebrate host as the females, which facilitate mating. Mating usually takes place during flight. The male clasps the tip of the female abdomen with his terminalia and inserts his aedeagus into the genital chamber. One insemination is enough to fertilize all the eggs that a female will develop during her lifetime.
- Flight range. Usually the female does not fly more than 50m in the course of a lifetime. The female will often remain in the same house where it emerged, provided that adequate hosts, resting places, and oviposition sites are available. However, if sustainable containers are not present, a gravid female can fly up to 3km in search of a place to lay eggs. Males disperse less than females.
- Resting behavior. When mosquitoes are not mating, searching for a host, or migrating, they seek a dark, quiet place to rest. Most commonly they rest indoors in bedrooms, and kitchen and only occasionally outdoors in garden vegetation. The preferred resting surfaces are walls, furniture, and hanging articles such as clothings, curtains and mosquito netting. Most resting occurs on vertical surfaces.
- Habitat. Ae. Aegypti is a container breeding mosquito. It is not to say that the larvae would not thrive in ground pools if given the chance. However, gravid females prefer to deposit eggs on the hard walls of containers immediately above the water level. These containers may be classified into artificial or natural containers. Artificial containers include tanks, drums, automobile tires, tin cans, and bottles. Natural containers include tree holes, leaf axils, and rock holes.
- If two or more names are found to apply to the same species, they are considered synonyms.
- “The trouble was that it (Ae. aegypti) had so many aliases, almost one for every country and systematist.”
- Aedes aegypti, along with Aedes albopictus, has greatly expanded its geographical distribution worldwide in the past 30 years (Jansen and Beebe, 2010; Kraemer et al., 2015) and it is among the most widespread mosquito species (ECDPC, 2016). It has been hypothesized that Ae. aegypti was domesticated in Africa and evolved to breed near humans and take blood meals from them (Powell and Tabachnick, 2013). Ae. aegypti was introduced to the New World 400-550 years ago from its native range in West Africa, most likely by the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 16th to 18th centuries (Powell et al., 2018). Ae. aegypti was introduced to the Mediterranean region from the New World around 1800 (Powell et al., 2018), where it persisted until it was eradicated in about 1950 (Holstein, 1967), possibly due the improved sanitation of water supplies and malaria vector eradication programmes (Schaffner and Mathis, 2014). Ae. aegypti was introduced into Asia by the 1870s after the Suez Canal opened in 1869, and then on to Australia (1887) and the South Pacific (1904) (Powell et al., 2018). Ae. aegypti populations outside Africa are derived from ancestral African populations and are monophyletic (Gloria‐Soria et al., 2016). Aedes aegypti was officially eradicated from much of the New World in the 1950s and 1960s, with recolonization starting in the 1970s (Gloria‐Soria et al., 2016). Introductions into Brazil were from South American countries to the north and from the Caribbean (Monteiro et al., 2014), Argentina, Mexico and the USA (Louisiana and Texas) (Gloria‐Soria et al., 2016). Some populations in California are thought to be quite recently established (Gloria-Soria et al. 2014). There are recent reports in Italy (1972) and Turkey (1961, 1984, 1992, 1993, 2001) although none of these records are indicative of well-established populations (Medlock et al., 2015). It was established on the island of Madeira in 2004 and 2005 (Medlock et al., 2015). Ae. aegypti was discovered in the Netherlands in 2010, and traced back using genetic markers to Florida, USA, from where they were believed to be introduced via a shipment of tyres (Brown et al., 2011), but it has been eradicated (Scholte et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2011). There have been individual sightings in the UK in 1865, 1919 and 2017, but it has never established (Dallimore et al., 2017). Ae. aegypti is so far not established on mainland Europe, but Ae. albopictus is established in the southern and central parts of mainland Europe and is spreading (ECDPC, 2022). It was introduced in California in 2013 from New Orleans and Houston (Gloria-Soria et al., 2014).