Hi everybody, i share a file I hope that you use to teach your students and help the to undertand about the study of englih ang the History of the English language
The document provides an overview of the foreign language programs offered at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from elementary through high school. The programs are organized into levels from beginner to advanced to develop students' cultural awareness, language acquisition, and proficiency. In middle and high school, the courses prepare students for IGCSE and IB exams and aim to provide a balanced learning experience to develop students holistically.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language programs offered at Seoul Foreign School, including Spanish, French, Korean, and English. It outlines the philosophy of language learning, which emphasizes cultural awareness, application of skills, and developing the whole person. The content, organization, and progression of the different language programs from elementary through high school are described. Courses become more advanced in high school, culminating in the IB Diploma Program language courses. Placement in courses is determined by teacher and test recommendations to best suit students' language proficiency and background.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language program at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from middle school through high school. The program is designed as a continuum from beginner to proficient levels. In middle school, the focus is on developing basic vocabulary and language skills. In high school, students can take IGCSE level 1 and 2 courses, as well as IB Language B and Ab Initio courses to further develop their language abilities and cultural understanding. Placement depends on teacher and student recommendations as well as test results. The goal is to enable students to communicate in everyday situations and interpret the literature of the target culture.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language program at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from middle school through high school. The program aims to develop cultural awareness, language skills, and the ability to interact in everyday situations. It is organized in levels from beginner to advanced, with placement based on teacher recommendations, tests, and prior results. Courses include IGCSE and IB Language B programs to help students progress in proficiency from foundational to more complex language skills and cultural understanding.
Modul kls xi unit 7 hortatory environmentalsman 2 mataram
Nowadays, Mastering English is a challenge for some people, this is because of the Modern Technology which accelerates the development of any field including Education. To fulfill the Standard of Competence these English Learning Materials, we have to concern with Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan as it is legitimated by Peraturan Menteri No 22 Tahun 2006 and it is applied in KTSP SMA which is elaborated completely in Syllabus Design.
This document provides teaching materials for an English lesson on spoof texts for 11th grade students. It includes:
1) An introduction to the learning objectives and key concepts around spoof texts, including their social function and generic structure.
2) Two examples of spoof texts with analysis of their orientation, events, and twist endings.
3) Details of speaking, reading, listening and writing activities for students to practice comprehending and creating spoof texts.
4) Standards and objectives for the lesson aligned with the national curriculum.
The document is designed to equip students with the skills to understand and write spoof stories in English.
The document summarizes how in 1066, William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded England and defeated King Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings. This marked a turning point where Norman French replaced Old English as the dominant language, putting the English language at risk of becoming a dead language. However, English survived and eventually became the global lingua franca it is today. The battle showed how English could have been lost, but it adapted and endured instead.
This document discusses the importance and feasibility of learning English in Brazil. It notes that English has been mandatory in Brazilian elementary schools since 1996. While it can be challenging to learn English only through grammar lessons or from a teacher who only speaks English, the document argues that learning English is possible through school. It also lists jobs that require English skills and notes the increasing numbers of Brazilians studying abroad in English-speaking countries.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language programs offered at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from elementary through high school. The programs are organized into levels from beginner to advanced to develop students' cultural awareness, language acquisition, and proficiency. In middle and high school, the courses prepare students for IGCSE and IB exams and aim to provide a balanced learning experience to develop students holistically.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language programs offered at Seoul Foreign School, including Spanish, French, Korean, and English. It outlines the philosophy of language learning, which emphasizes cultural awareness, application of skills, and developing the whole person. The content, organization, and progression of the different language programs from elementary through high school are described. Courses become more advanced in high school, culminating in the IB Diploma Program language courses. Placement in courses is determined by teacher and test recommendations to best suit students' language proficiency and background.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language program at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from middle school through high school. The program is designed as a continuum from beginner to proficient levels. In middle school, the focus is on developing basic vocabulary and language skills. In high school, students can take IGCSE level 1 and 2 courses, as well as IB Language B and Ab Initio courses to further develop their language abilities and cultural understanding. Placement depends on teacher and student recommendations as well as test results. The goal is to enable students to communicate in everyday situations and interpret the literature of the target culture.
The document provides an overview of the foreign language program at Seoul Foreign School. It offers Spanish, French, and Korean from middle school through high school. The program aims to develop cultural awareness, language skills, and the ability to interact in everyday situations. It is organized in levels from beginner to advanced, with placement based on teacher recommendations, tests, and prior results. Courses include IGCSE and IB Language B programs to help students progress in proficiency from foundational to more complex language skills and cultural understanding.
Modul kls xi unit 7 hortatory environmentalsman 2 mataram
Nowadays, Mastering English is a challenge for some people, this is because of the Modern Technology which accelerates the development of any field including Education. To fulfill the Standard of Competence these English Learning Materials, we have to concern with Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan as it is legitimated by Peraturan Menteri No 22 Tahun 2006 and it is applied in KTSP SMA which is elaborated completely in Syllabus Design.
This document provides teaching materials for an English lesson on spoof texts for 11th grade students. It includes:
1) An introduction to the learning objectives and key concepts around spoof texts, including their social function and generic structure.
2) Two examples of spoof texts with analysis of their orientation, events, and twist endings.
3) Details of speaking, reading, listening and writing activities for students to practice comprehending and creating spoof texts.
4) Standards and objectives for the lesson aligned with the national curriculum.
The document is designed to equip students with the skills to understand and write spoof stories in English.
The document summarizes how in 1066, William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded England and defeated King Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings. This marked a turning point where Norman French replaced Old English as the dominant language, putting the English language at risk of becoming a dead language. However, English survived and eventually became the global lingua franca it is today. The battle showed how English could have been lost, but it adapted and endured instead.
This document discusses the importance and feasibility of learning English in Brazil. It notes that English has been mandatory in Brazilian elementary schools since 1996. While it can be challenging to learn English only through grammar lessons or from a teacher who only speaks English, the document argues that learning English is possible through school. It also lists jobs that require English skills and notes the increasing numbers of Brazilians studying abroad in English-speaking countries.
English is the most widely spoken language globally and is important to learn for several reasons. It is spoken internationally as a lingua franca, allowing people from different countries to communicate. It is also widely used in business, education, travel, and on the internet. Nearly half the world's population is expected to speak English by 2050. Mastering English opens up opportunities in many fields and allows one to engage with global culture and art. It has become essential for work, education and communication in today's interconnected world.
English is an important language to learn for several reasons. It is widely spoken internationally for communication between different language speakers. Knowing English also makes you more employable globally and it is the language of science. Some effective ways to study English include social theater, watching movies in English, taking part in the English Access Microscholarship Program, creating fun English projects for children, competing in English contests, participating in leadership programs like Wave Week Moldova, and doing intercultural exchange projects where full immersion in English is used. Personal experiences studying abroad in places like Switzerland and Latvia were very formative for learning English through meeting people from different countries.
English is the most widely spoken language globally, being one of the official languages of the United Nations and being spoken as a first language by about 400 million people across 12 nations. Knowledge of English is essential in modern society for education, business, science, technology, communication, and travel. Mastering English opens up opportunities for higher education abroad, employment, learning about other cultures, and addressing global issues.
English has become the most widely spoken language globally and is important in many fields and sectors. It is used in education, medicine, engineering, business, and as a lingua franca for communication between different cultures and countries. English proficiency is necessary for academic and career success, as most information online and in publications is in English. It is crucial for studying sciences and computer languages, pursuing higher education abroad, and doing business internationally. English communication skills are especially important for engineering students, as lectures, projects, and resources are predominantly in English.
English is the most widely spoken language internationally and is important for communication, education, business and travel. It is used extensively on the internet and in entertainment, banking, international press and universities. While many countries have their own native languages, English is becoming more important globally as a common language of international discourse.
English is important for communication, access to information, and career opportunities in the modern world. It is a global lingua franca that allows people from different countries to communicate. Most internet content, about 50%, is in English, so knowing English provides access to vast amounts of information. English proficiency is also valued by employers and can help one get better jobs or promotions. Overall, being able to speak English effectively opens up opportunities for communication, education, and employment on the global stage.
Victorian underwear Museums, festivals and historical reunion have spread a new interest in applying dressing up for adults of all ages. Collecting, creating and wearing period costumes have become popular national past times. Fans of historical romance are especially fond of the women’s gown. But as beautiful as this gowns are on the outside, few people realize the steps that victorian women went through to obtain those remarkable silhouettes. Bloomers with some snaps come first. Then, the angles of the thing that supports the skirt keeps it from collapsing. The petticoat will be dropped over. The last is a very lovely wig with big wavy curls.
Beauty Ltda es una empresa dedicada a mejorar la apariencia personal y calidad de vida de sus clientes mediante técnicas innovadoras de belleza y métodos psicológicos. Su misión es enfocarse no solo en la apariencia física sino también en la parte emocional de los clientes, y su visión es expandirse a nivel nacional para el año 2015 mientras mantiene altos estándares de calidad.
An RMIT 3rd Year Media Presentation. Beauty is Pain is a transmedia project exploring the theme of risk, and convergence theory.
http://painful-beautiful.tumblr.com/
This document discusses the evolution of children's culture and increasing role of technology in children's lives. It notes that children now spend significantly more time using computers and gadgets like iPads, which are filled with educational apps and games. While technology provides educational benefits and tools to engage children, it also risks reducing outdoor play and physical interaction. The role of technology in education is also debated, as iPads in classrooms could reduce traditional learning but increase student engagement, though overuse of devices may diminish cognitive skills. Overall, the document questions whether current technology truly helps children or may harm their development by replacing other activities.
This document summarizes the results of a study on gender roles and equality conducted with students in Bulgaria. It discusses lessons and activities held with different grade levels. For the first grade, students were asked about images of bears doing household tasks and most assigned traditional gender roles. Older students conducted surveys that found women spend more time on household activities and children predominantly mentioned male political leaders, athletes, singers, actors and writers as those they admired. The study suggests more work is needed to increase awareness of gender stereotypes and discrimination against women.
Access of Children with Disabilities to Education, Health and Social Protecti...Meri Poghosyan
UNICEF undertook an effort to gather reliable information on the access of chil- dren with disabilities to health, education and social protection services. The survey also sought to reveal the levels of participation of children with disabilities in different life activities, such as sport, culture and community events, as well as the attitudes and awareness of their families or caregivers. The analysis of data reveals that children with disabilities in Armenia face strong barriers in access to services, in particular related to school inclusion, rehabilitation and community participation.
1. The document provides tips for how to study English, including enjoying learning English, using the internet as a resource, watching English-language films, practicing pronunciation with recordings, reading English books, listening to English songs, reading articles, practicing with friends, looking up new vocabulary words, writing activities in English, and taking English courses or tutoring.
2. Some key tips are to have an intention to learn English and enjoy the process, use online resources to support learning, watch films and listen to songs in English, practice pronunciation, read books and articles, write in English, and find a study partner or take lessons.
3. Mastering English requires consistent practice using available resources along with enjoying the learning process.
The document discusses Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed slaves in Confederate states. It provides background on Lincoln's evolving views on slavery prior to the war. Key reasons for issuing the proclamation included criticism from abolitionists, changes in public opinion, and a desire to undermine the Confederacy. The proclamation was opposed in the South but had mixed response in the North. It encouraged some slaves to escape and undermined European support for the Confederacy.
This document lists various hobbies and leisure activities that people enjoy doing in their free time. Some of the most commonly mentioned activities include hiking, rock climbing, jogging, dancing, singing, listening to music, swimming, riding horses, fishing, skateboarding, surfing, riding bikes, sightseeing, going to concerts and the cinema, going out with friends, talking on the phone, surfing the internet, playing cards, doing puzzles, reading, painting, cooking, and more.
The document summarizes Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863. It notes that Lincoln initially did not believe he had the power as President to abolish slavery but issued the proclamation after the Battle of Antietam to weaken the Confederacy by freeing slaves in rebel states. The proclamation freed slaves only in states that had seceded from the Union but did not apply to border states. It allowed African Americans to serve in the Union army and marked a shift in the war's focus to ending slavery, though it had limitations in scope and enforcement.
Why learning english is so important yulia guzakvitek2101
This document discusses the importance of studying English. It notes that English has become a global lingua franca and is spoken as a first or second language by over 1 billion people worldwide. The document highlights that being able to speak English provides opportunities in careers, education, travel, and arts and culture as much scientific literature and internet content is in English. It concludes that fluency in English is associated with greater success and social status.
This document summarizes the Bachelor's program in Economics and Management at Karel Englis College in Brno, Czech Republic. The 6 semester program includes courses in economics, mathematics, management, accounting, law and other business subjects. In the 5th and 6th semesters, students complete a bachelor's thesis and state exams in economics, business, and management. The college provides modern learning facilities, computer resources, and small class sizes taught by professors and guest lecturers to support students' learning. Prospective students are encouraged to consider this program opportunity at the affordable private college located in Brno.
This document contains profiles of multiple individuals from Turkey describing their hobbies, interests and personality traits. Some common interests mentioned across profiles include listening to music, watching TV shows, spending time with friends and family, enjoying food like iskender and lahmacun, and activities like walking, sports and traveling. Dislikes include snakes, crowds and wasting time. Personality descriptions include calm, polite, generous, funny and ambitious traits.
The document discusses the nativization of the English language in Nigeria through an analysis of two novels: Elechi Amadi's The Concubine and Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus. It explores how the authors used Nigerian English expressions like semantic shift, collocation, and coinage to portray Nigerian culture, traditions, and the local sensibilities of Nigerians. The document also examines the different varieties of Nigerian English that have developed and the areas in which the English language has been nativized in Nigeria, including the political, educational, and sociocultural domains.
Perspectives and problems of codifying nigerian pidgin english orthographyAlexander Decker
The document discusses various perspectives on codifying the orthography of Nigerian Pidgin English. It examines views that Nigerian Pidgin English should develop its own orthography based on Nigerian languages rather than English spelling. It also considers perspectives that support using English spelling for Nigerian Pidgin English due to its roots in English and the advantages this could provide. Overall, the document explores the ongoing debate around establishing a standardized orthography for Nigerian Pidgin English and considers arguments for both indigenous and English-based approaches.
English is the most widely spoken language globally and is important to learn for several reasons. It is spoken internationally as a lingua franca, allowing people from different countries to communicate. It is also widely used in business, education, travel, and on the internet. Nearly half the world's population is expected to speak English by 2050. Mastering English opens up opportunities in many fields and allows one to engage with global culture and art. It has become essential for work, education and communication in today's interconnected world.
English is an important language to learn for several reasons. It is widely spoken internationally for communication between different language speakers. Knowing English also makes you more employable globally and it is the language of science. Some effective ways to study English include social theater, watching movies in English, taking part in the English Access Microscholarship Program, creating fun English projects for children, competing in English contests, participating in leadership programs like Wave Week Moldova, and doing intercultural exchange projects where full immersion in English is used. Personal experiences studying abroad in places like Switzerland and Latvia were very formative for learning English through meeting people from different countries.
English is the most widely spoken language globally, being one of the official languages of the United Nations and being spoken as a first language by about 400 million people across 12 nations. Knowledge of English is essential in modern society for education, business, science, technology, communication, and travel. Mastering English opens up opportunities for higher education abroad, employment, learning about other cultures, and addressing global issues.
English has become the most widely spoken language globally and is important in many fields and sectors. It is used in education, medicine, engineering, business, and as a lingua franca for communication between different cultures and countries. English proficiency is necessary for academic and career success, as most information online and in publications is in English. It is crucial for studying sciences and computer languages, pursuing higher education abroad, and doing business internationally. English communication skills are especially important for engineering students, as lectures, projects, and resources are predominantly in English.
English is the most widely spoken language internationally and is important for communication, education, business and travel. It is used extensively on the internet and in entertainment, banking, international press and universities. While many countries have their own native languages, English is becoming more important globally as a common language of international discourse.
English is important for communication, access to information, and career opportunities in the modern world. It is a global lingua franca that allows people from different countries to communicate. Most internet content, about 50%, is in English, so knowing English provides access to vast amounts of information. English proficiency is also valued by employers and can help one get better jobs or promotions. Overall, being able to speak English effectively opens up opportunities for communication, education, and employment on the global stage.
Victorian underwear Museums, festivals and historical reunion have spread a new interest in applying dressing up for adults of all ages. Collecting, creating and wearing period costumes have become popular national past times. Fans of historical romance are especially fond of the women’s gown. But as beautiful as this gowns are on the outside, few people realize the steps that victorian women went through to obtain those remarkable silhouettes. Bloomers with some snaps come first. Then, the angles of the thing that supports the skirt keeps it from collapsing. The petticoat will be dropped over. The last is a very lovely wig with big wavy curls.
Beauty Ltda es una empresa dedicada a mejorar la apariencia personal y calidad de vida de sus clientes mediante técnicas innovadoras de belleza y métodos psicológicos. Su misión es enfocarse no solo en la apariencia física sino también en la parte emocional de los clientes, y su visión es expandirse a nivel nacional para el año 2015 mientras mantiene altos estándares de calidad.
An RMIT 3rd Year Media Presentation. Beauty is Pain is a transmedia project exploring the theme of risk, and convergence theory.
http://painful-beautiful.tumblr.com/
This document discusses the evolution of children's culture and increasing role of technology in children's lives. It notes that children now spend significantly more time using computers and gadgets like iPads, which are filled with educational apps and games. While technology provides educational benefits and tools to engage children, it also risks reducing outdoor play and physical interaction. The role of technology in education is also debated, as iPads in classrooms could reduce traditional learning but increase student engagement, though overuse of devices may diminish cognitive skills. Overall, the document questions whether current technology truly helps children or may harm their development by replacing other activities.
This document summarizes the results of a study on gender roles and equality conducted with students in Bulgaria. It discusses lessons and activities held with different grade levels. For the first grade, students were asked about images of bears doing household tasks and most assigned traditional gender roles. Older students conducted surveys that found women spend more time on household activities and children predominantly mentioned male political leaders, athletes, singers, actors and writers as those they admired. The study suggests more work is needed to increase awareness of gender stereotypes and discrimination against women.
Access of Children with Disabilities to Education, Health and Social Protecti...Meri Poghosyan
UNICEF undertook an effort to gather reliable information on the access of chil- dren with disabilities to health, education and social protection services. The survey also sought to reveal the levels of participation of children with disabilities in different life activities, such as sport, culture and community events, as well as the attitudes and awareness of their families or caregivers. The analysis of data reveals that children with disabilities in Armenia face strong barriers in access to services, in particular related to school inclusion, rehabilitation and community participation.
1. The document provides tips for how to study English, including enjoying learning English, using the internet as a resource, watching English-language films, practicing pronunciation with recordings, reading English books, listening to English songs, reading articles, practicing with friends, looking up new vocabulary words, writing activities in English, and taking English courses or tutoring.
2. Some key tips are to have an intention to learn English and enjoy the process, use online resources to support learning, watch films and listen to songs in English, practice pronunciation, read books and articles, write in English, and find a study partner or take lessons.
3. Mastering English requires consistent practice using available resources along with enjoying the learning process.
The document discusses Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which freed slaves in Confederate states. It provides background on Lincoln's evolving views on slavery prior to the war. Key reasons for issuing the proclamation included criticism from abolitionists, changes in public opinion, and a desire to undermine the Confederacy. The proclamation was opposed in the South but had mixed response in the North. It encouraged some slaves to escape and undermined European support for the Confederacy.
This document lists various hobbies and leisure activities that people enjoy doing in their free time. Some of the most commonly mentioned activities include hiking, rock climbing, jogging, dancing, singing, listening to music, swimming, riding horses, fishing, skateboarding, surfing, riding bikes, sightseeing, going to concerts and the cinema, going out with friends, talking on the phone, surfing the internet, playing cards, doing puzzles, reading, painting, cooking, and more.
The document summarizes Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863. It notes that Lincoln initially did not believe he had the power as President to abolish slavery but issued the proclamation after the Battle of Antietam to weaken the Confederacy by freeing slaves in rebel states. The proclamation freed slaves only in states that had seceded from the Union but did not apply to border states. It allowed African Americans to serve in the Union army and marked a shift in the war's focus to ending slavery, though it had limitations in scope and enforcement.
Why learning english is so important yulia guzakvitek2101
This document discusses the importance of studying English. It notes that English has become a global lingua franca and is spoken as a first or second language by over 1 billion people worldwide. The document highlights that being able to speak English provides opportunities in careers, education, travel, and arts and culture as much scientific literature and internet content is in English. It concludes that fluency in English is associated with greater success and social status.
This document summarizes the Bachelor's program in Economics and Management at Karel Englis College in Brno, Czech Republic. The 6 semester program includes courses in economics, mathematics, management, accounting, law and other business subjects. In the 5th and 6th semesters, students complete a bachelor's thesis and state exams in economics, business, and management. The college provides modern learning facilities, computer resources, and small class sizes taught by professors and guest lecturers to support students' learning. Prospective students are encouraged to consider this program opportunity at the affordable private college located in Brno.
This document contains profiles of multiple individuals from Turkey describing their hobbies, interests and personality traits. Some common interests mentioned across profiles include listening to music, watching TV shows, spending time with friends and family, enjoying food like iskender and lahmacun, and activities like walking, sports and traveling. Dislikes include snakes, crowds and wasting time. Personality descriptions include calm, polite, generous, funny and ambitious traits.
The document discusses the nativization of the English language in Nigeria through an analysis of two novels: Elechi Amadi's The Concubine and Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus. It explores how the authors used Nigerian English expressions like semantic shift, collocation, and coinage to portray Nigerian culture, traditions, and the local sensibilities of Nigerians. The document also examines the different varieties of Nigerian English that have developed and the areas in which the English language has been nativized in Nigeria, including the political, educational, and sociocultural domains.
Perspectives and problems of codifying nigerian pidgin english orthographyAlexander Decker
The document discusses various perspectives on codifying the orthography of Nigerian Pidgin English. It examines views that Nigerian Pidgin English should develop its own orthography based on Nigerian languages rather than English spelling. It also considers perspectives that support using English spelling for Nigerian Pidgin English due to its roots in English and the advantages this could provide. Overall, the document explores the ongoing debate around establishing a standardized orthography for Nigerian Pidgin English and considers arguments for both indigenous and English-based approaches.
The document discusses World Englishes and intercultural communication, including Kachru's three circles model of inner, outer, and expanding circle countries. It also examines recent cognitive approaches to studying varieties of English, how cultural conceptualizations can facilitate or impede intercultural communication, and the importance of intercultural competence for successful intercultural interactions.
Singlish is a unique creole language spoken in Singapore that mixes elements of English with other languages spoken in Singapore like Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, Malaysian, and Indian languages. Singlish has differences from standard English in terms of grammar, with topic prominence and copula deletion. Pronunciation is also distinct, with changes to consonants and stress, and different vowel sounds. Despite difficulties for non-Singaporeans to understand, Singlish acts as a lingua franca and cultural bridge between Singapore's multicultural population.
Nigerian english syntax and usage between deviance and deviationAlexander Decker
This document discusses the distinction between deviance and deviation in Nigerian English. It defines deviance as sentences or units that do not conform to grammar rules and are ill-formed, while deviation refers to usage forms that do not disrupt communication or international intelligibility, and reflect the multilingual Nigerian environment. Examples of deviant Nigerian English are provided that depart significantly from Standard British English. The document aims to differentiate between deviance and deviation, exemplify deviations, and discuss implications for English students and linguists in Nigeria.
Domestication of the English Language in Nigeria: An Examination of Morpho-Sy...Premier Publishers
This paper examined certain developmental patterns Nigerian English (NigE) demonstrates in recent times, particularly at the linguistic levels of morphology and syntax. While studying these current trends, a sociolinguistic approach, as enunciated and popularized by Labov (1966), was adopted. The principal source of data for the corpus was the use of 100 questionnaires containing 11 objective tests administered to the respondents. The first part of the work provided an overview of the place of NigE as one of the World Englishes, today, while the second part which is the core of the work is an examination of the nature of foray the typology has made on the construction and use of English by Nigerians of a broad social spectrum. The study established that the uniqueness of NigE is considerably realized in such linguistic features as conversion, acronym, composition, redundancy, coinage and reduplication. It was, as well, observed that some NigE forms exhibit the same morphological and syntactic patterns as those of Standard English (SE) while some exhibit significant variations.
This document summarizes a study examining lexico-grammatical errors in Nigerian English and implications for teachers and learners. The study analyzed errors made by 60 secondary students over 4 weeks, identifying 227 total errors, with 184 (81.06%) being grammatical and 43 (18.94%) being lexical. The study aims to determine differences between Nigerian English and British English at the lexical and grammatical levels and how these differences affect students' language skills and academic performance. It argues that teachers need to teach standard English to minimize failure in English examinations.
Historical linguistics is the study of language change and involves describing how languages change over time, reconstructing proto-languages, and determining the relatedness between languages to group them into families. It grew out of philology and started as comparative linguistics focused on establishing language families like Indo-European through the comparative method. The field has since expanded to study language change and history in many diverse language families around the world. Contemporary comparative linguistics also examines innate linguistic universals and how they interact with language particulars through parameters.
This document summarizes a debate between Kachru and Quirk regarding World Englishes and standards of English. Kachru argued that varieties of English used in places like India and Nigeria are legitimate Englishes, not just errors or deviations from native standards. Quirk believed a common standard was necessary for intelligibility. The document also discusses how Kachru challenged the interlanguage theory and its view of non-native varieties as deficient. It notes debates around teaching standards, and implications for applied linguistics in understanding new Englishes in their sociocultural contexts rather than only through inner-circle norms.
English began as a language spoken by Germanic tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD. Over centuries, English developed and spread within Britain, becoming established as the dominant language by the 9th century. Today, English has spread globally and is spoken by between 1.5-2 billion people worldwide, having become the predominant international language of business, science, and diplomacy due to British colonial expansion and American cultural influence over the past few centuries. However, as English is used in many varied contexts around the world, questions arise around what constitutes English and how local variations relate to the original language.
This document discusses the complexity of how English functions globally and how concepts like native/non-native speakers and varieties are often oversimplified. It notes that languages are social constructs linked to how people use them, not entities with independent existence. While classifications like Kachru's circles aimed to recognize this complexity, terms often slip back into inaccurate shortcuts. There is variation within countries, and English is used by native and non-native speakers in many places. Standard English exists more as a written norm influenced by consensus rather than rules, so no one is fully knowledgeable about standards in all places.
New Zealand English developed from the English brought by British settlers in the 19th century. It has been influenced by the indigenous Maori language and Australian English. Today it is the primary language of New Zealand, spoken by over 95% of the population. New Zealand English is non-rhotic and has distinctive vowels compared to other English accents. It also contains some unique grammatical constructions and vocabulary adopted from Maori and other Polynesian languages. Well known promoters of New Zealand English include singers who perform with the accent as well as playwrights who address New Zealand topics and issues.
The document discusses the history of language teaching methods. It describes how the Grammar Translation Method was popular in the 19th century but started facing criticism for its lack of focus on communication skills. Influential language teaching innovators from the mid-19th century like Gouin emphasized teaching language in context through actions and gestures. This helped lay the foundation for newer approaches that prioritized oral proficiency over grammar rules and translation exercises. By the late 19th century, many called for reforms to move beyond the Grammar Translation Method.
The document discusses several courses aimed at familiarizing students with the English language and Anglophone culture. It provides course descriptions for English Literature I & II, which cover English literature from the 6th century to the 19th century, and from the 19th century to present day respectively. It also describes Anglophonic Culture I & II, which examine the history and culture of English speakers from the 6th century until English became a global language, and then from the colonial expansion era to today. The courses utilize lectures, discussions, readings and other materials to immerse students in the sociocultural contexts behind the development of the English language.
A brief history of the english language and literature, vol. 2Aslam Malik
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the English language. It discusses how English originated from early Germanic dialects spoken by Anglo-Saxon tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th century AD. It displaced the native Brittonic languages. English is classified as a West Germanic language within the Indo-European family. Over many centuries it absorbed vocabulary and grammar elements from other languages it came into contact with, such as Old Norse and Norman French. The document outlines the major periods of English and provides context on its expansion across the world over the past thousand years to become a global language.
1) The document discusses the history of English literature from Old English to modern times, including influences from other languages like Norse, French, and Latin.
2) It outlines problems with English literature like changes in pronunciation over time and differences between American and British English. The mixing of many language sounds also causes difficulties.
3) Solutions proposed to problems with English literature include increasing exposure to English through reading, speaking, and listening in order to improve vocabulary and pronunciation.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
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English Study and History of the English Lanaguage
1. English Study
You’re a Wow! Th
ank
smart you…! I o
l ve
student… learning
English
!
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
Taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2. English Study
English Studies is an
academic discipline that
includes the study of:
What is the
literatures written in the English language,
English
English linguistics, and Studies?
.
English sociolinguistics.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
3. English Study
What do
literature from the UK, literatures
the USA, Ireland, written in
Canada, Australia, New the English
Zealand, Hong Kong, the language
Philippines, India, South include?
Africa, and the Middle
East, among other areas.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
Teacher Nerio Burga
4. English Study
Ho w a b o
phonetics, ut
phonology, English
syntax, linguistic
s?
morphology,
semantics,
pragmatics,
corpus
linguistics,
and
stylistics.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
5. English Studiy
… Discourse
analysis of
written and And En
spoken texts,
sociolin glish
the history of guistic
the English s?
language,
English
language
learning and
teaching, and
The study of
World
Englishes
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
6. English Study
More broadly, English
studies explores the What does
production and analysis of academic
texts created in English (or departments
in areas of the world in of English
which English is a common include?
mode of communication).
It is not uncommon for
academic departments of
"English" or "English
Studies“.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
7. English Study
"English St
udies" inc u
of the En l des scho
glish lang a lars
literature, u ge,
journalis linguistics
m, the phi , law,
language losophy of
commun , publishin
ication stu g,
communica dies, techni That’s
tion, folklo cal
studies, cr re, cultura interesting.
eative wri i l
theory, t t ng, critic
heatre, et al
electroni hni
c publishing c studies,
rhetoric , film stud
and philol ies,
and variou ogy/etym
s courses i ology,
arts and h n the liber
umanities al
, among
others.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
8. What is English?
Of cour
se, It re
with t
he arr v ally started
Germa i al of
nic tri three
Angle
s, the bes: the Do you
the Jut Saxons know about
es, wh a nd
Britain o invad history of
centur during the 5 ed English
y AD ( th
Anno D
om i n i
). language?
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
10. History of English language.
How did
They crossed they
the North Sea invade
from what Britain?
today is
Denmark and
northern
Germany (see
the map below)
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
11. Germanic invaders entered Britain on the
east and south coasts in the 5th century
Teacher Nerio Burga
12. History of English language.
At tha
t time
inhabi the What
tants o language
Britain f
Celtic spoke a did the
l ang u British
a ge . speak at
the time?
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
13. History of English language.
Most o
f t he What
speake Celtic happened
rs we
pushed re with the
north west a
by the nd Celtic
- ma i n invad speakers?
ly into ers
now W w ha t i
ales, S s
cotlan
and Ire d
land.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
15. History of English language.
The hi
story s
Angle aid Th
s c a me e
Englala from And … How
nd and
langua did English
ge wa their
Englis s calle language
c - from d appear?
the wo which
rds En
and En gland
glish
derive are
d.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui. Teacher Nerio Burga
16. History of English language.
I do. Would yo
u like
Old English. to explain
Middle more ab
English. out
the Histo
Modern ry of
English:
English
languag
Pearl e?
Modern
English -
Late
Modern Let’s talk
English .
about old Interesting!
English.
By Nerio Burga Sagástgeui.
17. Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes
languages
spoke similar languages, which in
Britain developed into what we
now call Old English. Old English
did not sound or look like English Oh!
today. Native English speakers
now would have great difficulty
understanding Old English.
Teacher Nerio Burga
18. Old English (450-1100 AD)
Nevertheless, about half of
the most commonly used
words in Modern English
have Old English roots. The Wonderful!
words be, strong and water,
for example, derive from Old
English. Old English was
spoken until around 1100.
See an example of old
English!
Teacher Nerio Burga great
19. Part of Beowulf, a
poem written in Old
English
Teacher Nerio Burga
20. Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the
Conqueror, the Duke of
Normandy (part of modern
France), invaded and
conquered England.
The new conquerors (called
the Normans) brought with
them a kind of French, which
became the language of the
Royal Court, and the ruling
and business classes.
Teacher Nerio Burga
21. For a period there was a kind of linguistic
class division, where the lower classes
spoke English and the upper classes
spoke French.
In the 14th century English became
dominant in Britain again, but with
many French words added. This
language is called Middle English.
Teacher Nerio Burga
22. It was the language
of the great poet
Chaucer (1340-1400),
but it would still be
difficult for native
English speakers to
understand today.
An example of Middle English
by Chaucer. Nerio Burga
Teacher
23. MODERN ENGLISH
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800)
• From the 16th century the
British had contact with many
people from around the world.
• This, and the Renaissance of
Classical learning, meant that
many new words and phrases
entered the language. The
invention of printing also meant
that there was now a common
language in print.
Teacher Nerio Burga
24. • Books became cheaper and
more people learned to read.
Printing also brought
standardization to English.
• Spelling and grammar became
fixed, and the dialect of
London, where most
publishing houses were,
became the standard.
• In 1604 the first English
dictionary was published
Teacher Nerio Burga
25. Late Modern English (1800-
Present)
• The main difference between Early
Modern English and Late Modern English
is vocabulary.
• Late Modern English has many more
words, arising from two principal factors:
• Firstly, the Industrial Revolution and
technology created a need for new words;
• Secondly, the British Empire at its height
covered one quarter of the earth's surface,
and the English language adopted foreign
words from many countries.
Teacher Nerio Burga
27. • At this time, the vocabulary of Old English
consisted of an Anglo Saxon base with
borrowed words from the Scandinavian
languages (Danish and Norse) and Latin.
Latin gave English words like street,
kitchen, kettle, cup, cheese, wine, angel,
bishop, martyr, candle.
Teacher Nerio Burga
28. The Vikings added many Norse words: sky, egg,
cake, skin, leg, window (wind, eye), husband,
fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give,
take, raise, call, die, they, their, them.
Celtic words also survived mainly in place and
river names (Devon, Dover, Kent, Trent, Severn,
Avon, Thames).
Teacher Nerio Burga
29. Many pairs of English and Norse words
coexisted giving us two words with the same
or slightly differing meanings. Examples below.
Norse English
• Anger • wrath
• Nay • no
• Fro • from
• ill • sick
• skirt • shirt
Teacher Nerio Burga
30. In 1066 the Normans conquered Britain.
French became the language of the Norman
aristocracy and added more vocabulary to
English.
FRENCH • ENGLISH
• Close • shut
• Odour • smell
• Annual • yearly
• Chamber • room
Teacher Nerio Burga
31. Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to
be" lines, written in Early Modern
English by Shakespeare.
Teacher Nerio Burga
32. Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of
North America resulted in the creation of a
distinct American variety of English. Some
English pronunciations and words "froze" when
they reached America.
In some ways, American English is more like the
English of Shakespeare than modern British
English is.
Teacher Nerio Burga
33. Spanish also had an influence on American
English (and subsequently British English), with
words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante
being examples of Spanish words that entered
English through the settlement of the American
West. French words (through Louisiana) and West
African words (through the slave trade) also
influenced American English (and so, to an extent,
British English).
Teacher Nerio Burga
34. Some expressions that the British call
"Americanisms" are in fact original British
expressions that were preserved in the
colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for
example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb
instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another
example, frame-up, was re-imported into
Britain through Hollywood gangster movies).
Teacher Nerio Burga
35. Varieties of English
Today, American English is particularly
influential, due to the USA's dominance of
cinema, television, popular music, trade and
technology (including the Internet). But there
are many other varieties of English around the
world, including for example Australian English,
New Zealand English, Canadian English, South
African English, Indian English and Caribbean
English.
Teacher Nerio Burga
36. The Germanic Family of
Languages
English is a
member of the
Germanic family
of languages.
Germanic is a
branch of the
Indo-European
language family.
Teacher Nerio Burga
37. A brief chronology of English:
A brief chronology of English.doc
Teacher Nerio Burga