The document summarizes how in 1066, William the Conqueror of Normandy invaded England and defeated King Harold II of England at the Battle of Hastings. This marked a turning point where Norman French replaced Old English as the dominant language, putting the English language at risk of becoming a dead language. However, English survived and eventually became the global lingua franca it is today. The battle showed how English could have been lost, but it adapted and endured instead.
The author's purpose for writing this paragraph is to inform readers about how the popularity of the name "Mary" for girls in America has changed over time. Specifically, the paragraph aims to:
- Explain that until recently, Mary was a very popular name for girls born in America.
- Provide data from surveys conducted in 1870, 1900, 1925, and 1950 showing that Mary was the most commonly chosen name.
- Inform readers that a 1975 survey showed very different results, with Jennifer replacing Mary as the top name and Mary not even making the top ten most popular names.
So in summary, the author's purpose is to inform readers about how the popularity ranking of the name "Mary" has changed significantly for baby
A window to the world australia sessionolgadolores
This learning session plan outlines a 2 hour lesson for 5th grade students focusing on Australia. The lesson objectives are to express the main ideas of a text about a trip to Australia, express opinions about Australia's language, animals and countries, and identify the past simple and past progressive tenses. The lesson will include warm up questions about Australia, reading the text and answering comprehension questions, explaining tenses, translating texts, listening to a song, and homework to practice tenses. The lesson will be evaluated based on students' ability to understand and express ideas from the text and identify past tenses.
Antipodes is the first collection of Aboriginal and white poetic responses to the settlement of Australia over the past 200 years. It includes poems from the earliest encounters between Indigenous Australians and colonists up through contemporary times. The anthology contains works from established poets as well as emerging voices, and brings together poems from both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal authors that comment on colonization and cultural clashes from differing perspectives. The collection aims to provide meaningful representation of Aboriginal viewpoints and expand understanding of Australia's heritage in light of increasing recognition of colonial impacts.
Here are the key points about indirect questions in English:
- Indirect questions are questions reported or asked indirectly, rather than directly.
- They are used when reporting what someone asked, rather than quoting them directly.
- The word order is the same as a statement, not a question.
- Auxiliary verbs (like do/does/did) move before the subject.
- Question words (who, what, when, where, why, how) stay in the same place.
- Common reporting verbs used with indirect questions include:
- ask
- wonder
- want to know
- would like to know
Examples:
Direct: "Where do you live?"
This document provides information about English-speaking countries and their culture, literature, music, wildlife, sports, and technologies. It discusses the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Canada. For literature, it highlights famous authors from each country such as Shakespeare, Dickens, and Rowling from the UK, Swift and Wilde from Ireland, and Twain and Fitzgerald from the US. For music, it notes iconic bands like the Beatles, Queen, and Led Zeppelin from the UK and the diversity of American music genres. It also gives examples of distinctive wildlife like kangaroos and koalas in Australia and New Zealand.
This document provides statistics on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector for 2010. It finds that the total revenue for the IT and ITES sector was $735.9 million, with $531.5 million from domestic revenue and $204.4 million from exports. The sector employed 9,858 people. IT revenue was $731.8 million while ITES revenue was $2.8 million. The document also provides data on sector growth between 2000-2010 and breaks down revenues and employment by various categories.
This document provides statistics and information on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector in 2011. It finds that the total revenue for the sector was $746 million, with $509 million from domestic revenue and $237 million from exports. Employment in the sector was over 11,000, with the majority in IT occupations. The sector has grown significantly since 2000, with domestic IT revenue increasing from $48 million in 2000 to over $507 million in 2011.
The document summarizes Jordan's ICT industry and opportunities in the sector. It notes that Jordan's ICT sector has grown rapidly since 1999 and now contributes around 12% to GDP, with over 84,000 jobs. The sector includes IT, telecom, outsourcing, content and internet/mobile businesses. While the sector faces some challenges like declining telecom revenue, there are significant opportunities in areas like e-learning, e-health, business process outsourcing, online/mobile content and gaming by capitalizing on Jordan's advantages in Arabic language and skilled workforce. The ICT association aims to promote Jordan as a regional ICT leader and exporter.
The author's purpose for writing this paragraph is to inform readers about how the popularity of the name "Mary" for girls in America has changed over time. Specifically, the paragraph aims to:
- Explain that until recently, Mary was a very popular name for girls born in America.
- Provide data from surveys conducted in 1870, 1900, 1925, and 1950 showing that Mary was the most commonly chosen name.
- Inform readers that a 1975 survey showed very different results, with Jennifer replacing Mary as the top name and Mary not even making the top ten most popular names.
So in summary, the author's purpose is to inform readers about how the popularity ranking of the name "Mary" has changed significantly for baby
A window to the world australia sessionolgadolores
This learning session plan outlines a 2 hour lesson for 5th grade students focusing on Australia. The lesson objectives are to express the main ideas of a text about a trip to Australia, express opinions about Australia's language, animals and countries, and identify the past simple and past progressive tenses. The lesson will include warm up questions about Australia, reading the text and answering comprehension questions, explaining tenses, translating texts, listening to a song, and homework to practice tenses. The lesson will be evaluated based on students' ability to understand and express ideas from the text and identify past tenses.
Antipodes is the first collection of Aboriginal and white poetic responses to the settlement of Australia over the past 200 years. It includes poems from the earliest encounters between Indigenous Australians and colonists up through contemporary times. The anthology contains works from established poets as well as emerging voices, and brings together poems from both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal authors that comment on colonization and cultural clashes from differing perspectives. The collection aims to provide meaningful representation of Aboriginal viewpoints and expand understanding of Australia's heritage in light of increasing recognition of colonial impacts.
Here are the key points about indirect questions in English:
- Indirect questions are questions reported or asked indirectly, rather than directly.
- They are used when reporting what someone asked, rather than quoting them directly.
- The word order is the same as a statement, not a question.
- Auxiliary verbs (like do/does/did) move before the subject.
- Question words (who, what, when, where, why, how) stay in the same place.
- Common reporting verbs used with indirect questions include:
- ask
- wonder
- want to know
- would like to know
Examples:
Direct: "Where do you live?"
This document provides information about English-speaking countries and their culture, literature, music, wildlife, sports, and technologies. It discusses the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Canada. For literature, it highlights famous authors from each country such as Shakespeare, Dickens, and Rowling from the UK, Swift and Wilde from Ireland, and Twain and Fitzgerald from the US. For music, it notes iconic bands like the Beatles, Queen, and Led Zeppelin from the UK and the diversity of American music genres. It also gives examples of distinctive wildlife like kangaroos and koalas in Australia and New Zealand.
This document provides statistics on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector for 2010. It finds that the total revenue for the IT and ITES sector was $735.9 million, with $531.5 million from domestic revenue and $204.4 million from exports. The sector employed 9,858 people. IT revenue was $731.8 million while ITES revenue was $2.8 million. The document also provides data on sector growth between 2000-2010 and breaks down revenues and employment by various categories.
This document provides statistics and information on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector in 2011. It finds that the total revenue for the sector was $746 million, with $509 million from domestic revenue and $237 million from exports. Employment in the sector was over 11,000, with the majority in IT occupations. The sector has grown significantly since 2000, with domestic IT revenue increasing from $48 million in 2000 to over $507 million in 2011.
The document summarizes Jordan's ICT industry and opportunities in the sector. It notes that Jordan's ICT sector has grown rapidly since 1999 and now contributes around 12% to GDP, with over 84,000 jobs. The sector includes IT, telecom, outsourcing, content and internet/mobile businesses. While the sector faces some challenges like declining telecom revenue, there are significant opportunities in areas like e-learning, e-health, business process outsourcing, online/mobile content and gaming by capitalizing on Jordan's advantages in Arabic language and skilled workforce. The ICT association aims to promote Jordan as a regional ICT leader and exporter.
God's grace through Jesus' sacrifice is amazing and staggering. Though we are sinners, God sent his Son to die for us and give us grace as a free gift. This amazing grace liberates and empowers us, sustaining us now and bringing us victory over death by bringing us into God's presence for eternity. God's grace is always true, timeless, and fresh, continuing to give salvation to all through the ages.
High Energy Unlimited Final Presentationboscollkid
This new employee orientation document from High Energy Unlimited introduces new employees to the company's vision, mission, values, and various human resources policies and programs. It provides an overview of performance management, career development, compensation and benefits, and rewards and recognition programs. The presentation is delivered by the human resources management team and addresses topics like annual goal setting, performance reviews, training, medical benefits, bonuses, and awards. It also includes an HR calendar outlining the onboarding process and recurring performance management activities for new employees.
This document is an introduction to the 2009 ICT & ITES Industry Statistics & Yearbook published by the Information Technology Association of Jordan (int@j) in cooperation with USAID and the Ministry of Information & Communication Technology. It provides an overview of Jordan's growing ICT sector and the classification framework and methodology used to analyze sector statistics such as revenue, exports, employment, and investment. The purpose is to demonstrate the sector's growth and determine increases in market size, exports, investments, and jobs in the Jordanian ICT industry.
The ICT Association of Jordan (int@j) was established in 2000 to support the development of Jordan's ICT industry. It represents over 200 ICT companies and focuses on advocacy, promotion, capacity building, research, and ICT clusters. Jordan's ICT sector has grown rapidly in recent years and now contributes over 12% to GDP, with the goal of becoming a major regional ICT leader.
This document is an annual report published by the Information and Communications Technology Association of Jordan (int@j) that provides statistics and information on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector for the year 2013. It includes data on sector revenue, employment, exports, investments, and growth trends over time. The report finds that in 2013, the ICT and ITES sector in Jordan generated a total revenue of $649.4 million, with domestic revenue of $316.8 million and export revenue of $332.5 million. Total employment in the sector was 11,637. The sector has experienced significant growth since 2000, with IT export revenue increasing from $12 million in 2000 to $324.4 million in 2013.
The document discusses the importance of nurturing different areas of life including the physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and financial. It emphasizes that success is measured not by how high one rises, but by how they bounce back from failures. Critical success factors include having a positive attitude, strong communication skills, self-confidence, and being a team player. Only 10% of an individual is visible to others, while 90% relating to their attitudes, values, and beliefs lies below the surface. Building a positive attitude involves changing one's focus, continuous learning, developing gratitude, and strengthening self-esteem while avoiding negative influences. The key message is that our choices shape how we react to situations and live our lives.
This document describes a series of short classroom activities designed to help students learn about various topics and historical figures through 5-minute activities. The activities cover subjects like art, literature, science, history and inventions. They involve puzzles, sorting passages, matching inventions to inventors, and more. The goals are to engage students in brief interactive exercises that make complex topics more accessible and help develop language skills.
English speaking countries in the modern worldMarina Efremova
This document discusses the importance of studying foreign languages. It notes that knowledge of foreign languages opens doors, gives opportunities, and is a sign of high culture. English in particular is described as the world's most important language, being used widely in politics, science, business and more. The document advocates practicing speaking English outside of school through discussions with friends, and suggests writing letters and listening to recordings to improve skills. It acknowledges some challenges to foreign language learning in Ukraine but emphasizes that learning languages allows one to better understand other cultures and peoples.
The Story of the Aged Mother-slides.pdfMARICONCLAOR
This document provides an overview of English 203 - World Literature course objectives and materials. The lesson will introduce students to Japanese folktales, culture, and traditions through examining the works of poet Matsuo Bashō. Students will analyze his poems and discover Japanese values through the story "The Story of the Aged Mother." They will complete comprehension checks, group activities, and an assignment composing a poem about their mother to demonstrate their understanding.
Why would you say that- A breif history of englishAlexHapple
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
Professor Lidenbrock, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descended into the crater of the extinct volcano Mount Sneffels, hoping to find a passage to the center of the Earth. At the bottom of the crater they encountered three chimney passages. Unable to determine which passage the ancient explorer Arne Saknussemm had taken, they randomly chose the eastern path to begin their journey.
High School Essay - 10+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. How to Write Any High School Essay: 12 Steps (with Pictures). 9+ High School Essay Examples & Samples - PDF | Examples - 5 Ways .... How to Write Any High School Essay (with Pictures) - wikiHow. Check My Essay: Essay writing for high school students. Amazing High School Essay ~ Thatsnotus. FREE 8+ School Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. 001 High School Essay Samples Bm4a9xkecf ~ Thatsnotus. 012 High School Essay Samples Example ~ Thatsnotus. 002 Essay Example Sample High School Admission Essays Writing Prompts .... 005 High School Essay Samples Example ~ Thatsnotus. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Essay for high school - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing high school students - College Homework Help and Online .... Surprising High School Essay Samples ~ Thatsnotus. High school essay writing - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing for high school students - The Oscillation Band. high school essay example free - gagnatashort.co Persuasive Essays .... Grade 12 Level 4 Writing Sample. School essay writing - Great College Essay. Pin on Essay Writing High School. Essays high school - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. High School Essay Help : If I pay someone to write my essay, what .... 알라딘: How to Write Any High School Essay: The Essential Guide (Paperback) How To Write A High School Essay
English is the most widely spoken language globally, with over 1.1 billion speakers. It is used as an international lingua franca for communication around the world. English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic tribes in the 5th-7th centuries AD and is now the official language of 53 countries. Famous English authors include William Shakespeare, George Orwell, and J.K. Rowling. English is also used on the International Space Station as the primary language and some poets have written "space poems" that use the imagery and format of space in creative ways to disrupt linear reading.
This document provides an overview and description of a book titled "Exercises in Modern English Grammar" by A. S. Saakyan. It was published in 2006 by Iris-Press as part of their higher education series. The book contains 448 pages and is intended as a study guide for high school students and university students to review and strengthen their knowledge of English grammar. It covers morphology and syntax through analytical, practice, and creative exercises. Each section concludes with test exercises and answers to allow for self-assessment. The book aims to reflect the latest developments in the English language from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is designed to be a flexible resource that can be used alongside any basic English language course.
1) The document discusses the history of English literature from Old English to modern times, including influences from other languages like Norse, French, and Latin.
2) It outlines problems with English literature like changes in pronunciation over time and differences between American and British English. The mixing of many language sounds also causes difficulties.
3) Solutions proposed to problems with English literature include increasing exposure to English through reading, speaking, and listening in order to improve vocabulary and pronunciation.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
1. The history of Deaf people spans from ancient times to the present. Early civilizations like the ancient Hebrews and Greeks denied Deaf people rights and education. Christianity further oppressed Deaf people by associating deafness with sin.
2. In the 18th century, key figures helped establish education for Deaf people. Laurent Clerc, a Deaf man from France, introduced American Sign Language and teaching methods when he helped open America's first school for the Deaf in 1817 with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. However, Alexander Graham Bell later convinced international leaders to ban sign language in schools in 1880.
The document provides a history of the English language from its Proto-Indo-European roots to its current form. It traces the various influences on English, including the Celtic languages originally spoken in Britain, Latin introduced by the Roman conquest, Old English brought by Anglo-Saxon invaders, and Norman French imposed after the Norman conquest in 1066. Key events that shaped English over time include the Viking invasions, the introduction of the printing press, and works by authors like Chaucer and Shakespeare that helped standardize the language. The document emphasizes the importance of grammar and provides additional resources for teaching it effectively.
1) The document describes the story of Albert Sydney Hornby, the creator of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
2) Hornby pioneered a simple approach to teaching English while working in Japan in the 1920s, collecting word definitions and examples.
3) During World War 2, Hornby smuggled the only remaining manuscript for his dictionary out of Japan and brought it to England, where it was published as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary in 1948.
God's grace through Jesus' sacrifice is amazing and staggering. Though we are sinners, God sent his Son to die for us and give us grace as a free gift. This amazing grace liberates and empowers us, sustaining us now and bringing us victory over death by bringing us into God's presence for eternity. God's grace is always true, timeless, and fresh, continuing to give salvation to all through the ages.
High Energy Unlimited Final Presentationboscollkid
This new employee orientation document from High Energy Unlimited introduces new employees to the company's vision, mission, values, and various human resources policies and programs. It provides an overview of performance management, career development, compensation and benefits, and rewards and recognition programs. The presentation is delivered by the human resources management team and addresses topics like annual goal setting, performance reviews, training, medical benefits, bonuses, and awards. It also includes an HR calendar outlining the onboarding process and recurring performance management activities for new employees.
This document is an introduction to the 2009 ICT & ITES Industry Statistics & Yearbook published by the Information Technology Association of Jordan (int@j) in cooperation with USAID and the Ministry of Information & Communication Technology. It provides an overview of Jordan's growing ICT sector and the classification framework and methodology used to analyze sector statistics such as revenue, exports, employment, and investment. The purpose is to demonstrate the sector's growth and determine increases in market size, exports, investments, and jobs in the Jordanian ICT industry.
The ICT Association of Jordan (int@j) was established in 2000 to support the development of Jordan's ICT industry. It represents over 200 ICT companies and focuses on advocacy, promotion, capacity building, research, and ICT clusters. Jordan's ICT sector has grown rapidly in recent years and now contributes over 12% to GDP, with the goal of becoming a major regional ICT leader.
This document is an annual report published by the Information and Communications Technology Association of Jordan (int@j) that provides statistics and information on Jordan's ICT and ITES sector for the year 2013. It includes data on sector revenue, employment, exports, investments, and growth trends over time. The report finds that in 2013, the ICT and ITES sector in Jordan generated a total revenue of $649.4 million, with domestic revenue of $316.8 million and export revenue of $332.5 million. Total employment in the sector was 11,637. The sector has experienced significant growth since 2000, with IT export revenue increasing from $12 million in 2000 to $324.4 million in 2013.
The document discusses the importance of nurturing different areas of life including the physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and financial. It emphasizes that success is measured not by how high one rises, but by how they bounce back from failures. Critical success factors include having a positive attitude, strong communication skills, self-confidence, and being a team player. Only 10% of an individual is visible to others, while 90% relating to their attitudes, values, and beliefs lies below the surface. Building a positive attitude involves changing one's focus, continuous learning, developing gratitude, and strengthening self-esteem while avoiding negative influences. The key message is that our choices shape how we react to situations and live our lives.
This document describes a series of short classroom activities designed to help students learn about various topics and historical figures through 5-minute activities. The activities cover subjects like art, literature, science, history and inventions. They involve puzzles, sorting passages, matching inventions to inventors, and more. The goals are to engage students in brief interactive exercises that make complex topics more accessible and help develop language skills.
English speaking countries in the modern worldMarina Efremova
This document discusses the importance of studying foreign languages. It notes that knowledge of foreign languages opens doors, gives opportunities, and is a sign of high culture. English in particular is described as the world's most important language, being used widely in politics, science, business and more. The document advocates practicing speaking English outside of school through discussions with friends, and suggests writing letters and listening to recordings to improve skills. It acknowledges some challenges to foreign language learning in Ukraine but emphasizes that learning languages allows one to better understand other cultures and peoples.
The Story of the Aged Mother-slides.pdfMARICONCLAOR
This document provides an overview of English 203 - World Literature course objectives and materials. The lesson will introduce students to Japanese folktales, culture, and traditions through examining the works of poet Matsuo Bashō. Students will analyze his poems and discover Japanese values through the story "The Story of the Aged Mother." They will complete comprehension checks, group activities, and an assignment composing a poem about their mother to demonstrate their understanding.
Why would you say that- A breif history of englishAlexHapple
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
The document discusses the evolution of the English language over thousands of years through various cultural influences and events. It describes how English absorbed vocabulary from Norse during Viking invasions, from French during the Norman conquest, and from Latin during the introduction of Christianity and scientific developments. Major influences included William Shakespeare, who is credited with inventing over 3,000 words, and different settlement patterns that led to various dialects developing across regions like Texas. The power of language to shape identity and culture is also highlighted.
Professor Lidenbrock, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descended into the crater of the extinct volcano Mount Sneffels, hoping to find a passage to the center of the Earth. At the bottom of the crater they encountered three chimney passages. Unable to determine which passage the ancient explorer Arne Saknussemm had taken, they randomly chose the eastern path to begin their journey.
High School Essay - 10+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. How to Write Any High School Essay: 12 Steps (with Pictures). 9+ High School Essay Examples & Samples - PDF | Examples - 5 Ways .... How to Write Any High School Essay (with Pictures) - wikiHow. Check My Essay: Essay writing for high school students. Amazing High School Essay ~ Thatsnotus. FREE 8+ School Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. 001 High School Essay Samples Bm4a9xkecf ~ Thatsnotus. 012 High School Essay Samples Example ~ Thatsnotus. 002 Essay Example Sample High School Admission Essays Writing Prompts .... 005 High School Essay Samples Example ~ Thatsnotus. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Essay for high school - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing high school students - College Homework Help and Online .... Surprising High School Essay Samples ~ Thatsnotus. High school essay writing - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Essay writing for high school students - The Oscillation Band. high school essay example free - gagnatashort.co Persuasive Essays .... Grade 12 Level 4 Writing Sample. School essay writing - Great College Essay. Pin on Essay Writing High School. Essays high school - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. High School Essay Help : If I pay someone to write my essay, what .... 알라딘: How to Write Any High School Essay: The Essential Guide (Paperback) How To Write A High School Essay
English is the most widely spoken language globally, with over 1.1 billion speakers. It is used as an international lingua franca for communication around the world. English originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic tribes in the 5th-7th centuries AD and is now the official language of 53 countries. Famous English authors include William Shakespeare, George Orwell, and J.K. Rowling. English is also used on the International Space Station as the primary language and some poets have written "space poems" that use the imagery and format of space in creative ways to disrupt linear reading.
This document provides an overview and description of a book titled "Exercises in Modern English Grammar" by A. S. Saakyan. It was published in 2006 by Iris-Press as part of their higher education series. The book contains 448 pages and is intended as a study guide for high school students and university students to review and strengthen their knowledge of English grammar. It covers morphology and syntax through analytical, practice, and creative exercises. Each section concludes with test exercises and answers to allow for self-assessment. The book aims to reflect the latest developments in the English language from the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It is designed to be a flexible resource that can be used alongside any basic English language course.
1) The document discusses the history of English literature from Old English to modern times, including influences from other languages like Norse, French, and Latin.
2) It outlines problems with English literature like changes in pronunciation over time and differences between American and British English. The mixing of many language sounds also causes difficulties.
3) Solutions proposed to problems with English literature include increasing exposure to English through reading, speaking, and listening in order to improve vocabulary and pronunciation.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
The document discusses several languages and their characteristics. It notes that English has simpler grammar than many other languages like Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian. While English vocabulary has been influenced by other languages like Old Norse, Norman French and Latin, its grammar remains relatively uncomplicated compared to other widely spoken languages. The document also lists some English-speaking countries and provides links to websites with additional information on the English language.
1. The history of Deaf people spans from ancient times to the present. Early civilizations like the ancient Hebrews and Greeks denied Deaf people rights and education. Christianity further oppressed Deaf people by associating deafness with sin.
2. In the 18th century, key figures helped establish education for Deaf people. Laurent Clerc, a Deaf man from France, introduced American Sign Language and teaching methods when he helped open America's first school for the Deaf in 1817 with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. However, Alexander Graham Bell later convinced international leaders to ban sign language in schools in 1880.
The document provides a history of the English language from its Proto-Indo-European roots to its current form. It traces the various influences on English, including the Celtic languages originally spoken in Britain, Latin introduced by the Roman conquest, Old English brought by Anglo-Saxon invaders, and Norman French imposed after the Norman conquest in 1066. Key events that shaped English over time include the Viking invasions, the introduction of the printing press, and works by authors like Chaucer and Shakespeare that helped standardize the language. The document emphasizes the importance of grammar and provides additional resources for teaching it effectively.
1) The document describes the story of Albert Sydney Hornby, the creator of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
2) Hornby pioneered a simple approach to teaching English while working in Japan in the 1920s, collecting word definitions and examples.
3) During World War 2, Hornby smuggled the only remaining manuscript for his dictionary out of Japan and brought it to England, where it was published as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary in 1948.
The history of Britain spans over 2000 years and has been influenced by many groups including the Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. The Romans ruled Britain from the 1st century AD until the 5th century AD, imposing their culture but leaving few permanent traces. In the 5th century, Anglo-Saxon tribes began settling across much of Britain, establishing their language and culture except in parts of Wales, Scotland, and Cornwall where Celtic culture survived. In 1066, the Normans invaded and imposed a feudal system. Over the following centuries, the power of the monarchy declined as Parliament gained supremacy. Britain built a vast global empire and underwent the Industrial Revolution before its power began
This document contains information about Leonardo Guaygua Mejía's portfolio on the history and language of English culture. It includes sections on the mission and vision of the Universidad Técnica de Ambato's Faculty of Humanities and Education and Career of Languages. It also contains Leonardo's curriculum vitae, an overview of the course, and his statement of personal learning goals which is to learn about the history of the United States and how the English language was implanted in the country. The portfolio contains elements where Leonardo defines vocabulary terms, creates an Old English poem using 5 words, and reflects on what he learned.
The document discusses the global spread and evolution of the English language over time. It describes how English originated in England and spread to other parts of the world, resulting in many regional dialects. Key periods in its development include Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. Examples are given of English dialects that developed in various parts of the British Isles as well as other countries like the United States, Ireland, Australia, India, and South Africa.
Advanced text book advanced english 1 10 chapters ปรับใหม่Yota Bhikkhu
The document provides an introduction to English sentence structure. It discusses the five basic sentence patterns in English: subject-verb, subject-verb-object, subject-verb-adjective, subject-verb-adverb, and subject-verb-noun. Examples are given for each pattern. The subject-verb relationship is identified as the core of every English sentence. Additional elements like objects, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases are described as ways to modify the basic sentence structures.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
2. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR contents
Welcome to this first edition of Speakeasy, the English lan-
guage magazine of UTPL.
When three students from our English major pro-
gramme approached me with the idea of creating an Eng-
lish language newspaper I was both excited and terrified
by the prospect.
I was excited because I was pleased that the students
themselves had initiated the idea. I was interested in what
they had in mind and what they would come up with for
features and articles. However, I also had some trepidation
The battles of Stamford Bridge and Hastings lead to the end of Anglo-Saxon England
as I knew the project would mean a lot of work; I wasn’t
sure if the end product would reflect the initial enthusiasm 3 7
once pen was put to paper! THIS MONTH IN HISTORY FEATURE: WE ALMOST LOST IT
Over the period of time since then I’ve been pleasantly A list of important events that happened The story of how English conquered
surprised and deeply impressed by the quality and vari- in history in this month. the Conquerors.
ety of the articles, alongside the hard work put in by the
students in order to create the newspaper you are reading
today. 4 11
Within these pages you can find out about some of THE ORACLE DO YOU KNOW HOW TO DANCE
the fascinating events that helped to form the English lan- Your future foretold by our resident LAMBADA?
fortune-teller, Fernanda. Learn how to outshine everybody on
guage we speak today, alongside learning how to let go and
the dance floor.
lambada the night away. You will also find out what the
future has in store for you, according to the stars, together 5 ON THE COVER
with games and valuable advice to help you learn English STEPS TO LEARN A FOREIGN
Of all the animals that have walked on English soil,
more effectively. LANGUAGE QUICKER perhaps the most respected in Anglo-Saxon times
There really is something in these pages for everybody Frustrated with your English classes? Read was the wolf. A sign of power, loyalty and freedom,
so… these tips to get quicker results. the wolf often appeared engraved on helmets,
swords and shields.
Happy reading! The wolf was often an inspiration for names in
6 Anglo-Saxon England. Bardawulf (Bright Wolf),
THE GAME CORNER Randwulf (Shield Wolf), Wulfric (Wolf Power/Ruler),
Mathew French Who said that learning English could not Æthelwulf, Wuffa were all names used in Anglo-
be fun? Saxon England. The White Wolfshead is a design
fmathew@utpl.edu.ec created by Saxon North.
2
3. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
RECENT RESEC ACTIVITIES This month in history
From May 25th to 27th, RESEC faculty partici- June is the sixth month of the year, although it was originally the fourth in the Roman
pated in End of Program Seminar for the School calendar. It has 30 days.
of Educational Sciences: 7 RESEC professors ob- The name of the month of June originated from the Roman goddess Juno, who was
served and coached students graduating from the the queen of the Gods and is the protecting and guardian spirit of females.
English major during 3 days of teaching practice In this month around the world...
sessions.
June 6, 1944: D-Day began in the early hours of the morning as Allied forces landed
on the north coast of France. At a great loss of life they managed to push back the
On June 3rd, RESEC professors and students from German forces and some people consider this to be the decisive turning point in the
the English major participated in a videoconference
Second World War.
entitled “What teachers do next” from the UTPL
Regional Center in the city of Quito. It was given
by Jeremy Harmer, author of The Practice of Eng- June 4, 1989: The Chinese government massacred over 3000 unarmed protesters in
Tiananmen Square in Beijng.
lish Language Teaching and the “How to” series.
Dr. George Iber, Ph.D. of Nova Southeastern Uni- June 11, 1994: After 49 years, the Soviet military occupation of East Germany end-
ed.
versity, Florida visited the UTPL this month to
work with RESEC teachers enrolled in the Master
of Science, Teaching of English as Foreign Lan- June 30, 1997: In Hong Kong, the flag of the British Crown Colony was officially
lowered at midnight and replaced by a new flag representing China’s sovereignty and
guage program.
the official transfer of power.
RESEC represented the UTPL at the annual TEFL June 12, 1898: The Philippines declared their independence from Spain. The islands
Conference in the city of Riobamba: 7 students
were named after King Philip II.
from the English major participated and 3 profes-
sors gave workshops at the event. Donatien Alphonse François de Sade, Marquis de Sade
was born on June 2, 1740, in Paris. He was a military lead-
RESEC welcomes three new volunteers: Harpreet er, governor-general, and author, whose acts of cruelty and
Ahuja from the University of Guelph and David violence resulted in the term sadism being created from his
Axelson from the University of Michigan are both name to describe gratification in inflicting pain on others. de
with the AIESEC program and Rachel Lipson, a Sade spent around 32 years of his life imprisoned in various
student at Harvard University, is a volunteer with prisons and an insane asylum. It is during this period that he
WorldTeach. wrote prolifically. His last 13 years were spent in the Charen-
ton asylum, where he died on December 2, 1814, at age 74.
4. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
the oracle
By Fernanda Sarango CANCER LIBRA
June 22-July 22. You will experience some September 23-October 22. You ought to take
ARIES difficult moments in your studies, things easy, and control your
March 21-April 19. Be careful however, you are strong so problems since these can affect
Aries there are some obstacles you should persevere. You your health. Some changes will
coming your way. Be friendly know that any knowledge or take place in your work. Re-
and talkative with your partners. study will help you in your member: Do not fear taking
Remember: Learn how to make f u t u r e . Remember: If you want to succeed, risks to reach your goals.
the most of the beautiful moments in your start thinking of yourself as a success.
life. SCORPIO
LEO October 23 - November 21. You need to
TAURUS July 23-August 22. In order for your projects to relax and have fun, but do it
April 20-May 20. Your work give the desired effect, you should carefully and in moderation.
will experience an important avoid expenses, bad investments On the other hand, your
change. You should be or loans. Remember: Discover family and your children will be
friendlier to those who the inner beauty of the people very understanding. Remember: If you
surround you, so they know how who are close to you. really love your life, do not be afraid.
important they are to you. Remember: Today’s
optimism is tomorrow’s happiness. VIRGO SAGITTARIUS
August 23-September 22. You will be a November 22-December 21. Be clever, your
GEMINI little tense and the consequent boss may treat you unfairly and communica-
May 21-June 21. Your family excessive vulnerability won’t tions will be difficult. Be careful
will be in need of your support. allow you to see situations with and demonstrate confidence.
Express your respect, solidarity objectivity. Remember: If you Remember: Smile when you
and love to them, it will be want to reach your goals, you are facing difficulties. This
useful for their inner peace. should work efficiently. could be the best ingredient to
Remember: Show your love to the live happily.
people who are close to you.
5. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
THE ORACLE Steps To Learn A Foreign Language Quicker
CAPRICORN By Germania Garcia
December 22-January 19. Your job has been A lot of people get very frustrated when learning a foreign language because learning a
difficult; try to rest and take sometime for new language is a process that demands a lot of time and effort. Part of the frustration
yourself. Also, you will be more finan- they experience is not related to the actual learning curve process, it’s due to the lack
cial stable. Remember: Enjoy your life proper techniques.
by taking part in upcoming opportuni- There are three things that you should be aware of when trying to learn a foreign lan-
ties that will enrich your life guage quickly.
First: Try to listen to music, read books and watch movies or TV programmes in the
language you are learning. Remember to write down the words you don’t know so you
AQUARIUS can check them after. You have to understand what they are saying, so, do not forget to
January 20-February 18. There are some ask yourself if what you are listening to makes sense. Do this as often as possible and
beautiful and great things to do, but you will see immediate results. Second: Speaking in the language you are learning is
remember there is a time for everything, as important as listening to it. That is how you learnt your mother tongue, you heard
and you should prioritize. Remember: people around you speaking, and you began imitating what you heard. It works the same
Appreciate all the good things that you way when learning a second language.Talking for fifteen minutes a day will help you a
are experiencing. great deal. You will find yourself speaking more confidently and you will see progress at
a much faster pace. Third: You need to spend as much time as possible exposing yourself
to the language you are learning. If you are somebody with a laid-back (lazy?!) attitude,
PISCES that is fine, just use your time appropriately. Instead of listening to music in Spanish,
February 19-March 20. Your bad mood listen to something in the language you are learning.
can cause conflicts with those who If you have a busy daily schedule, organize yourself so you have thirty minutes a day
surround you; you must be aware of it. to listen and/or speak in that other language.
Remember: Only think about what is To experience quicker results, try to find an environment to relax and concentrate. It
positive. is necessary to have a comfortable learning environment.
If you would like to go to a great place to practice English, watch movies, listen to music,
read or relax and make friends, the Speakeasy English Club next to RESEC is the place for
you. It’s free for the UTPL community, fun, and full of friendly staff all waiting to help you
improve your English!
Good luck and happy learning!
6. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
goofing off: wasting time.
the Game corner
flick: movie.
go bananas: go slightly mad.
By Fernanda Sarango
geek: someone who works too hard, is more intelligent than usual, and
is slightly unattractive.
In this game, you are going to practice your English and the good news
nosh: food.
is that if you do it well, I am sure you will learn some new words and
nuke: heat in a microwave.
improve your vocabulary. So, have fun and enjoy.
fox: attractive, alluring person.
ditch: leave.
How to play?
can: a restroom or toilet.
First you have to read all the sentences below.
boo-boo: mistake.
Secondly, you should find seven new words in the word-search box be-
low.
Thirdly, you are going to fill in the blanks in the sentences with the new
“If your coffee’s cold, just_________________it for about a minute.”
words.
“Let’s go out tonight and watch a___________________________.”
f f o g n i f o o g “She made a big___________________.”
o b i n o p o s w a
“Why did you______________________me at that party?”
b t o y u n x i c h
“Is it true that Dave is a _______________________?”
a s w o m k d k a j
n o s h b c e l n k “Stop _________________ and help me clean the house!”
a e r y t o u j g d “Do you know where the _____________________is?”
n z a x g c o s d i
“There’s plenty in the refrigerator if you want something to ________
a c c v e y g j e t on”.
s x n b e t f u r c
“This project is causing me to ____________________!”
f l i c k e l f j h
“Bill Gates is kind of a _______________”.
7. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
FEATURE
WE ALMOST LOST IT
By Nick Izquierdo
S
poken by hundreds of millions around
the world, English is the lingua franca
of our times. Like its predecessors, Latin
and French, English enjoys unrivalled clout
and prestige around the world. However, in
the history of the English language there was
a period in which it could have followed the
fate of Latin by joining the list of dead lan-
guages. A scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting the battle of Hastings
Nowadays it seems hard to entertain the
idea of a world without English, but around and landed at Pevesey, on the south coast of were sent home to help in the harvest. Now
nine hundred years ago an important event England, to claim the throne of England for that William had finally arrived, Harold had
that completely changed the history of Eng- himself. no other choice but to face him with the few
land took place. With it, the fate of the Eng- William’s landing was not a surprise for men he had left at his disposal.
lish language was placed at risk. Harold, but the timing of his landing came Harold and his army clashed in battle
In January, 1066, the English king, Ed- at the worst moment for the English. Wil- with the Norman invaders near Hastings.
ward the Confessor, died childless, and Wil- liam was not the only claimant to the throne From early in the morning on the 14th Oc-
liam, duke of Normandy, being Edward’s of England. The king of Norway, Harald tober, the English host fought bravely on the
second cousin, had hoped to succeed him. Hardrada, had landed with his army in the battlefield, and by mid afternoon victory over
However, immediately, after the death of Ed- north of England, and he also wanted to seize the Normans was close at hand. The coura-
ward, Harold, the earl of West Saxon, was the throne from Harold. Just after Harold and geous resistance given by the English had
crowned King of England. Frustrated, but his army had been north to defeat the Norwe- placed the Normans in a despairing situation.
not discouraged at all by Harold’s coronation, gian king at a cost to his forces, he got news Realising that he could not win the battle
William began planning his invasion of Eng- of William’s arrival on English soil. Months by sheer force alone, William devised a cun-
land to assert his claim to the English throne. before, Harold had summoned an army to ning ploy to change the course of the ongoing
In September of that year, William crossed face William; but, after the expected invasion battle to his favour. William’s army feigned a
the Channel with a powerful Norman army failed to materialise, many of Harold’s men retreat to attract the English away from their
8. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
positions. The ruse worked as planned. Part of
the English army went in pursuit of the flee-
ing Normans who then turned around and
ambushed the English attack. Unfortunately,
PICARDY
for the English, Harold fell in the foray, leav-
ing them leaderless. The Normans soon took
advantage of the state of disarray into which
the English army had fallen, and by nightfall
they had driven the English into a full retreat. Rouen
Harold’s death and the English army’s
defeat at Hastings was not enough to secure Bayeux Caen
the English throne at once for William, now
called the Conqueror. Two months passed be- NORMANDY
fore the city of London decided to surrender
and recognize William as king. On Decem-
ber 25, 1066, William the Conqueror, was
crowned King of England in the Abbey of PERCHE
Westminster. BRITTANY
This was not the first time England had a MAINE
foreigner as king. For a time of just over twenty
years immediately before Edward the Confes- The Duchy of Normandy circa 1066
sor was king, England had been under Danish
rule. This time, though, things were different. was not immune to this shift in the balance of settled. Both languages, at that time, were in
A large number of English nobles had fallen in power that swept the country. Within a few some degree mutually intelligible due to the
battle at Hastings, and many others who had years after the Conquest almost all the impor- fact that they were part of the same family of
survived went into exile or were later executed. tant positions in the Church of England were Germanic languages.
The positions in government, and estates once occupied by Norman prelates. Now, under William’s reign, English was
held by the now-disgraced English nobility During the period of Danish rule, going to be displaced by Norman-French, the
were given as a reward to the Norman aristo- the English language had coexisted rather language of the Norman conquerors. Nor-
crats, who had come to fight along with Wil- peacefully with Old Norse, the language of man-French was a French dialect spoken in
liam in his conquest of England. During Wil- the Scandinavian rulers and settlers of the Normandy, France. French, unlike English,
liam’s reign the important positions of power Danelaw; a region in south-eastern England is an offshoot from Latin and belongs to the
in every sphere of government changed from where a large number of Scandinavians had branch of Romance languages along with
English to Norman hands. Even the church
9. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.
The Normans had come in enough num-
bers to continue using their language without Sept 25:
facing any pressure at all to learn English. Battle of
During William’s reign, a constant influx Stamford Bridge Harald Hardrada’s
of both upper class and lower ranking Nor-
mans were to arrive, increasing the number of
YORK Norwegian fleet
French speakers in England. Now that French
was the official language of court, govern-
ment, literature, and education, the English
upper class had to adapt to the times, learning
French to keep its influence at court. Inter-
marriage between English and Norman upper 2-6 Oct:
class families also helped to accelerate the pro- Harold southwards 20-24 Sept:
cess in which speaking French was favoured Harold northwards
over speaking English by this new Anglo-
Norman nobility.
The use of French by the aristocracy in
England seemed likely to continue unabated LONDON
in the future because of the strong existing
links between England and the Continent. Oct 14:
HASTINGS Battle of
The King and many of the Anglo-Norman PEVENCEY
aristocrats had titles and estates in both Eng- Hastings
land and France so it was natural for them to
spend time on both sides of the Channel. Sept 28:
Before the Norman Conquest, English William of Normandy’s
had developed a rich literary tradition, but ENGLISH landing
after the Conquest English literature fell in
esteem as a consequence of the change in the
CHANNEL
preferences of its patrons, the court and the NORMANDY
aristocracy, in favour of the French language.
The knowledge and use of French also ex-
tended to the middle class circles in England. Timeline of the battles of Stamford Bridge and Hastings - 1066
It is safe to assume that for members of the
9
10. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
middle classes a certain degree of bilingual- to its former position of power in the court.
ism was present during this time. Knights and That event was the loss of Normandy. KEY DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE
merchants constituted two groups in which Since William the Conqueror, the kings of ENGLISH LANGUAGE FROM 449 TO
bilingualism must have been fairly common, England had also retained their titles as dukes 1362
and even taken for granted. of Normandy. So much had their power and
At the other end of the social scale, how- estate grown in France that they began to be A.D. 449: Angles, Saxons and Jutes begin
ever, the lower classes in England continued to seen with increasing suspicion by the French to settle in England. The dialects of these
speak English with no need to learn French, crown. In 1202 John, king of England, was Germanic tribes will become the basis for
due to the profound social division between called to Paris by King Philip of France, to the English language.
upper and lower classes, and the lack of access stand trial for having attacked the Lusignans
to education for poorer people. family without any justification. John request- 792: Old Norse, the language of the
For how long English could have re- ed a safe passage in order to appear at his trial, Scandinavian settlers of the Danelaw,
mained safe from the growing use and in- but Philip, seeing this as chance to humiliate begins to influence Old English. As a result
fluence of French in England is a matter of John, imposed conditions that he knew John of the extensive borrowning, many of
speculation. However, we do not have to look would not accept. Hence, John did not attend the most common words in English have
too far back in time to find a good example of his trial, and the court ordered the confisca- Scandinavian origin.
what may happen when two languages are pit- tion of his estate. In 1204, after two years of
ied against each other. In 449 Germanic tribes fighting, the duchy of Normandy was finally c. 850: Beowulf, the most famous Old
coming from the Continent settled in Eng- in control of Philip, and the link the King of English heroic poem is written.
land. These Germanic peoples spoke closely England had with Normandy was severed.
related Germanic dialects, that were later to The confrontation England and France 1066: King Harold dies in the battle of
become the basis of the English language, had because of the confiscation of Norman- Hastings and William the Conqueror is
while the indigenous inhabitants of England, dy from King John had sown the seeds for a crowned King of England. Norman-French
the Celts, spoke Celtic. The clash between state of animosity between the two kingdoms. becomes the language of the courts,
these two languages resulted in the rise of the The Anglo-Norman nobility that held estates education, and upper classes.
English language and the subsequent fall of in both England and France were caught in
Celtic language. between the enmity of both kings, and faced 1349: English begins to be used in schools
During the time French was actively used the dilemma of choosing which side to pledge as a medium of instruction again.
in England, the amount of French and Latin alliance. Some families divided themselves
words that became part of the English lan- and their estates in two; the English family 1362: The Statute of Pleading makes
guage grew to constitute around fifty percent branch would remain in possession of their English the official language in England.
of its lexicon. This trend could have contin- English lands and the French family branch Parliament is opened with its first speech
ued were it not for an important event that would do the same with their lands in Nor- delivered in English.
was pivotal for the reestablishment of English mandy. Other families, on the other hand,
10
11. SPEAKEASY MAGAZINE, JUNE 2009
decided to keep their English estates and give French language.
DO YOU KNOW HOW TO DANCE LAMBADA?
up their Norman lands. In 1244 the king of The lack of prestige of Anglo-French, the
France summoned all nobles who had lands Hundred Years’ War, and the improving con- By Germania García
in England to Paris, and asked them to choose ditions of the English middle class came to
once and for all between their French or their benefit English. By the beginning of the fif- The Lambada is a fast and sensual dance that
English holdings. teenth century the use of French in England can be performed alone, with a partner, or in
Due to the antagonism between France was doomed, and English was once again the a group. The name refers to the rhythm of
and England, the Anglo-Norman nobility national language of England. But something the music. Although the music has its origins
began to develop a sense of identity as Eng- we always have to remember is that the flame in Brazil it reached worldwide popularity in
lish. This new-found English identity was of the English language was kept alive thanks the late 80s mainly due to the group Kaoma.
strengthened even further when a very large to the humble people who lived in the coun- Their number worldwide number one sum-
number of French nationals were embraced in tryside, towns, and cities of England. If there mer hit “Lambada” sold 5 million singles in
the court of King John, and given prominent ever were heroes in the history of the Eng- 1989.
posts to the detriment of the English nation- lish language, they surely have to be counted Unlike other dances, the Lambada is bet-
als. A second and third wave of French and among them. ter danced on bare feet, as you do most of the
other foreigners that came to profit from King dancing on your tip toes!
Henry III’s favour were to rekindle the flame You must listen to the music, feel the
of nationalism in the English people’s hearts. rhythm filling you, and your body will start
Around this time French had acquired a moving on its own. Bend your knees a little,
RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING: as if you were skiing. Find the rhythm and
highly respected status as a cultured language
across Europe. In England French was still cadence. At first do not worry about fancy
A History of the English Language steps, just let your hips move whilst changing
used by the upper classes and, by tradition, by Albert C.Baugh and Thomas Cable.
in several key institutions such as Parliament, weight from one foot to the other.
law courts, and universities. But English had Stand on the balls of your feet and twist
A History of the English Language them as if stubbing a cigarette out; first one,
already begun to make some steady progress edited by Richard Hogg and David
in places once considered strongholds of the then the other. Try to keep your upper body
Denison. steady. This will emphasize the movement of
French language. By the end of the thirteenth
century, clear signs that the use of French in your hips. Stay close to your partner, do not
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the pay too much attention to getting the steps
England was going into decline had begun to English Language
appear. In monasteries and universities rules perfect, instead just enjoy the music and the
edited by David Crystal. way your body starts moving and feeling!
forbidding novices and students to speak in
English had to be placed lest French go into Remember that the Lambada is a sensual
disuse. In 1332 Parliament issued a decree dance: A dance of pleasure and seduction. En-
bidding all nobles to teach their children the joy the music, feel the rhythm and have fun!
11