English 101
Essay #3: Ad Analysis
Throughout this course we have looked at various aspects of our culture from gender stereotypes
and labels, to media and how these impact our daily lives. The articles “Male body Imaging” and
“Damage Done: Crack Babies Talk Back,” along with the brief clip of the video Killing us softly, show us
just how much advertising and media not only influence our purchases, but also our identity, values, and
perceptions. Advertisements can be found all around us: In magazines, commercials, popups, while using
the internet, social media, apps, and even on billboards while we drive. Corporations spend large amounts
of money to try and sell us things on a daily basis. However, they are not only trying to sell us products,
they attach ideologies, and psychological strategies using logical, ethical, and emotional appeals to
persuade us.
In this essay, I will ask you to consider the topics we have discussed in this course, and how they
are used in media and advertisements. You will analyze a printed advertisement and use it as a visual
text, and just like a textual analysis you will explain its various layers, from what it is depicting on the
surface, to the message it is trying to convey, and how and why it is conveying it. What are they showing
you? What are they trying to make you think? Who is their target audience? What specific elements of the
ad are used to communicate its message, and reach its target audience? Consider not only rhetorical
appeals such as ethos, pathos, and logos, but also other layers such as how space is used in the ad, text,
colors, body language, etc. ( Do not just point out what a specific element is doing, elaborate on the
significance).
Directions: 1. Find a full-page real (not fake) advertisement, either from a magazine or online. 2. Analyze
the ad and formulate a clear thesis that distinguishes what the message, target audience, and purpose are.
3. Develop body paragraphs that explain your thesis (one aspect per paragraph). 4. After a thorough
analysis, explain if the ad is effective and how or why it is or is not effective. What is the significance of
this kind of advertising in society? 5. Do not use outside sources on this essay, only the advertisement.
Essay requirements:
3-5 pages (at least three spilling onto four)
10% deduction if page requirement is not met
MLA format (12 pt. font, Times New Roman)
Peer Review and rough draft must be attached to the final draft.
Do not use “I”
Rough Draft due: 11/2/2016
Final Draft Due: 11/9/2016
BELTRAMI, SHOUSE, AND BLAKETRENDS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Trends in Infectious Diseases and the Male
to Female Ratio: Possible Clues to Changes
in Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex
With Men
John F. Beltrami, R. Luke Shouse, and Paul A. Blake
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a priority population f ...
PAGE 24The perceptions of health workers on the effecti.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
24
The perceptions of health workers on the effectiveness of HIV Prevention Programmes for MSM in Jamaica
May 2013
Abstract
The Jamaican Ministry of Health (MOH) has framed a policy and strategy that allows for sexual health promotion and HIV prevention programmes to be conducted for men who have sex with men (MSM), despite an enforced legal framework which makes it illegal to participate in anal sex. The population of Jamaica’s MSM accounts for the highest HIV prevalence rate on the island. While the National HIV/ STI Programme conducts a government-run programme, a significant portion of the work is conducted by local and internationally funded non-government organizations (NGO). This study seeks to explore the efficiency of these HIV/AIDS prevention programmes from the experiences and perspectives of the health care workers involved in their implementation. It will utilize qualitative research methodology of a descriptive cross-sectional design. The procedure will involve the use of interviews. These will be conducted with health workers in MSM programmes from NGOs and the Jamaica National HIV/STI Programme. It is expected that the results may indicate a view of success with many programmes, with limitations being attributed to the societal and legal framework within which they work. It may also show disparities between government and locally ran programmes conducted by NGOs. The results of this study will be shared and made available to public libraries, the government of Jamaica and other stakeholders working to alleviate the impact of HIV and AIDS in Jamaica and the world. *
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, health promotion and HIV prevention, men who have sex with men (MSM), Jamaica, sexual health, gay men, other MSM and transgender individuals (GMT).Table of Contents
Page #
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Discussion
Conclusion
Reflection
References
Appendix Consent
Appendix Draft Interview
Glossary
Privacy Statement
1. Introduction
This study explores the effectiveness of the HIV and AIDS response within the target population of MSM in Jamaica. It investigates, the views and perspectives of the health workers who carry out or implement these programmes.
Thanks to science, the ability to treat and care for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) and AIDS has grown exponentially. Individuals are defying their prognoses and are living with HIV and AIDS for record number of years than they did when the virus was first discovered. Gay, bisexual, transgendered and other men who have sex with men but may not identify as gay, are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections like HIV (MOH, 2011a). For the purpose of this research the term MSM will be defined and utilized as the public health terminology to capture the target audience of all males who have sex with males.
For the purpose of this research.
This document discusses disease surveillance research. It explains that disease surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to monitor disease trends and improve public health. A reductionist approach looks at isolating variables to find cause-and-effect relationships, while a complex systems approach considers adaptive and multilevel systems in context. The document also discusses the roles and competencies needed for nurses to participate in surveillance and investigation activities.
1) Mainstream economics approaches to understanding HIV transmission and prevalence, like rational choice theory, provide insights but have weaknesses due to unrealistic assumptions about free choice and risk perceptions. They also fail to consider important cultural factors.
2) Religious affiliation, like Islam, may show relationships to HIV rates and should be included in analyses, as demonstrated by a study finding lower prevalence in countries with higher Muslim populations.
3) Data on Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe show Burkina Faso has lower HIV prevalence despite similar demographics, which may relate to it being majority Muslim while Zimbabwe is majority Christian.
Running Head: COMMUNITY ANALYSIS 1
Community Analysis
The most prevalent risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, inadequate sex education, improving access to prevention and care services and drug use. Jackson, MS has a population of 173,212, with median household income of $32,250. Poverty is one of the major contributing factors to the risky behaviors and the rise of HIV infections within racial/ethnic minority youths. The residents with incomes below the poverty level in Jackson, MS by 2015 was 39.9%, and those with income below 50% of the poverty level was 19.2%, the breakdown is between ages 13 to 19 years of poor residents in Jackson, MS and the percentage is below half of poverty level of 20%. The most common race or ethnicity living below the poverty line in Jackson, MS is Black or African American, followed by White and Hispanic or Latino. The state of homelessness is on the rise and many of these shelters in Jackson, MS now have waiting lists with majority of its occupants are racial/ethnic minority. Even with the waiting lists, those that need to be sheltered will have to call ahead to confirm (City Data, 2015).
Mississippi is one of the most rustic states in the United States and its population is perhaps the poorest. According to the 2010 Census, Mississippi has a population of 2,967,297 people, with a racial distribution of 59% white, 37% black, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other. Mississippi ranks second in the nation (after the District of Columbia) for the highest proportion of African Americans. Through U.S. Census Bureau 2011 American Community Surveys, Mississippi levels the first in the country for the number of people living in poverty (22.6% of the total population) and the lowest middle household revenue ($36,919) (United State Census Bureau, 2011). According to the 2011 National HIV Surveillance Report, Mississippi had the 4th highest rate of HIV infection in the United States. The state’s capital city, Jackson, had the third highest rate of HIV diagnoses within aged 13 to 19 years and the eighth highest AIDS diagnosis by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in 2011. For the past twenty years, numbers of peoples living with HIV in Mississippi has risen yearly. By the end of December 31, 2013, there was approximately 10,473 Mississippians living with HIV (National HIV Surveillance Report, 2013).
Secondary data
Jackson, MS the state’s capital city and with the most new HIV disease cases are identified in the West Central Public Health District V, which includes the metropolitan Jackson Hinds area, where 47% of all persons with HIV disease in Mississippi reside presently (Mississippi State Department of Health, 2015). According to data for states and metropolitan areas, it’s shown that racial and ethnic minority youths aged between 13 to 19 years rank 4th in the diagnose of HIV at 44.7%. The education b ...
Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the Un...Santé des trans
Cet article, paru en 2008 dans la revue AIDS and Behavior, présente une synthèse des données disponibles dans la littérature scientifique concernant la prévalence du VIH parmi les trans aux Etats-Unis et leurs facteurs de risque comportementaux par rapport à la transmission du virus.
Running head POPULATION STUDY1POPULATION STUDY5.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: POPULATION STUDY 1
POPULATION STUDY 5
Population Study
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Population Study: Adolescents of Age 14-24 Years
Population study typically refers to a study of a group of individuals that is taken from the general population, have similar characteristics, for example, health condition, sex or age. There are several reasons for taking such studies related to such a specific group, and this may include the risk of contracting a disease or response to a drug. Examples of such study groups include school going age adolescents, newborn babies, pregnant women between the age of 20 and 40 years, aged population, among others.
Awareness and Knowledge of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Adolescents of Age 14-24 Years
HIV, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases, constitutes the largest portion of health cases affecting the youths globally. Such diseases if not taken care of may lead to more complicated cases in future such as cancer, AIDS, infertility, among other cases. Such cases occur mostly in youths due to a vulnerability to which they are exposed to. And thus, there is need to create awareness as well as health education among such school-going adolescents so as to reduce these cases (Berglund, 2001).
Criteria for Inclusion
For this kind of study group, it should include all school attending students of ages between 14 years and 24 years, should be conducted and published between 1990 and 2015, be a cross-sectional studies, the studies should focus on knowledge as well as awareness of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among the adolescents, and lastly the studies should have measurement of knowledge or awareness (Health protection Surveillance Centre, 2005).
Exclusion Criteria
The exclusion criteria should include case reports, non-specific risk groups (such as the drug users, homosexuals, etc.), studies that seek to evaluate intervention programs, review, expert opinions, editorials, letters, and studies that are mainly on sexual activities and or behaviors.
The study group should be chosen randomly and be done majorly by targeting the institutions of learning where there is a normal distribution of such youths. In this manner, the results obtained will likely be accurate since the equal distribution represents the reality about the population.
Risk Factors: Health risk factors includes young adolescents who are exposed to sex and possess little knowledge and awareness concerning safe sex. In targeting such population, it should be taken into account that there could be an increase in the number of infections facing adolescents of age between 14 and 18 years (World Health Organisation, 2001).
Demographics: The population understudies will include all young adolescents both girls and boys falling under the age bracket that has been considered for the study.
Socio-economics: Knowledge and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases will majorl ...
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
PAGE 24The perceptions of health workers on the effecti.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
24
The perceptions of health workers on the effectiveness of HIV Prevention Programmes for MSM in Jamaica
May 2013
Abstract
The Jamaican Ministry of Health (MOH) has framed a policy and strategy that allows for sexual health promotion and HIV prevention programmes to be conducted for men who have sex with men (MSM), despite an enforced legal framework which makes it illegal to participate in anal sex. The population of Jamaica’s MSM accounts for the highest HIV prevalence rate on the island. While the National HIV/ STI Programme conducts a government-run programme, a significant portion of the work is conducted by local and internationally funded non-government organizations (NGO). This study seeks to explore the efficiency of these HIV/AIDS prevention programmes from the experiences and perspectives of the health care workers involved in their implementation. It will utilize qualitative research methodology of a descriptive cross-sectional design. The procedure will involve the use of interviews. These will be conducted with health workers in MSM programmes from NGOs and the Jamaica National HIV/STI Programme. It is expected that the results may indicate a view of success with many programmes, with limitations being attributed to the societal and legal framework within which they work. It may also show disparities between government and locally ran programmes conducted by NGOs. The results of this study will be shared and made available to public libraries, the government of Jamaica and other stakeholders working to alleviate the impact of HIV and AIDS in Jamaica and the world. *
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, health promotion and HIV prevention, men who have sex with men (MSM), Jamaica, sexual health, gay men, other MSM and transgender individuals (GMT).Table of Contents
Page #
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Discussion
Conclusion
Reflection
References
Appendix Consent
Appendix Draft Interview
Glossary
Privacy Statement
1. Introduction
This study explores the effectiveness of the HIV and AIDS response within the target population of MSM in Jamaica. It investigates, the views and perspectives of the health workers who carry out or implement these programmes.
Thanks to science, the ability to treat and care for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) and AIDS has grown exponentially. Individuals are defying their prognoses and are living with HIV and AIDS for record number of years than they did when the virus was first discovered. Gay, bisexual, transgendered and other men who have sex with men but may not identify as gay, are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections like HIV (MOH, 2011a). For the purpose of this research the term MSM will be defined and utilized as the public health terminology to capture the target audience of all males who have sex with males.
For the purpose of this research.
This document discusses disease surveillance research. It explains that disease surveillance involves the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to monitor disease trends and improve public health. A reductionist approach looks at isolating variables to find cause-and-effect relationships, while a complex systems approach considers adaptive and multilevel systems in context. The document also discusses the roles and competencies needed for nurses to participate in surveillance and investigation activities.
1) Mainstream economics approaches to understanding HIV transmission and prevalence, like rational choice theory, provide insights but have weaknesses due to unrealistic assumptions about free choice and risk perceptions. They also fail to consider important cultural factors.
2) Religious affiliation, like Islam, may show relationships to HIV rates and should be included in analyses, as demonstrated by a study finding lower prevalence in countries with higher Muslim populations.
3) Data on Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe show Burkina Faso has lower HIV prevalence despite similar demographics, which may relate to it being majority Muslim while Zimbabwe is majority Christian.
Running Head: COMMUNITY ANALYSIS 1
Community Analysis
The most prevalent risk factors among racial and ethnic minorities are unprotected vaginal or anal sex, inadequate sex education, improving access to prevention and care services and drug use. Jackson, MS has a population of 173,212, with median household income of $32,250. Poverty is one of the major contributing factors to the risky behaviors and the rise of HIV infections within racial/ethnic minority youths. The residents with incomes below the poverty level in Jackson, MS by 2015 was 39.9%, and those with income below 50% of the poverty level was 19.2%, the breakdown is between ages 13 to 19 years of poor residents in Jackson, MS and the percentage is below half of poverty level of 20%. The most common race or ethnicity living below the poverty line in Jackson, MS is Black or African American, followed by White and Hispanic or Latino. The state of homelessness is on the rise and many of these shelters in Jackson, MS now have waiting lists with majority of its occupants are racial/ethnic minority. Even with the waiting lists, those that need to be sheltered will have to call ahead to confirm (City Data, 2015).
Mississippi is one of the most rustic states in the United States and its population is perhaps the poorest. According to the 2010 Census, Mississippi has a population of 2,967,297 people, with a racial distribution of 59% white, 37% black, 3% Hispanic, and 2% other. Mississippi ranks second in the nation (after the District of Columbia) for the highest proportion of African Americans. Through U.S. Census Bureau 2011 American Community Surveys, Mississippi levels the first in the country for the number of people living in poverty (22.6% of the total population) and the lowest middle household revenue ($36,919) (United State Census Bureau, 2011). According to the 2011 National HIV Surveillance Report, Mississippi had the 4th highest rate of HIV infection in the United States. The state’s capital city, Jackson, had the third highest rate of HIV diagnoses within aged 13 to 19 years and the eighth highest AIDS diagnosis by metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in 2011. For the past twenty years, numbers of peoples living with HIV in Mississippi has risen yearly. By the end of December 31, 2013, there was approximately 10,473 Mississippians living with HIV (National HIV Surveillance Report, 2013).
Secondary data
Jackson, MS the state’s capital city and with the most new HIV disease cases are identified in the West Central Public Health District V, which includes the metropolitan Jackson Hinds area, where 47% of all persons with HIV disease in Mississippi reside presently (Mississippi State Department of Health, 2015). According to data for states and metropolitan areas, it’s shown that racial and ethnic minority youths aged between 13 to 19 years rank 4th in the diagnose of HIV at 44.7%. The education b ...
Estimating HIV prevalence and risk behaviors of transgender persons in the Un...Santé des trans
Cet article, paru en 2008 dans la revue AIDS and Behavior, présente une synthèse des données disponibles dans la littérature scientifique concernant la prévalence du VIH parmi les trans aux Etats-Unis et leurs facteurs de risque comportementaux par rapport à la transmission du virus.
Running head POPULATION STUDY1POPULATION STUDY5.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: POPULATION STUDY 1
POPULATION STUDY 5
Population Study
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Population Study: Adolescents of Age 14-24 Years
Population study typically refers to a study of a group of individuals that is taken from the general population, have similar characteristics, for example, health condition, sex or age. There are several reasons for taking such studies related to such a specific group, and this may include the risk of contracting a disease or response to a drug. Examples of such study groups include school going age adolescents, newborn babies, pregnant women between the age of 20 and 40 years, aged population, among others.
Awareness and Knowledge of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Adolescents of Age 14-24 Years
HIV, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases, constitutes the largest portion of health cases affecting the youths globally. Such diseases if not taken care of may lead to more complicated cases in future such as cancer, AIDS, infertility, among other cases. Such cases occur mostly in youths due to a vulnerability to which they are exposed to. And thus, there is need to create awareness as well as health education among such school-going adolescents so as to reduce these cases (Berglund, 2001).
Criteria for Inclusion
For this kind of study group, it should include all school attending students of ages between 14 years and 24 years, should be conducted and published between 1990 and 2015, be a cross-sectional studies, the studies should focus on knowledge as well as awareness of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among the adolescents, and lastly the studies should have measurement of knowledge or awareness (Health protection Surveillance Centre, 2005).
Exclusion Criteria
The exclusion criteria should include case reports, non-specific risk groups (such as the drug users, homosexuals, etc.), studies that seek to evaluate intervention programs, review, expert opinions, editorials, letters, and studies that are mainly on sexual activities and or behaviors.
The study group should be chosen randomly and be done majorly by targeting the institutions of learning where there is a normal distribution of such youths. In this manner, the results obtained will likely be accurate since the equal distribution represents the reality about the population.
Risk Factors: Health risk factors includes young adolescents who are exposed to sex and possess little knowledge and awareness concerning safe sex. In targeting such population, it should be taken into account that there could be an increase in the number of infections facing adolescents of age between 14 and 18 years (World Health Organisation, 2001).
Demographics: The population understudies will include all young adolescents both girls and boys falling under the age bracket that has been considered for the study.
Socio-economics: Knowledge and awareness of sexually transmitted diseases will majorl ...
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
This document discusses understanding the perceptions of sex workers regarding sexually transmitted diseases using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework. It begins by introducing sexually transmitted diseases and their risks. It then discusses health ontology/epistemology and the perceptions of sex workers. The Health Belief Model is examined, including its key constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Finally, it proposes how these constructs can be applied to understand sex workers' perceptions and design health programs to reduce sexually transmitted diseases.
An overview and summary on the research done for the Break the Silence: End Child Abuse Campaign. by Rhoda Reddock, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Primary Care and Behavioral Health Integration – Leveraging psychologists’ ro...Michael Changaris
Background and Importance: Violence stands as a significant cause of death in the United States, contributing to various health and mental health issues. The role of psychologists has evolved into an essential component of healthcare.
Despite a decrease over several decades, rates of violence have begun to rise again. However, the prevailing approach often focuses on managing the aftermath of violence rather than tackling its underlying causes. Each community possesses its own distinct profile of factors that either elevate or mitigate the risk of violence.
Primary Care Behavioral Health Integration presents a broadly applicable method for preventing violence, offering a hyper-local approach that targets the specific health needs of individuals, families, and communities. By adapting established evidence-based strategies for healthcare improvement, primary prevention can significantly reduce violence.
Methods and Description: This presentation will provide practical tools and general measures to effectively merge behavioral healthcare with primary care systems, fostering violence reduction at the levels of the community, healthcare facility, and healthcare providers. The implementation of universal precautions for violence reduction will be outlined, along with a structured approach to establish violence reduction advocates and teams. These teams will be equipped to assess the unique local risks, manifestations, and impacts of violence within the community they serve.
Outcomes: Through the incorporation of a 7-factor violence risk reduction strategy within primary care behavioral health, collaborative multidisciplinary teams can effectively diminish instances of interpersonal, individual, and community violence. The application of the "four Ts" model (Training, Triage, Treatment, Team Care) empowers primary care clinicians and integrated healthcare settings to enhance individual clinical outcomes, overall clinic population health, and actively champion community-wide violence reduction.
- African American men account for 70% of new HIV/AIDS cases in Los Angeles County, though they represent only 12-14% of the population. The majority of cases are in men ages 20-49.
- Poverty, lack of health insurance, and high incarceration rates negatively impact access to healthcare for African American men with HIV/AIDS in Los Angeles. However, community organizations provide support and work to increase access.
- HIV/AIDS has disproportionate effects in the African American community in Los Angeles County. Efforts are being made to increase testing, prevention, and treatment through programs tailored for at-risk groups.
Manchester's Services for Minority Communities Report 2016Jonny Wineberg
This document summarizes the findings of a research study that examined the needs and views of minority communities in Manchester. It found that the top concerns were unemployment, financial security, racism, and mental health. Muslims expressed higher levels of worry across most issues surveyed. The qualitative responses revealed concerns about discrimination, lack of understanding between faiths, extremism, and language barriers. Recommendations included better services for jobs, finances, and policing in Muslim areas, as well as more opportunities for different groups to engage with each other.
This study analyzed monthly trends in rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis over 57 months using North Carolina surveillance data. For the college-aged group (19-22), diagnosis rates were significantly higher in March compared to other months. This suggests targeting education and prevention efforts before March may help reduce infections. Further research is needed to understand if this pattern reflects natural disease variation or testing behavior.
1) The document discusses issues around homophobia and HIV among gay and bisexual men in the US, noting rates are increasing among these groups.
2) It calls for increased CDC funding for community-level HIV prevention programs targeting at-risk groups like gay/bisexual men of color and women of color.
3) The document advocates promoting resiliency among at-risk groups through education programs and LGBT-affirming interventions.
Technical Guidance on Combination HIV Preventionclac.cab
This document provides guidance on HIV prevention programs for men who have sex with men (MSM) as part of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). It summarizes that MSM face a disproportionately high risk of HIV in many countries. An effective prevention program requires a combination of structural, biomedical, and behavioral interventions tailored to the specific risks and needs of MSM. PEPFAR supports integrating community outreach, condom distribution, HIV testing, healthcare linkage, health education, and STI treatment into a comprehensive prevention package for MSM.
- The geriatric population living in nursing facilities is at high risk for falls due to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors.
- Intrinsic risk factors include advanced age, history of falls, gait and balance impairments, muscle weakness, visual impairments, cognitive impairments, and chronic conditions like arthritis and diabetes.
- Extrinsic risk factors include environmental hazards within the nursing facility like uneven surfaces, poor lighting, lack of grab bars in bathrooms, and unsafe footwear.
- Comprehensive fall risk assessments and targeted interventions are needed to address both intrinsic and extrinsic risk
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
This document provides an overview of demography and methods of collecting demographic data. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and distribution. Key points include:
- John Graunt is considered the founder of demography for developing early human statistical and census methods.
- Demographic data can be collected through primary methods like interviews, questionnaires, observations, or secondary sources.
- Primary data is directly collected from individuals while secondary data is obtained from outside sources.
- Demographic data is useful for governments and organizations to analyze population trends and plan services.
This document provides an overview of demography and key demographic concepts and methods. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes over time due to births, deaths and migration. It discusses important demographers like John Graunt and key concepts such as fertility rates, mortality rates, and the demographic transition model. It also describes primary methods of collecting demographic data such as censuses, surveys and vital statistics registration, as well as secondary sources of demographic data.
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
22Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploi.docxdomenicacullison
2
2
Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children
Sexual exploitation of children is a form of sexual abuse whereby a child is given money, gifts, among others, in exchange for doing sexual activities. In this case, the children are misled into thinking they are in a consensual and loving relationship and hence may end up trusting their abuser and thus not understand that they are being abused. The issue of sexual exploitation has gained much attention especially with the evolution of the internet which has elevated child trafficking across the globe. However, the true scale of the issue is unknown. This is because centralized data is lacking and also reporting bodies are inadequate. This is further contributed by the culture of shame, stigma, and silence, and also the expansion of information technology all of which are risk factors for the issue. Hence the relevance of the research topic is to assess the available resources regarding the issue to understand the scale of the problem.
Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children: the perspective of law enforcement”.
In this article, Boyd & Mitchell (2014), conducted an exploratory study to evaluate how technology could be utilized in investigating child trafficking. According to the authors, commercial sexual exploitation of children, also known as child sex trafficking constitute a wide context of sexual victimization because, in addition to the victims being sexually assaulted and abused, they are treated as commodities and used for economic and financial gain. It is now obvious that many types of social activities involve the use of technology. However, criminal and child protection investigators are always struggling to use technology effectively to assess the underlying issues. Also, empirical research on the issue is almost non-existence, and hence media stories and legal reports offer guidance on summaries of case characteristics and the use of technology in such cases. The use of technology to investigate the issue is seen to offer both benefits and drawbacks. The drawbacks lean more towards the offender which includes giving them more opportunity to widen their activities. Hence, the investigators instead feel overwhelmed to deal with what they do not have control over and hence turn to analog means. This, in turn, contributes to the lack of data for research on the issue.
Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). “Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838018821956”.
In this article, Franchino-Olsen (2019) conducted a review of the reviewed publications to identify the risk factors for commercial sexual exploitation for children. According to the author, the issue has become widespread across the United States, violating the health and the rights of many .
The document discusses research on health care access disparities among Latino populations and their families. It notes that Latinos are more likely than other groups to have uninsured family members. Research shows socioeconomic factors play a role, but people of color experience different health care even with similar insurance and conditions. The document then outlines several research implications and opportunities for systemic interventions to address barriers Latinos face in accessing health care.
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Il s'agit d'une fiche technique sur la prévention du VIH parmi les trans.
Non datée, elle est le fruit du travail de Rita Melendez, de la San Francisco State University, Valerie Spencer de la Charles R. Drew University, et David Whittier, du Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
AFRICAResearch Paper AssignmentInstructionsOverview.docxSALU18
AFRICA
Research Paper Assignment
Instructions
Overview
In developing your expertise in transnational
organized crime (TOC) you will be writing a series of research papers. All
together the writing contained in all these papers combined would be quite
significant project! You will find that in some modules, the research papers
mimic our readings with respect to subject matter and some modules, the
research papers do not mimic the reading. Again, the goal of these research
papers is to stretch the depth and breadth of your knowledge. You should feel
well prepared to teach a course in TOCs after completing this course. The
research papers and PowerPoints you create could serve as the basis for such
class. Additionally, you will find that this course and the course CJUS701
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems complement each other very well.
Instructions
·
Each
research paper should be a minimum of 6 to 8 pages.
·
The
vast difference in page count is because some countries and/or crime/topics are
quite easy to study and some countries and/or crime/topics have very limited
information.
·
In
some instances, there will be a plethora of information and you must use
skilled writing to maintain proper page count.
·
Please
keep in mind that this is doctoral level analysis and writing – you are to take
the hard-earned road – the road less travelled – the scholarly road in forming
your paper.
·
The
paper must use current APA style, and the page count does not include the title
page, abstract, reference section, or any extra material.
·
The
minimum elements of the paper are listed below.
·
You
must use a
minimum
of 8 recent (some
countries/crimes/topics may have more recent research articles than others),
relevant, and academic (peer review journals preferred and professional
journals allowed if used judiciously) sources, at least 2 sources being the
Holy Bible, and one recent (some countries/crime/topics have more recent than
others) news article. Books may be used
but are considered “additional: sources beyond the stated minimums. You may use
.gov sources as your recent, relevant, and academic sources if the writing is
academic in nature (authored works). You may also use United Nations and
Whitehouse.gov documents as academic documents.
·
Again,
this paper must reflect graduate level research and writing style. If you need to go over the maximum page count
you must obtain professor permission in advance! Please reference the Research
Paper Rubric when creating your research paper.
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the
topics covered in your papers.
1)
Begin
your paper with a
brief
analysis of the following elements:
a.
Country
analysis
i.
Introduction
to the country
ii.
People
and society of the country
iii.
What
is the basic government structure?
2)
Analyze
the nature of organized crime in the assigned area (you may narrow the scope of
your analysis through your introduction or thesis stat.
Adversarial ProceedingsCritically discuss with your classmates t.docxSALU18
Adversarial Proceedings
Critically discuss with your classmates the claim that adversarial proceedings can be distinguished as relying more on the government’s ability to prove guilt (following specific rules of criminal procedure the defendant’s guilt whereas the inquisitorial process spends more time on investigations to determine if the defendant truly committed the crime).
.
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ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
This document discusses understanding the perceptions of sex workers regarding sexually transmitted diseases using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework. It begins by introducing sexually transmitted diseases and their risks. It then discusses health ontology/epistemology and the perceptions of sex workers. The Health Belief Model is examined, including its key constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Finally, it proposes how these constructs can be applied to understand sex workers' perceptions and design health programs to reduce sexually transmitted diseases.
An overview and summary on the research done for the Break the Silence: End Child Abuse Campaign. by Rhoda Reddock, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Primary Care and Behavioral Health Integration – Leveraging psychologists’ ro...Michael Changaris
Background and Importance: Violence stands as a significant cause of death in the United States, contributing to various health and mental health issues. The role of psychologists has evolved into an essential component of healthcare.
Despite a decrease over several decades, rates of violence have begun to rise again. However, the prevailing approach often focuses on managing the aftermath of violence rather than tackling its underlying causes. Each community possesses its own distinct profile of factors that either elevate or mitigate the risk of violence.
Primary Care Behavioral Health Integration presents a broadly applicable method for preventing violence, offering a hyper-local approach that targets the specific health needs of individuals, families, and communities. By adapting established evidence-based strategies for healthcare improvement, primary prevention can significantly reduce violence.
Methods and Description: This presentation will provide practical tools and general measures to effectively merge behavioral healthcare with primary care systems, fostering violence reduction at the levels of the community, healthcare facility, and healthcare providers. The implementation of universal precautions for violence reduction will be outlined, along with a structured approach to establish violence reduction advocates and teams. These teams will be equipped to assess the unique local risks, manifestations, and impacts of violence within the community they serve.
Outcomes: Through the incorporation of a 7-factor violence risk reduction strategy within primary care behavioral health, collaborative multidisciplinary teams can effectively diminish instances of interpersonal, individual, and community violence. The application of the "four Ts" model (Training, Triage, Treatment, Team Care) empowers primary care clinicians and integrated healthcare settings to enhance individual clinical outcomes, overall clinic population health, and actively champion community-wide violence reduction.
- African American men account for 70% of new HIV/AIDS cases in Los Angeles County, though they represent only 12-14% of the population. The majority of cases are in men ages 20-49.
- Poverty, lack of health insurance, and high incarceration rates negatively impact access to healthcare for African American men with HIV/AIDS in Los Angeles. However, community organizations provide support and work to increase access.
- HIV/AIDS has disproportionate effects in the African American community in Los Angeles County. Efforts are being made to increase testing, prevention, and treatment through programs tailored for at-risk groups.
Manchester's Services for Minority Communities Report 2016Jonny Wineberg
This document summarizes the findings of a research study that examined the needs and views of minority communities in Manchester. It found that the top concerns were unemployment, financial security, racism, and mental health. Muslims expressed higher levels of worry across most issues surveyed. The qualitative responses revealed concerns about discrimination, lack of understanding between faiths, extremism, and language barriers. Recommendations included better services for jobs, finances, and policing in Muslim areas, as well as more opportunities for different groups to engage with each other.
This study analyzed monthly trends in rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis over 57 months using North Carolina surveillance data. For the college-aged group (19-22), diagnosis rates were significantly higher in March compared to other months. This suggests targeting education and prevention efforts before March may help reduce infections. Further research is needed to understand if this pattern reflects natural disease variation or testing behavior.
1) The document discusses issues around homophobia and HIV among gay and bisexual men in the US, noting rates are increasing among these groups.
2) It calls for increased CDC funding for community-level HIV prevention programs targeting at-risk groups like gay/bisexual men of color and women of color.
3) The document advocates promoting resiliency among at-risk groups through education programs and LGBT-affirming interventions.
Technical Guidance on Combination HIV Preventionclac.cab
This document provides guidance on HIV prevention programs for men who have sex with men (MSM) as part of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). It summarizes that MSM face a disproportionately high risk of HIV in many countries. An effective prevention program requires a combination of structural, biomedical, and behavioral interventions tailored to the specific risks and needs of MSM. PEPFAR supports integrating community outreach, condom distribution, HIV testing, healthcare linkage, health education, and STI treatment into a comprehensive prevention package for MSM.
- The geriatric population living in nursing facilities is at high risk for falls due to multiple intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors.
- Intrinsic risk factors include advanced age, history of falls, gait and balance impairments, muscle weakness, visual impairments, cognitive impairments, and chronic conditions like arthritis and diabetes.
- Extrinsic risk factors include environmental hazards within the nursing facility like uneven surfaces, poor lighting, lack of grab bars in bathrooms, and unsafe footwear.
- Comprehensive fall risk assessments and targeted interventions are needed to address both intrinsic and extrinsic risk
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
This document provides an overview of demography and methods of collecting demographic data. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and distribution. Key points include:
- John Graunt is considered the founder of demography for developing early human statistical and census methods.
- Demographic data can be collected through primary methods like interviews, questionnaires, observations, or secondary sources.
- Primary data is directly collected from individuals while secondary data is obtained from outside sources.
- Demographic data is useful for governments and organizations to analyze population trends and plan services.
This document provides an overview of demography and key demographic concepts and methods. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes over time due to births, deaths and migration. It discusses important demographers like John Graunt and key concepts such as fertility rates, mortality rates, and the demographic transition model. It also describes primary methods of collecting demographic data such as censuses, surveys and vital statistics registration, as well as secondary sources of demographic data.
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
22Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploi.docxdomenicacullison
2
2
Reported data versus the unknown data within sexual exploitation of children
Sexual exploitation of children is a form of sexual abuse whereby a child is given money, gifts, among others, in exchange for doing sexual activities. In this case, the children are misled into thinking they are in a consensual and loving relationship and hence may end up trusting their abuser and thus not understand that they are being abused. The issue of sexual exploitation has gained much attention especially with the evolution of the internet which has elevated child trafficking across the globe. However, the true scale of the issue is unknown. This is because centralized data is lacking and also reporting bodies are inadequate. This is further contributed by the culture of shame, stigma, and silence, and also the expansion of information technology all of which are risk factors for the issue. Hence the relevance of the research topic is to assess the available resources regarding the issue to understand the scale of the problem.
Boyd, D., & Mitchell, K. J. (2014). “Understanding the role of technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children: the perspective of law enforcement”.
In this article, Boyd & Mitchell (2014), conducted an exploratory study to evaluate how technology could be utilized in investigating child trafficking. According to the authors, commercial sexual exploitation of children, also known as child sex trafficking constitute a wide context of sexual victimization because, in addition to the victims being sexually assaulted and abused, they are treated as commodities and used for economic and financial gain. It is now obvious that many types of social activities involve the use of technology. However, criminal and child protection investigators are always struggling to use technology effectively to assess the underlying issues. Also, empirical research on the issue is almost non-existence, and hence media stories and legal reports offer guidance on summaries of case characteristics and the use of technology in such cases. The use of technology to investigate the issue is seen to offer both benefits and drawbacks. The drawbacks lean more towards the offender which includes giving them more opportunity to widen their activities. Hence, the investigators instead feel overwhelmed to deal with what they do not have control over and hence turn to analog means. This, in turn, contributes to the lack of data for research on the issue.
Franchino-Olsen, H. (2019). “Vulnerabilities relevant for commercial sexual exploitation of children/domestic minor sex trafficking: A systematic review of risk factors. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1524838018821956”.
In this article, Franchino-Olsen (2019) conducted a review of the reviewed publications to identify the risk factors for commercial sexual exploitation for children. According to the author, the issue has become widespread across the United States, violating the health and the rights of many .
The document discusses research on health care access disparities among Latino populations and their families. It notes that Latinos are more likely than other groups to have uninsured family members. Research shows socioeconomic factors play a role, but people of color experience different health care even with similar insurance and conditions. The document then outlines several research implications and opportunities for systemic interventions to address barriers Latinos face in accessing health care.
1
Healthcare
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course Details
Instructor’s Name
Date
Healthcare
Health inequity is a serious healthcare problem that negatively affects everyone. This problem worsens the health outcomes of the population it directly impacts and those with resources and power. For instance, health disparity makes it hard to control, contain and treat infections illnesses, like the Covid-19, therefore putting everyone at risk of contracting the disease regardless of their socioeconomic class. Culture plays a critical role in patient care and health outcomes and affects our perception of others, health behaviors, and expectations during care delivery. This paper discusses health inequalities, advocacy for families, patients, and community, and cultural competencies. Comment by lola siyanbola: Can you explain how?
Health inequalities involve differences in health resources' distribution of health between different population groups resulting from social conditions in which members of the population are born, live, grow, work and age. The inequalities are basically the systematic differences in the status of health between population groups (Marmot, 2017). The inequalities have substantial economic and social costs to both persons and communities. Social factors including employment status, education level, gender, ethnicity, and level of income affect an individual's health status, therefore creating health disparities among populations due to variations of the social factors (Malbon, 2019). Lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor health outcomes. The appropriate combination of government policies can address these health disparities. Comment by lola siyanbola: This is a fact can you rephrase or cite Comment by lola siyanbola: This is too vague, can you elaborate a little?
I would advocate for patients by connecting them with resources outside and inside the hospital to support their wellbeing and double-check for errors to identify, stop, and correct errors to ensure their safety (Doucette et al., 2018). I would educate the patients on the best way to manage their health conditions and improve their quality of life. Protecting patients' rights and giving them a voice, particularly when vulnerable, is key to safe and quality patient care. I would advocate for families by utilizing my expertise to persuade the hospital authorities about the economic position of the family, their educational level, and their cultural values about patient care. I would advocate for the community by working to ensure community members are adequately and fairly treated in all matters of health.
The first Implicit Association Tests (IAT) reveals that I hold a moderate automatic preference for Arab Muslims with 26% over Other People. This means that I am likely to respond moderately respond faster to the care needs of patients from the Arap Muslim compared to other patients. ...
Il s'agit d'une fiche technique sur la prévention du VIH parmi les trans.
Non datée, elle est le fruit du travail de Rita Melendez, de la San Francisco State University, Valerie Spencer de la Charles R. Drew University, et David Whittier, du Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Similar to English 101 Essay #3 Ad Analysis Throughout this .docx (20)
AFRICAResearch Paper AssignmentInstructionsOverview.docxSALU18
AFRICA
Research Paper Assignment
Instructions
Overview
In developing your expertise in transnational
organized crime (TOC) you will be writing a series of research papers. All
together the writing contained in all these papers combined would be quite
significant project! You will find that in some modules, the research papers
mimic our readings with respect to subject matter and some modules, the
research papers do not mimic the reading. Again, the goal of these research
papers is to stretch the depth and breadth of your knowledge. You should feel
well prepared to teach a course in TOCs after completing this course. The
research papers and PowerPoints you create could serve as the basis for such
class. Additionally, you will find that this course and the course CJUS701
Comparative Criminal Justice Systems complement each other very well.
Instructions
·
Each
research paper should be a minimum of 6 to 8 pages.
·
The
vast difference in page count is because some countries and/or crime/topics are
quite easy to study and some countries and/or crime/topics have very limited
information.
·
In
some instances, there will be a plethora of information and you must use
skilled writing to maintain proper page count.
·
Please
keep in mind that this is doctoral level analysis and writing – you are to take
the hard-earned road – the road less travelled – the scholarly road in forming
your paper.
·
The
paper must use current APA style, and the page count does not include the title
page, abstract, reference section, or any extra material.
·
The
minimum elements of the paper are listed below.
·
You
must use a
minimum
of 8 recent (some
countries/crimes/topics may have more recent research articles than others),
relevant, and academic (peer review journals preferred and professional
journals allowed if used judiciously) sources, at least 2 sources being the
Holy Bible, and one recent (some countries/crime/topics have more recent than
others) news article. Books may be used
but are considered “additional: sources beyond the stated minimums. You may use
.gov sources as your recent, relevant, and academic sources if the writing is
academic in nature (authored works). You may also use United Nations and
Whitehouse.gov documents as academic documents.
·
Again,
this paper must reflect graduate level research and writing style. If you need to go over the maximum page count
you must obtain professor permission in advance! Please reference the Research
Paper Rubric when creating your research paper.
These are minimum guidelines – you may expand the
topics covered in your papers.
1)
Begin
your paper with a
brief
analysis of the following elements:
a.
Country
analysis
i.
Introduction
to the country
ii.
People
and society of the country
iii.
What
is the basic government structure?
2)
Analyze
the nature of organized crime in the assigned area (you may narrow the scope of
your analysis through your introduction or thesis stat.
Adversarial ProceedingsCritically discuss with your classmates t.docxSALU18
Adversarial Proceedings
Critically discuss with your classmates the claim that adversarial proceedings can be distinguished as relying more on the government’s ability to prove guilt (following specific rules of criminal procedure the defendant’s guilt whereas the inquisitorial process spends more time on investigations to determine if the defendant truly committed the crime).
.
Advances In Management Vol. 9 (5) May (2016)
1
Generation Gaps: Changes in the Workplace due to
Differing Generational Values
Carbary Kelly, Fredericks Elizabeth, Mishra Bharat and Mishra Jitendra*
Management Department, Grand Valley State University, 50 Front Ave, SW Grand Rapids Michigan 49504-6424, USA
*[email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discuss the
generational gaps that are found in the workplace
today. With multiple generations working together,
and the oldest generation having to work longer and
retire later, generational changes are occurring in the
workplace and for management. There is a lack of
communication and understanding between the
different generations caused through differing values
and goals. Younger generations are also entering
different fields than those that were popular for older
generations. There is a serious new problem in the
workplace, and it has nothing to do with downsizing,
global competition, pointy-haired bosses, stress or
greed. Instead, it is the problem of distinct
generations — the Veterans, the Baby Boomers, Gen
X and Gen Y — working together and often colliding
as their paths cross.
Individuals with different values, different ideas,
different ways of getting things done and different
ways of communicating in the workplace have always
existed. So, why is this becoming a problem now? At
work, generation differences can affect everything
including recruiting, building teams, dealing with
change, motivating, managing, and maintaining and
increasing productivity All of these ideas are
explored, discussed, and evaluated, through looking
at current research on the topic and case studies that
have been conducted not only in the United States but
around the world.
Keywords: Generation gap, workplace, values.
Introduction
Throughout the years, as the population has continued to
both grow and age, it has caused generational changes to
take place in the various aspects of life. With the changes in
the demographics of the world’s population, there have also
been changes in how each group thinks and what they
value. This not only affects the way people behave in their
personal lives, but it also affects the workplace. As
generational changes occur in the workplace, a lack of
communication has caused adisconnect to occur between
the values and goals present among the different age groups
along with newer generations choosing different career
paths.
* Author for Correspondence
In order to understand where these differences stem from,
you need to analyze how each generation is different when
it comes to their beliefs and values. So, it is best to identify
the different groups present in workplace which range from
those born in 1922 to those born in the early 1990’s.
Moving chronologically, the fi.
African-American Literature An introduction to major African-Americ.docxSALU18
African-American Literature: An introduction to major African-American writers from the earliest expressions to the present. An examination of the cultural milieu from which the writing arose, the ideological stance of each writer studied, and the styles and structure of the works considered
8 wks
.
African American Women and Healthcare I want to explain how heal.docxSALU18
African American women face unique healthcare challenges. This paper will explore how healthcare is perceived in the African American community, especially among women, and whether their concerns are justified. The paper will follow a standard structure including an introduction, abstract, literature review, methods, results, and discussion sections.
Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood EducationAdvocacy & Le.docxSALU18
Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood Education
Advocacy & Legislation in Early Childhood Education
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
Rasmussen College
COURSE#: EEC 4910
Doreen Anzalone
July 15, 2019
Advocating for Early Childhood Education
· What is advocacy?
Advocacy is how we support our children. We as teachers give advice for our children or we listen. We let the children and families know that we believe in them and we will be there for them. Teachers, admin, staff can advocate for children as long as they are in school. Advocates are also trained people and they are not lawyers. One of their responsibility is to stay up to date with the regulations of the educational laws.
· Why is advocacy important to early childhood education?
Its important to help the families because they might be vulnerable in society. We as teachers need to make sure our children and families are being heard. We as teachers need to make sure their wishes and views are being considered when it’s about their child or family. Its because we are helping the family make life decisions about their children and even their family life. Its also important to make sure we are not judging the family or having or our own personal opinions about what is going on when we are helping advocate for the family, we need to make sure we are stating the facts for the family.
· What is your role as an early childhood educator in making legislative changes?
Our role is to be able to email them or decide how to get a hold of them and let them know our questions, comments or suggestions on things that need to be changed, updated. We need to let them know so we can support our school, children, and families. It is our role as educators to stay aware of the laws. The Federal laws we need to make sure we are aware of the
· Family Education Rights & Poverty Act
· The No Child Left Behind
· Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
With these laws and many more they need to hear from schools in the United States. The federal laws mean we need to address the issues. These issues usually involve infringement of the student’s rights and they are to protect the rights. The state laws depend on the state you are in. The state laws this is where you would go if you have a problem or need to voice about
· Teacher Retirement
· Teacher evaluations
· Charter schools
· State Testing requirements
· The required learning standards
· Much more
Your school board is also a great place to help with policies and regulations and any revisions that need to be done.
· What ethical issues must early childhood education professionals consider related to advocacy and why do those issues exit?
In NAEYC the code of Ethical Conduct and in their it describes how any educator is required to act and what they do and not to do. At times as an educator as staff we tend to do what is the simplest or sometimes, we want to please others but when it comes to this, we must remember to follow our responsi.
Advertising is one of the most common forms of visual persuasion we .docxSALU18
Advertising is one of the most common forms of visual persuasion we encounter in everyday life. The influence of advertising in our society is persuasive and subtle. Part of its power comes from our habit of internalizing the intended messages of words and images without thinking deeply about them. Once we begin decoding the ways in which advertisements are constructed, once we view them critically, we can understand how, or if, they work as arguments. We may then make better decisions about whether to buy products and what factors convinced us or failed to convince us.
What are the different forms of advertising?
Modern media comes in many different formats, including print media (books, magazines, newspapers), television, movies, video games, music, cell phones, various kinds of software, and the Internet. Each type of media involves both content and also a device or object through which that content is delivered.
TEAM TASK:
As a team you are going to Review Chapter 4: Visual Rhetoric: Thinking About Images as Arguments. You will
be assigned a Section of the Chapter (written, visual, unfit, political, caricature, photography-maps graphs charts ) and as a Team you willResearch
the content of that Chapter Area (you will see topic page overlap ) and implement the following:
You will look at and interpret a media campaign or advertisement. Focus on social or ethical aspects * Seek to find one or more of the FALLACY TYPES identified Chapter 9 pages 363- 380. Include this information in your findings. Consider and incorporate as many of the following 16 categories :
The objectives: What role does the ad play in the economy?
The audience: Is it targeted to a group that could be considered vulnerable?
Effectiveness: Does it promote something that is socially desirable?
Role in marketing mix: What role does the ad play in the economy?
Image, product differentiation and branding: Is the ad misleading?
Other promotion factors
The unique selling proposition.
The basis for the appeal(s).
How would you make improvements?
The creative philosophy
The slogan
Secondary or supporting points or claims
The tone or mood and manner: Is the ad misleading?
Type of presenter
The motivational appeal: Does it promote something that is socially desirable?
Executional style
Each TEAM will develop a
15 minute class presentation
about their researched area. You have
options to use
power points, maps, videos, and other resources that will help educate your audience about your research.
Your Presentation should include:
A Power Point, the media piece or some type of visual presentation~~
A Question and Answer {Q & A} & Interactive session, quiz,.
Adult Health 1 Study GuideSensory Unit Chapters 63 & 64.docxSALU18
Adult Health 1 Study Guide
Sensory Unit
Chapters 63 & 64
Remember that assigned textbook readings should be supplemental to reviewing & studying the Powerpoint presentations. Answers to these study guide questions can be obtained from the textbook chapters, Powerpoint presentations, as well as class lectures & in-class activities.
Chapter 63: Assessment & Management of Patients with Eye & Vision Disorders
Conditions to Know
: Glaucoma, Cataracts, Retinal Detachment, Macular Degeneration, Conjunctivitis, Eye trauma
· Know the basic structures & functions of the eye – lens, pupil, iris, cornea, conjunctiva, retina, and sclera
· Questions to ask patients regarding issues with the eyes/vision – Chart 63-1
· Snellen Chart is used to assess visual acuity – 20/20 is considered perfect vision (patient can read line 20 of chart while standing 20 feet away) – this is tested in each eye
1. What are some of the most common causes of blindness?
2. What is responsible for the damage to the optic nerve in patients diagnosed with glaucoma?
3. Glaucoma can lead to what primary complication if not treated properly?
4. What are the differences between open-angle & closed-angle glaucoma?
5. What are the primary signs & symptoms of glaucoma?
6. What are the primary treatment goals for patients with glaucoma?
7. What is the first line treatment of glaucoma? What medication teaching points would you want to include in your patient education?
8. What are some common risk factors for the development of cataracts? See Chart 63-7.
9. What are the primary signs & symptoms of cataracts?
10. The most common treatment for cataracts is outpatient surgery, in which the lens affected by the cataract is replaced with a man-made one. Explain the pre and post-operative nursing management & education that is needed for patients undergoing cataract surgery. See Chart 63-8.
11. Retinal detachment is considered a medical emergency. What happens during retinal detachment?
12. What are some symptoms of retinal detachment?
13. Macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in people > 60 years old. What is macular degeneration?
14. What are some risk factors for dry macular degeneration?
15. What are some signs and symptoms of macular degeneration?
16. Nursing management for patients diagnosed with macular degeneration focus on safety & supportive measures. What are some accommodations we should make or educate patients on regarding how to help improve their vision & ADLs when they have this condition?
17. Conjunctivitis is also called “pink eye”. What are the different types of conjunctivitis and what are some symptoms of this condition? Are any of these types considered contagious?
18. What are some teaching points to include when educating a patient diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis? See Chart 63-11.
19. Explain the emergency nursing treatment needed when a patient presents with eye trauma.
Chapter 64: Assessment & Manag.
Advertising Campaign Management Part 3Jennifer Sundstrom-F.docxSALU18
The document discusses parameters for effective advertising campaigns, including goals, media selection, slogans, consistency, duration, and the creative brief. It provides details on each parameter and explains that carefully planning these elements is important for successful campaigns. It also covers implications of advertising management globally and working with external agencies.
Adopt-a-Plant Project guidelinesOverviewThe purpose of this.docxSALU18
Adopt-a-Plant Project guidelines
Overview:
The purpose of this project is for you to choose a plant, conduct online research into the biology of the plant, and communicate what you have learned. You will be preparing an annotated bibliography on the plant you choose. The entire project is worth 50 points
Annotated Bibliography (50 points)
You will prepare an annotated bibliography with a list of the top 10 most interesting facts about your plant.
· Each fact should be paraphrased (i.e. written in your own words, no quotations allowed).
· Then tell me why this is interesting to you – make connections to your life or to currents issues in our world.
· Finally, give a full citation and tell me why you think this is a reliable, trustworthy source. Use this libguide to help you come up with reasons why your source is trustworthy.
· At least one of your sources should be from a peer-reviewed, science journal article.
Here is an example:
Fact 1: Taxol is a chemotherapy agent derived from the bark of the Pacific Yew Tree. The chemical itself is derived from a fungal endophtye within the bark. I thought this was very interesting, because the Pacific Yew tree is native to the state of Washington, and my aunt Jane received Taxol while undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. I also thought it was interesting because of the mutualistic relationship between the plant and the fungus.Citation: Plant natural products from cultured multipotent cells
Roberts, Susan; Kolewe, Martin. Nature Biotechnology28.11 (Nov 2010): 1175-6.
This is a reliable source because it is published in a peer-reviewed science journal article, written by two PhDs that are providing a review of the current literature on the topic
To complete the assignment, you should first choose a plant, gather articles discussing your plant, read the articles sufficiently enough to discuss the plant, and finally write the annotated bibliography. You are expected to produce original work, and any plagiarism will receive a zero. The paper should be double-spaced, and typed in 12 point font size, with normal margins. The instructions for how to properly cite your sources are at the end of this handout.
*** Reminder: The scientific name of a plant should always be typed in italics, with the first letter of the Genus capitalized. For ex.: Digitalis lanata. When you search for information on your plant online, make sure to use the scientific name, which will bring back a wider variety of results
The bibliography is worth 50 points and will be graded on:
1. Effort
• Quality of references
•Depth/breadth/quality of material covered
2. Following directions/ requirements
I will use the following rubric to grade your bibliography:
Research, Critical Reading and Documentation
Balanced, authoritative sources; correctly cited sources; effectively integrated outside sources. Most sources from science journals
10 pts
Effective sources, correctly cited, Could have a few more.
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4 Winter 2020 Page 1 .docxSALU18
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4
Winter 2020 Page 1
Assignment # 4
Decision Analysis and Project Scheduling
ADM2302 students are reminded that submitted assignments must be typed (i.e. can NOT be hand
written), neat, readable, and well-organized. Assignment marks will be adjusted for sloppiness, poor
grammar, spelling, for technical errors as well as if you submit a PDF file.
The assignment is to be submitted electronically as a single Word Document file via Brightspace by
Friday April 3rd prior to 23:59. Front page of the Word document has to include title of the assignment,
course code and section, student name and student number. Second page is the individual/group
statement of integrity that must be signed.
E-mail questions related to the assignment should be sent to the Teaching Assistant or posted on the
Brightspace course website “Discussion page” (viewed by all).
Section M: Parisa Keshavarz ([email protected])
Section N: : Niki Khorasanizadeh ([email protected])
Section P: Makbule Kandakoglu ([email protected])
Section Q: Afshin Kamyabniya ([email protected])
Problem 1: Payoffs/Decision Table (13 points)
A small building contractor has recently experienced two successive years in which work opportunities
exceeded the firm’s capacity. The contractor must now make a decision on capacity for next year.
Estimated profits (in $ thousands) under each of the two possible states of nature are as shown in the
table below.
NEXT YEAR’S DEMAND
Alternative Low High
Do nothing
Expand
Subcontract
$50**
20
40
$60
80
70
** Profit in $ thousands.
Which alternative should be selected if the decision criterion is:
a. The optimistic approach? (3 points)
b. The conservative approach? (3 points)
c. Minimize the regret? (7 points)
Problem 2: Payoffs/Decision Table (15 points)
Dorothy Stanyard has three major routes to take to work. She can take Tennessee Street the entire way,
she can take several back streets to work, or she can use the expressway. The traffic patterns are,
however, very complex. Under good conditions, Tennessee Street is the fastest route. When Tennessee
is congested, one of the other routes is preferable. Over the past two months, Dorothy has tried each of
route several times under different traffic conditions. This information is summarized in minutes of
travel time to work in the following table:
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
ADM2302 M, N, P and Q Assignment # 4
Winter 2020 Page 2
No Traffic Congestion
(Minutes)
Mild Traffic
Congestion
(Minutes)
Severe Traffic
Congestion
(Minutes)
Tennessee Street
Back roads
Expressway
15
20
30
30
25
30
45
35
30
In the past 60 days, Dorothy encountered severe traffic congestion 10 days and mild traffic congestion
20 days. Assume that the past 60 days are typical of traffi.
Adlerian-Based Positive Group Counseling Interventions w ith.docxSALU18
This summarizes an Adlerian-based positive group counseling program for emotionally troubled youth that integrated positive psychology interventions. The 12-week program used interventions from positive psychotherapy curriculum to increase positive emotion, engagement, and meaning by emphasizing strengths. Sessions focused on identifying signature strengths, cultivating strengths through goals, developing gratitude, processing good and bad memories, and expressing forgiveness as a way to increase social interest. The positive interventions aligned well with Adlerian principles of emphasizing strengths, social interest, and encouragement to help youth overcome problems.
After completing the assessment, my Signature Theme Report produ.docxSALU18
After completing the assessment, my Signature Theme Report produced the following results: Communication, Relator, Individualization, Consistency, and Strategic. When I first saw the themes presented, I was a little skeptical at first but after reading the detailed descriptions I felt like it made a lot of sense and mirrored a lot of what I had already thought about myself.
A core value that I would like to continue to strengthen would be the value of acceptance. One of my top five themes was relator which explained that I have a comfortability with gravitating towards people I already know and building relationships from there. I don’t have issues with making new relationships, but I can see that sometimes I close myself off initially to embracing new ones. With acceptance, you have to understand that there are some situations you can control and some that you can’t but embracing the latter can lead to new experiences that could be beneficial (Riley, 2021). Another core value that I would like to improve upon would be calmness. This fits in well with my theme of consistency. While I am a firm believer of things being fair and consistent, I can get easily upset when things don’t balance out like they are expected to. I know that working on being calm in tense situations will help me adapt easier when things don’t always work out as they should.
One of the strengths that I would like to embrace fully and continue to improve upon is communication. It was no surprise to me that communication was at the top of my list for my themes. When I am in a position of leadership at work, I make it a priority to keep my staff updated on everything that is going on for that night and it is something I expect from my charge nurse when I am working the floor also. A communicator is only effective when they are aware of their style of communicating and how others perceive or respond to it (Marshall & Broome, 2021). As a communicator I know that I can always work on how I communicate non-verbally and with body language especially. The other strength that I would like to continue to work on is of being strategic. The report explained that the strategic theme fit me because I am able to sort through the clutter and find the best route when I am trying to accomplish something. I really believe this about myself because when I have a task I need to accomplish, whether I am in a leader position or not, I will break everything down and reorganize it to make sure I have come up with the best solution. I feel like the best way to do something is the way that makes it concise and without a lot of excess getting in the way.
A characteristic of mine that I would like to strengthen would be that of instinct. My theme of individualization points out that I have an instinct about others and how they work and function. I have always felt that I easily read people and can get a sense of who they truly are and for example in the workplace how they are as a staff member. S.
After careful reading of the case material, consider and fully answe.docxSALU18
After careful reading of the case material, consider and fully answer the following questions:
1. What were the primary reasons for changing the current system at Butler?
2. What role did Butler's IS department play?
3. List the objectives of the pilot. Were there any problems?
4. Do you think Butler made the right decision to utilize this new technology? What implications does this decision hold for Butler's IT department in the long run?
NOTE: Butler refers to it's IT department as IR. You may consider these two acronyms as synonymous (i.e. IT = IS = IR for purposes of this assignment)
.
Affluent
Be unique to
Conform
Debatable
Dominant
Enforce
Ethnic
Internalize
Rank
Restrict
You will write your own sentences using each of the vocabulary words. The sentence
must be an
original sentence
created by you, AND it must use the vocabulary word correctly.
Your sentence
MUST
demonstrate that you understand the meaning of the word.
.
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been thrust into the spotlig.docxSALU18
Advanced persistent threats (APTs) have been thrust into the spotlight due to their advanced tactics, techniques, procedures, and tools. These APTs are resourced unlike other types of cyber threat actors.
Your chief technology officer (CTO) has formed teams to each develop a detailed analysis and presentation of a specific APT, which she will assign to the team.
.
Your report should use
The Cybersecurity Threat Landscape Team Assignment Resources
to cover the following five areas:
Part 1: Threat Landscape Analysis
Provide a detailed analysis of the threat landscape today.
What has changed in the past few years?
Describe common tactics, techniques, and procedures to include threat actor types.
What are the exploit vectors and vulnerabilities threat actors are predicted to take advantage of?
Part 2: APT Analysis
Provide detailed analysis and description of the APT your group was assigned. Describe the specific tactics used to gain access to the target(s).
Describe the tools used. Describe what the objective of the APT was/is. Was it successful?
Part 3: Cybersecurity Tools, Tactics, and Procedures
Describe current hardware- and software-based cybersecurity tools, tactics, and procedures.
Consider the hardware and software solutions deployed today in the context of defense-in-depth.
Elaborate on why these devices are not successful against the APTs.
Part 4: Machine Learning and Data Analytics
Describe the concepts of machine learning and data analytics and how applying them to cybersecurity will evolve the field.
Are there companies providing innovative defensive cybersecurity measures based on these technologies? If so, what are they? Would you recommend any of these to the CTO?
Part 5: Using Machine Learning and Data Analytics to Prevent APT
Describe how machine learning and data analytics could have detected and/or prevented the APT you analyzed had the victim organization deployed these technologies at the time of the event. Be specific.
Part 6: Ethics in Cybersecurity.
Ethical issues are at the core of what we do as cybersecurity professionals. Think of the example of a cyber defender working in a hospital. They are charged with securing the network, medical devices, and protecting sensitive personal health information from unauthorized disclosure. They are not only protecting patient privacy but their health and perhaps even their lives. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability - the C-I-A triad - and many other cybersecurity practices are increasingly at play in protecting citizens in all walks of life and in all sectors. Thus, acting in an ethical manner is one of the hallmarks of cybersecurity professionals.
Do you think the vulnerability(ies) exploited by the APT constitutes an ethical failure by the defender? Why or why not?
For the APT scenario your group studied, were there identifiable harms to privacy or property? How are these harms linked to C-I-A? If not, what ethically si.
Advanced persistent threatRecommendations for remediation .docxSALU18
Advanced persistent threat
Recommendations for remediation of the threat
Research the use of network security controls associated to your threat and industry
Do Not use topics network security,VPN,FIREWALL,ETC
10-12 pages. Double spaced APA style
At least 10 REFERENCES
5 ATLEASt PEER REVIEWED SCHOLARLY
.
Adultism refers to the oppression of young people by adults. The pop.docxSALU18
Adultism refers to the oppression of young people by adults. The popular saying "children should be seen and not heard" is used as a way to remind a child of his or her place and reaffirm the adult's power in the relationship. The saying suggests that children's voices are not as important or as valid as an adult's and they should remain quiet. Children are often relegated to subordinate positions due to socially constructed beliefs about what they can or cannot accomplish or what they should or should not do; this in turn compromises youth's self-determination. This oppression is further highlighted when considering the intersection of age with race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation. You will be asked to consider all of these when reviewing the Logan case and Parker case.
By Day 3
Post
an analysis of the influence of adultism in the Logan case. Then, explain how gender, race, class, and privilege interact with adultism to influence the family's discourse related to Eboni's pregnancy as well as other family dynamics.
.
ADVANCE v.09212015
•
APPLICANT DIVERSITY STATEMENT IN FACULTY SEARCH PROCESS
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
1) How does University of California define “diversity?”
A: The academic senate adopted in 2009 the following broad definition of diversity:
Diversity - defining features of California past, present and future - refers to a variety of
personal experiences, values, and worldviews that arise from differences of culture and
circumstance. Such differences include race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, language,
abilities/disabilities, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, geographic region and more.
2) Why does UC Irvine expect a diversity statement from applicants for faculty positions?
A: UC Irvine’s commitment to inclusive excellence is integral to our ascendancy among globally
preeminent universities. It provides applicants with an opportunity to discuss how their past or
future contributions will advance this enduring campus commitment. For more information,
please see the Provost’s memo on Inclusive Excellence.
3) Is the diversity statement consistent with University of California policy?
A: Yes. APM 210.1-d, which governs appointment, appraisal and promotion, recommends that
faculty be both encouraged and rewarded for activity that promotes inclusive excellence:
“The University of California is committed to excellence and equity in every facet of its mission.
Teaching, research, professional and public service contributions that promote diversity and
equal opportunity are to be encouraged and given recognition in the evaluation of the
candidate's qualifications. These contributions to diversity and equal opportunity can take
a variety of forms including efforts to advance equitable access to education, public
service that addresses the needs of California's diverse population, or research in a
scholar's area of expertise that highlights inequities.”
4) Is UC Irvine alone among UC campuses in adopting this statement?
A: No. UC San Diego adopted this statement in 2010.
5) How will applicants learn about the diversity statement expectation?
A: Per Provost Gillman’s memo of June 2014, all ads for faculty positions will include the following
sentence: “Applicants are encouraged to share how their past and/or potential contributions to
diversity, equity and inclusion will advance UC Irvine’s commitment to inclusive excellence.”
6) How do applicants provide their diversity statement?
A: There is a dedicated field in UC Recruit for applicants to submit their diversity statement.
7) If an applicant does not provide a diversity statement, will his or her application be considered
incomplete?
A: Yes
http://www.provost.uci.edu/news/InclusiveExcellence.html
http://www.ucop.edu/academic-personnel/_files/apm/apm-210.pdf
http://www.provost.uci.edu/news/Diversity-Statement-June-2014.html
ADVANCE v.09212015
8) What are the components of a diversity statement?
.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
English 101 Essay #3 Ad Analysis Throughout this .docx
1. English 101
Essay #3: Ad Analysis
Throughout this course we have looked at various aspects of our
culture from gender stereotypes
and labels, to media and how these impact our daily lives. The
articles “Male body Imaging” and
“Damage Done: Crack Babies Talk Back,” along with the brief
clip of the video Killing us softly, show us
just how much advertising and media not only influence our
purchases, but also our identity, values, and
perceptions. Advertisements can be found all around us: In
magazines, commercials, popups, while using
the internet, social media, apps, and even on billboards while
we drive. Corporations spend large amounts
of money to try and sell us things on a daily basis. However,
they are not only trying to sell us products,
they attach ideologies, and psychological strategies using
logical, ethical, and emotional appeals to
persuade us.
In this essay, I will ask you to consider the topics we have
discussed in this course, and how they
are used in media and advertisements. You will analyze a
printed advertisement and use it as a visual
text, and just like a textual analysis you will explain its various
layers, from what it is depicting on the
surface, to the message it is trying to convey, and how and why
it is conveying it. What are they showing
you? What are they trying to make you think? Who is their
2. target audience? What specific elements of the
ad are used to communicate its message, and reach its target
audience? Consider not only rhetorical
appeals such as ethos, pathos, and logos, but also other layers
such as how space is used in the ad, text,
colors, body language, etc. ( Do not just point out what a
specific element is doing, elaborate on the
significance).
Directions: 1. Find a full-page real (not fake) advertisement,
either from a magazine or online. 2. Analyze
the ad and formulate a clear thesis that distinguishes what the
message, target audience, and purpose are.
3. Develop body paragraphs that explain your thesis (one aspect
per paragraph). 4. After a thorough
analysis, explain if the ad is effective and how or why it is or is
not effective. What is the significance of
this kind of advertising in society? 5. Do not use outside
sources on this essay, only the advertisement.
Essay requirements:
-5 pages (at least three spilling onto four)
)
draft.
Rough Draft due: 11/2/2016
Final Draft Due: 11/9/2016
3. BELTRAMI, SHOUSE, AND BLAKETRENDS IN
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Trends in Infectious Diseases and the Male
to Female Ratio: Possible Clues to Changes
in Behavior Among Men Who Have Sex
With Men
John F. Beltrami, R. Luke Shouse, and Paul A. Blake
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a priority population
for HIV care and
prevention programs. This report describes HIV and other
sexually transmitted
disease (STD) trends among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta by
analyzing nine da-
tabases. We describe the use of the male-to-female (M:F) ratio,
a surrogate
marker for MSM in databases without standardized MSM
variables that is rec-
ommended as an indirect measure of HIV risk behavior in the
CDC/HRSA Inte-
grated Guidelines for Developing Epidemiologic Profiles.
During 1997 to 2001,
there were increases among MSM for reported syphilis (from
9% to 17%), anti-
biotic–resistant gonorrhea (from 4.8% to 8.6%), and HIV
seroprevalence (from
33% to 43%). During 1998 to 2001, the M:F ratio for cases
peaked at 12:1 dur-
ing a hepatitis A outbreak among MSM, increased for
shigellosis (from 1:0 to
18:1) and giardiasis (from 1.7 to 2.1), and did not appreciably
change for hepati-
4. tis B, salmonellosis, or chlamydia. HIV and several other STDs
appear to have in-
creased among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta. When
standardized MSM
variables are not available, an M:F ratio is useful.
BACKGROUND
In recent years, reports have described how men who have sex
with men (MSM) are
increasingly engaging in high–risk behaviors and acquiring HIV
infection and other
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including sexually
transmissible infections that
are not commonly thought of as STDs, such as hepatitis A and
shigellosis (Bull,
McFarlane, & Rietmeijer, 2001; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention [CDC],
1998, 1999a, 2000, 2001b; DiClemente et al., 2002; Ekstrand,
Stall, Paul, Osmond,
& Coates, 1999; Marx, Dicker, & Layton, 2003). MSM, as with
the general popula-
tion, reflect various behaviors, identities, demographics, and
socioeconomic back-
grounds; however, MSM have additionally experienced stigma,
discrimination, and
rejection (Herek, Capitanio, & Widaman, 2002; Meyer, 2001).
All of these factors
help distinguish the social setting and STD risk exposures that
MSM face and provide
the context in which disease outbreaks have occurred among
MSM (CDC, 1998,
49
AIDS Education and Prevention, 17, Supplement B, 49–59,
2005
6. have an evidence–based
epidemiologic profile that describes the HIV/AIDS epidemic
and indicators of risks,
including surrogate markers, among various populations, to help
with the planning
needs of prevention and care programs (CDC & Health
Resources and Services
Administration [HRSA], 2004).
Though AIDS case reporting surveillance data have provided
the cornerstone for
information in Georgia HIV/STD epidemiologic profiles,
supplemental data have
come from HIV seroprevalence surveys, the Supplement to
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
(SHAS) Project, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System, the HIV Counseling
and Testing Program, and STD surveillance. In the most recent
Georgia epidemiologic
profile, hepatitis A surveillance data were used for the first time
to help describe two
outbreaks among MSM (Beltrami, 2002). However, many
databases are limited by
not having MSM–specific variables (e.g., sexual orientation,
men having sex with
other men) or by having missing or incomplete information on
such variables. For ex-
ample, persons responsible for obtaining the information are not
always able to inde-
pendently confirm MSM status, and when interviewed, MSM do
not always reveal
this information or identify as homosexual or bisexual (CDC,
2003c). The lack of use-
ful data may lead to underestimating the extent of a health
problem in MSM, which
may in turn lead to neglect or misunderstanding of MSM health.
7. One way to approximate MSM sexual risk–taking activity is
through the use of a
surrogate marker, male-to-female (M:F) ratio of cases, which
can be defined as the
number of male cases for a specific disease divided by the
number of female cases. Al-
though the correlations of M:F ratios to changes in disease
incidence among MSM
have been little studied in public health, they have been used in
connection with hepa-
titis A, B, and C, syphilis, chancroid, gonorrhea, and AIDS
studies (CDC, 2003a;
CDC, 2004; Holmes et al., 1999; Pan American Health
Organization, 2002). They
are recommended as an indirect measure for MSM in the
Integrated Guidelines for
Developing Epidemiologic Profiles for HIV Prevention and
Ryan White CARE Act
Community Planning (CDC & HRSA, 2004). In most of the
reports that have used
M:F ratios, however, the ages of the persons represented in the
M:F ratio are not pro-
vided; thus, there is a potential of including age groups for
which sexual activity was
unlikely to be the cause of disease acquisition. In the most
recent Georgia
epidemiologic profile, an age–specific M:F ratio was used for
hepatitis A data to help
address this limitation (Beltrami, 2002).
Most of the reports that have recently described high–risk
behaviors and
HIV/STDs among MSM have focused on only one disease (Bull
et al., 2001; CDC,
1998, 1999a, 2000, 2001b; DiClemente et al., 2002; Ekstrand et
8. al., 1999; Marx et
al., 2003). The analysis of several databases for a defined
geographic area, however,
may help to better understand the epidemiology of infectious
diseases and behaviors
50 BELTRAMI, SHOUSE, AND BLAKE
among MSM and thus lead to better prevention interventions
and resource allocation.
Using an M:F ratio as an indirect measure of MSM increases the
number of databases
that can be analyzed to describe infectious diseases among
MSM. The primary objec-
tives of this report are to expand on what is currently known
about MSM in
eight–county metropolitan Atlanta by analyzing several
databases and to demon-
strate how the age–specific male to female ratio (M:F ratio), can
be used as a surrogate
marker for MSM with case reporting surveillance databases
lacking standardized
MSM variables.
METHODS
DISEASE SELECTION
The criteria used to help select diseases for this analysis were
that the disease must
be reportable to an appropriate health department in Georgia,
that outbreaks among
MSM have been published in the scientific literature, that
person–to–person transmis-
9. sion among adolescents and adults has been known to occur,
and that the number of
cases in the database is potentially adequate for a meaningful
interpretation of trends.
Diseases selected, including their common modes of
transmission, were HIV and hep-
atitis B (exposure to semen or blood), syphilis (exposure to a
lesion), gonorrhea and
chlamydia (exposure to a genital discharge or mucous
membranes), and hepatitis A,
shigellosis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis (fecal–oral exposure).
DATABASE SELECTION
Three Georgia databases with routinely used, standardized MSM
variables were
available. The first was the STD case surveillance system for
syphilis. Using the syphi-
lis interview record form (CDC 73.54), the MSM variable is
computed from the vari-
ables for gender and for whether the person had sex with a male
since 1978. The
second was the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP)
database for gonor-
rhea (Beltrami & Toomey, 2000). For the GISP, the Fulton
County STD clinic tests
urethral specimens from men diagnosed with gonorrhea for
resistance to commonly
used antibiotics. The GISP MSM variable comes from the
variable for sexual orienta-
tion that is coded heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, or
unknown. The third data-
base contained data from an anonymous seroprevalence survey
for HIV (Beltrami,
Brown, Park, & Toomey, 2004). Until 1999, the DeKalb County
STD clinic con-
10. ducted the HIV survey, which used a calculated risk behavior
variable that was coded
MSM non–IDU (injection drug user), MSM IDU, heterosexual
non–IDU,
heterosexual IDU, other, or unknown.
The Georgia Notifiable Health Condition Surveillance System
includes reported
information for 60 diseases and conditions. Reporting is
required by law from all
Georgia physicians, laboratories, and other health care
providers. Data from this sys-
tem are organized by date of diagnosis and are available to all
Georgia public health
staff and the general public through a query format at
http://www.ph.dhr.state.ga.us.
Accessible variables include disease or condition; gender; age
group in 5–year incre-
ments; race/ethnicity; year, month, and date of diagnosis;
county of patient residence;
and Georgia Public Health District of patient residence.
However, there is not a stan-
dardized MSM variable. For this analysis, chlamydia, hepatitis
A and B, shigellosis,
giardiasis, and salmonellosis data representing cases from the
8–county metropolitan
Atlanta area were used. The eight counties are Clayton, Cobb,
DeKalb, Douglas,
Fulton, Gwinnett, Newton, and Rockdale.
TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 51
ANALYSIS
Epi Info (Version 6.0; CDC, Atlanta, GA) was used for all
11. analyses of syphilis,
gonorrhea, and HIV data. The Georgia Notifiable Health
Condition Surveillance Sys-
tem website was used for analyses of chlamydia, hepatitis A and
B, shigellosis,
giardiasis, and salmonellosis data. Given that the Georgia
Notifiable Health Condi-
tion Surveillance System does not have standardized MSM
variables, an M:F ratio
was used as a surrogate marker for MSM. The ratio was created
for persons aged 10 to
49 years to approximate the years that persons are most likely to
be sexually active.
The 10–14-year-old age group was chosen as the youngest age
group in order to in-
clude 13–year–old persons, who represent the youngest age in
the standardized
adult/adolescent HIV/AIDS case report surveillance form. The
45–49-year-old age
group was chosen as the oldest age group because 49 years of
age has been used before
as an upper limit for STD analyses. The ratio was calculated by
dividing the number of
male cases by the number of female cases. For example, four
male cases divided by two
female cases would indicate a 2 to 1 M:F ratio.
RESULTS
DATABASES WITH STANDARDIZED MSM VARIABLES
In eight–county metropolitan Atlanta, the number of newly
reported syphilis
cases among males decreased from 1,444 to 593 during 1995 to
1999 and then in-
creased to 766 in 2001. The corresponding proportion of cases
12. among MSM de-
creased from 12% to 9% through 1997 and then increased to
17% in 2001 (Figure 1).
Among men with newly diagnosed gonorrhea in the GISP study,
the proportion
among MSM varied between 5.3% and 1.6% during 1995 to
1999 and then increased
to 8.6% (17/197) in 2001 (see Figure 1). Among persons in the
HIV seroprevalence
survey, the proportion of HIV–infected persons who were MSM
increased from 22%
in 1995 to 43% (56/129) in 1999, which was the last year of the
survey (see Figure 1).
HEPATITIS A
For hepatitis A in eight–county metropolitan Atlanta, the
number of newly re-
ported cases among all males and females of all ages, the
number of newly reported
cases among adolescent and adult males (aged 10–49 years), and
the M:F ratios are
shown by quarter from 1995 to 2001 in Figure 2. In general, for
all cases of all ages
and for cases among adolescent and adult males, the lowest
number of reported cases
occurred in 1995, and peaks representing the highest number of
cases occurred in the
third quarter of 1997, the latter two quarters of 1998, and the
middle two quarters of
2001. Since 1995 in metropolitan Atlanta, there have been two
documented out-
breaks of hepatitis A among MSM (CDC, 1998; Sanchez &
Fletcher, 2001) as de-
picted by the two arrows in Figure 2. The first outbreak
occurred from the first quarter
13. of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997, and the second outbreak
occurred from the
fourth quarter of 2000 through the fourth quarter of 2001. Note
that the peak M:F ra-
tios (i.e., 8.5 to 1 in 1996 and 12 to 1 in 2001) do not both
coincide with the peaks of
reported cases, but documented outbreaks among MSM do
appear to be associated
with ratio increases.
SUMMARY OF M:F RATIOS FROM DATABASES WITHOUT
STANDARDIZED MSM VARIABLES
Given that M:F ratios have been used previously as a surrogate
marker for MSM
and the occurrence of peak M:F ratios during documented MSM
outbreaks (Figure 2),
52 BELTRAMI, SHOUSE, AND BLAKE
53
F
IG
U
R
E
1
.
P
ro
22. h
m
en
.
M:F ratios were calculated over time for five additional diseases
(Figure 3). The ratios
for hepatitis B and salmonellosis fluctuated between 1998 and
2001. The ratio for
shigellosis gradually rose through 2000 and then steadily rose to
18 to 1 in the second
quarter of 2001. The ratio for giardiasis is slightly higher in
recent quarters compared
with earlier quarters, and the ratio for chlamydia was always
either 0.3 or 0.2 to 1.
It is interesting to note that the two infections with the highest
ratios (hepatitis A
and shigellosis) share a common mode of fecal–oral
transmission. With the exception
of chlamydia data, which are predominantly based on a special
screening program for
women, between 1999 and 2001 the M:F ratio was greater than
1:1 for 88% (53/60)
of all quarters for all of the remaining diseases.
DISCUSSION
This report demonstrates how a simple analysis of several
databases that are com-
monly available in health departments can be used in
epidemiologic profiles to pro-
vide a more comprehensive description of infectious disease
trends and risk behaviors
23. among MSM. Syphilis and hepatitis A have increased among
MSM in Atlanta, and
HIV, gonorrhea, shigellosis, and giardiasis may have increased
as well. Additionally,
the data support the usefulness of an age–specific M:F ratio as
an indirect measure of
infectious diseases and behaviors among MSM to supplement
other types of data or
when MSM data are not available. The trends in this study are
consistent with other
reports of increasing risk behaviors and infections among MSM
and underline the ur-
gency of enhanced disease prevention efforts for this
population.
Surveillance reports from the CDC that have MSM variables or
use M:F ratios
help provide a context for our findings. The increase in syphilis
among MSM from our
study is consistent with the recent increases in primary and
secondary syphilis M:F
rate ratios for the United States and Atlanta (CDC, 2004). The
increase in the propor-
tion of MSM in the Atlanta GISP project in recent years is
similar to that in other GISP
sites in the United States (CDC, 2003d). However, in contrast to
decreasing national
trends in HIV seroprevalence through 1997 (CDC, 2001a), the
proportion of HIV in-
fections detected among MSM in the Atlanta seroprevalence
survey has steadily in-
creased since 1995. For both hepatitis A and B, the national
M:F ratio has gradually
increased from 1995 to 2001, and the percentage of cases
attributed to “homosexual
contact” increased from 1996 to 2001 (CDC, 2003a). These
24. results are consistent for
our hepatitis A data but not for our hepatitis B data. Though our
M:F ratio for hepati-
tis B did not increase over time, the ratio was usually more than
1 to 1, suggesting
MSM transmission.
Our data show the benefit of having an age–specific M:F ratio
supplement more
standard types of trend data that are used for various
surveillance and epidemiologic
purposes. For example, following the trends of reported cases
among both sexes and
all ages would not be a precise enough measure for infections
among MSM, especially
because many outbreaks of hepatitis A (as with other infectious
diseases) occur among
infants and small children. Similarly, following trends of male
cases alone would not
be sufficient to detect trends among MSM because an increasing
number of female
cases concurrent with an increasing number of male cases would
likely represent
heterosexual transmission.
An age–specific M:F ratio, moreover, has many uses and
advantages. First, given
that many public health databases do not have MSM–specific
variables, the M:F ratio
provides a more comprehensive epidemiologic description of
presumed MSM activity
by allowing more databases to be analyzed. Second, the
additional infections studied
TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 55
31. f
1
t
o
1
.
are an important reminder that STD education, counseling, and
prevention efforts
should account for modes of transmission (e.g., oral–fecal) that
are not commonly ad-
dressed in standard public health practice. Third, the M:F ratio
can help provide early
warnings before outbreaks occur or insights to help better
understand the outbreaks
after they occur. Fourth, M:F ratio trends may help document
previously unknown
morbidity among MSM. For example, our data suggest that the
burden of disease
among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta for seven different
infections may be higher
than previously thought. Based on an estimated 1.0% of the
metropolitan Atlanta
population being MSM (Holmberg, 1996), MSM likely account
for a disproportion-
ate burden of infectious diseases. Fifth, the M:F ratio is easily
calculated and can be
used by both epidemiologic and prevention public health staff to
support
evidence–based priorities, interventions, and planning.
Furthermore, the use of the M:F ratio could play a critical role
32. in the Ryan White
and HIV prevention community planning process for geographic
areas that are
known to have or may have large numbers of nonidentifying gay
men or men who do
not disclose their MSM status. Such areas may have
surveillance and epidemiologic
data that undercount the numbers of MSM with HIV/AIDS. This
undercounting leads
to inaccurate statistics that could jeopardize the entire planning
process, which re-
quires representation of affected groups among council
members, setting of appropri-
ate and relevant priorities, and resource allocation for persons
most at–risk or affected
by HIV/AIDS.
The use of the M:F ratio could also complement other studies
that assess sexual
orientation and risk behaviors. For example, the results of a
particular study using the
M:F ratio could be compared with surveillance data in the same
geographic area to
help assess whether MSM are being appropriately accounted for
in the surveillance
database.
An age–specific M:F ratio appears to have many public health
benefits, but the
validity of using the M:F ratio as a surrogate marker (i.e.,
correlation of M:F ratio
changes to changes in disease incidence among MSM) is
unknown. Furthermore,
there may be instances in which the M:F ratio would not
indicate MSM. For example,
heroin injection drug use in a predominantly male cohort would
33. have a high M:F ratio
and could have a high HIV incidence but not reflect MSM.
Therefore, the M:F ratio
should be a priority for future research. The use of the M:F ratio
as a surrogate marker
could be validated with other longitudinal data that are being
collected in the same ju-
risdiction. For example, the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV
Disease project,
which was conducted through June 2004 in metropolitan Atlanta
could be used to
help with validation activities.
There are four primary assumptions in this report. First,
accurate measurements
of sexual orientation and behaviors are always preferable to
surrogate markers. How-
ever, obtaining these measurements is not always feasible,
particularly for surveil-
lance systems that have limited resources and rely on passive
case reporting by
providers who will not or cannot provide the requested
information. Second, there is a
correlation between the M:F ratio and disease incidence among
MSM (e.g., increasing
M:F ratio at the time of two hepatitis A outbreaks). Third, if the
ratio is useful for one
disease, then it may be useful for others. Fourth, the age group
chosen for the M:F ra-
tio assumes most sexually active adolescents and adults are
between 10 and 49 years
of age.
There are several limitations to this report. Small case numbers
for some of the
diseases limit the usefulness and interpretation of the results.
34. Differences in the meth-
TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 57
ods used for the various database systems and probable
differences in the complete-
ness of reporting for all of the databases affect the
standardization and
generalizability of the results. The data for some of these
diseases do not precisely dis-
tinguish between sexual transmission of disease and other
modes of transmission,
such as food–borne (i.e., hepatitis A, shigellosis, giardiasis, and
salmonellosis) or
through injection drug use (i.e., hepatitis B). For the HIV
survey, GISP, and syphilis
surveillance databases, the proportion of persons considered
MSM may be an under-
estimate owing to sensitive MSM–defining information not
always being accurately
ascertained. For HIV and gonorrhea, the data may not be
representative of
eight–county metropolitan Atlanta because each of these
databases came from just
one clinic site. Persons 10-49 years old do not represent all
sexually active persons.
The data in this report are primarily public access data; what
may be knowable
through other types of databases is not addressed. The HIV
survey data reflect yearly
prevalence and not incidence; however, Georgia has recently
implemented an HIV
case reporting surveillance system that will remove this
limitation in future HIV
35. analyses.
In conclusion, Ryan White and HIV prevention community
planning staff should
have epidemiologic profiles with data from as many relevant
databases as possible to
help their programs better understand infectious diseases for
optimal planning of care
and prevention activities. Planners should be aware of sexually
transmissible infec-
tions that are not traditionally considered STDs, such as
hepatitis A and shigellosis, to
see to what degree they might impact the health of MSM and
other priority popula-
tions in their jurisdiction. When standardized MSM variables
with complete informa-
tion are not available, a surrogate marker such as the M:F ratio
can be used. Lastly,
and perhaps most important, strategies to prevent HIV and other
STDs among MSM
should account for varying modes of transmission, such as oral–
fecal exposure during
sex, and should identify opportunities to vaccinate for hepatitis
A and B (CDC, 2002).
58 BELTRAMI, SHOUSE, AND BLAKE
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Epidemiology Report, 17, 1–2.
Epistemological Frameworks, Homosexuality, and
Religion: How People of Faith Understand the
Intersection between Homosexuality and Religion
David R. Hodge
Some gay men, lesbians, and other progressives view orthodox
religious believers as
perpetrators of oppression. Conversely, many orthodox
believers, or as they might self-
41. identity, people of faith, believe that gay men, lesbians, and
other progressives wish to
marginalize people of faith. Using Hunter's epistemologically
based distinction between
progressive and orthodox worldviews to understand the
differences in perceptions, this article
explores how numerous people of faith understand reality as it
intersects the issue of
homosexuality, both in the wider culture and in social work.
The author suggests that to
provide effective services to an increasingly diverse society and
to remain grounded in the
Code of Ethics, social work must work toward a more inclusive
profession that accepts both
progressives and people of faith.
KEY WORDS: Christianity; diversity;gay men; homosexuality;
lesbians; spirituality
T
he intersecrion between homosexuality and
religion has been the topic of some debate
in social work discourse (Berkman &
Zinbcrg, 1997; Cornett, 1992; Jones, 1996; Parr,
1996;Van Soest, Canon, & Grant, 20(K)).Van Soest
(1996) suggested that Hunters (1991) epistemo-
logical framework of conflicting orthodox and pro-
gressive worldviews is an appropriate vehicle for
understanding the controversy. In light of calls for
dialogue on the topic (Canda & Furman, 1999; Van
42. Soest), this article addresses the controversy from
an orthodox perspective.
It is important to note that this article does not
represent an attempt to disparage the experiences
of gay men and leshians, who continue to experi-
ence discrimination in many venues; nor does it
represent an implicit argument for the restriction
of gay and leshian narratives. Rather, 1 argue that
the range of views should be increased, that the
scope of diversity should he widened. As other
observers have suggested (Haynes & White, 1999;
Van Soest & Garcia. 2003), we need to work to-
ward a halanced and inclusive profession that is more
demographically representative ofthe increasingly
diverse society we are called to serve.
EPISTEMOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS
AND HOMOSEXUALITY
Any discussion of demographics raises the issue of
worldviews.The insights of Kuhn (1970) and other
philosophers have led to general agreement that
individuals understand reality through a discrete
cognitive framework or worldview.At the heart of
Hunters (1991) nuanced work is the belief that
contemporary society is characterized by "impulses"
toward two macro-level worldviews, which he calls
orthodox and progressive.These epistemologically
hased worldviews inform individuals' understand-
ing of who they are and how they should live.
Orthodox believers, or as they might self-iden-
tify,people offaith (French,2002),derive key com-
ponents of their value systems from an external,
transcendent authority (Hunter, 1991).Various or-
thodox populations include Christians, Hmdus,
43. MusUms,and others who affirm the historic main-
stream tenets of their respective traditions. These
believen are sometimes referred to as consen/atives
because they conserve and hve by their understand-
ing of transcendent truth.
In this article, I focus on the relationship he-
tween Christianity and homosexuality due to the
CCC Cixle; 0037-8046/05 S3.00 02005 Natlonar Assoriatton of
Soclal Workeri ZO7
salience of this spiritual tradition in the United
States. This focus should not be misinterpreted as
an implicit argument for some type of Christian
exceptionalism. As implied earlier, the inclusion of
an array of traditions in the profession's discourse is
the central point. Accordingly, Christianity is used
as proxy to represent a family of underrepresented
spiritual traditions.
Traditionally, Christians helieve their values are
derived from a sovereign God as revealed in the
Bible and interpreted hy the community of believ-
ers (Colson et al., 1994). Because these values are
transcendent, believers do not have the option, at
least in principle, of picking and choosing which
values they follow based on the prevailing cultural
winds. As Stark (2003) noted, this belief in cultur-
ally transcendent values led to the conclusion that
slavery was immoral, even though this conclusion
contradicted contemporary norms.
Values commonly affirmed by Christians include
44. relationships that affirm the dignity and worth of
human beings (Maton & Salem, 1995),concern for
people who are poor (Clydesdale, 1999), diversity
(Smith, 2000), and sexuality expressed in monoga-
mous male-female dyads. To expand on the latter
value, all human beings have inherent dignity and
worth because they reflect the image of God. Gay
men and lesbians are no more and no less animated
hy human turpitude than others.The ethos is egali-
tarian.AH are invited to join the Christian commu-
nity, and, as an expression of their relationship to
God, all believers are called to exhibit Christian
values. Just as heterosexual Christians are called to
abstain from sexual activity outside of marriage, so
too are homosexual Christians .Just as heterosexual
individuals can abstain from sexual activity through
a relationship with God in conjunction with the
support ofthe community of believers, so too can
lesbians and gay men (Colson et al., 1994).
Although numerous variations and phrasings
exist, it is noteworthy how widely held this basic
perspective is among Christians. Christianity in the
United States is commonly broken into three
streams: Evangelical. Catholic, and mainline
(Sheridan, Wilmer, & Atcheson, 1994). The most
widespread Christian subtradition is Evangelical-
ism, then Catholicism, followed by the socially
prominent but numerically declining mainline tra-
dition (Hutchison, 1999; Miller, 1998) .Yet, despite
the diversity of beliefs among the three traditions,
essentially all Evangelical denominations, the Catho-
lic Church, and many mainline denominations af-
firm some variation of the previously mentioned
position (Davidson, 1999; Melton, 1991).
45. In contrast with the transcendent understanding
of truth held by people of faith, the progressive
worldview is an evolving entity informed by the
ethos ofthe current age (Hunter, 1991). At some
basic level, progressives tend to understand ultimate
truth as an unfolding reality, individually and col-
lectively selected as human society grows and
changes. Populations that generally affirm progres-
sive worldviews include gay men and lesbians, femi-
nists, atheists, and metaphysical relativists. Also in-
cluded under the progressive rubric are religious
believers who seek to liberalize or redefine historic
faith traditions according to prevailing progressive
ethos.
Although difficult to capture in this brief sum-
marization. Hunter (1991) also emphasized the
complexity that exists at the individual level.
Whereas at the macro level people offaith tend to
be pro-life and progressives tend to be pro-choice,
at the micro level many evangelical Christians, for
example,are pro-choice and many feminists are pro-
life. Similarly, this article relates a perspective held
by many Christians; it does not, hovever. represent
the views of all Christians or even those of all tra-
ditional Christians. Likewise,many individuals who
fall under Hunter's progressive banner would tend
to support the perspective delineated in the article.
Furthermore, at the macro level the value posi-
tions ofthe two worldvieu's are often similar (for
example, both oppose racism). One area in which
progressive and orthodox worldviews differ, how-
ever, is homosexual sexual practice. Although views
among progressives, hke people of faith, differ in
46. regard to their position on homosexuality, sexual
activity among consenting gay men and lesbians is
widely understood by progressives to be morally
appropriate (Hunter, 1991).Consequently, although
both worldviews affirm the personhood of gay men
and lesbians, a clash in values exists regarding the
appropriateness of same-sex sexual practice.
POWER DIFFERENTIALS
As is widely acknowledged, differences in
worldviews combined with a systemic power im-
balance tend to foster bias against subordinate
worldviews (Hamilton & Sharma, 1997). As
Wambach and Van Soest (1997) noted, institution-
alized power differentials between groups, plus
2O8 SodalWork VOLUME 50, N U M B E R 3 JULY Z005
prejudice, often engenders discrimination toward
groups without access to power.
According to Hunter (1991), progressives tend
to dominate the centers of social power. The pro-
gressive worldview is most deeply institutionalized
and most vigorously advanced among educated
professionals in what Hunter calls the knowledge
sector, or what a number of neo-Marxist theorists
have called the knowledge class or the new class
CBerger,1986;Bruce-Bri^,1979;Gouldner,1979;
Schmalzbauer, 1993;Smith,2003;Szelenyi & Mar-
tin, 1991).This relatively privileged class comprises
groups such as the entertainment industry, news
media, helping professions, and perhaps most nota-
bly, education. The power ofthe knowledge class
47. flows from its ability to define and direct discourse.
In other words, the knowledge class plays a funda-
mental role in constructing the social narratives that
inform the broader society.
Hunter (1991) also observed that people of faith
are significantly under rep resented in the centers of
social power. Orthodox beUevers are disproportion-
ately found among the less-advantaged segments
of society, the working class, people who are poor,
racial and ethnic minority groups, and so forth
(Davis& Robinson. 1997;Hodge,2002a;McAdams,
1987). Although people of faith have some mea-
sure of political power due to the democratic pro-
cess, they have little power to control how their
values are framed and presented to the larger popu-
lation (Hunter;Woodberry & Smith, 1998).
The power differential, accentuated by the ani-
mus many educated elites feel toward conservative
Christians (Bolce & De Maio, 1999), often fosters
bias toward these believers in knowledge class set-
tings. Content analysis has revealed pejorative de-
pictions in some network television news (Kerr,
2003), fictional television programs (Skill &
Robinson, 1994), comic strips (Lindsey & Heeren,
1992), and textbooks used in grade schools (Vitz,
1985), high schools (Oppewal. 1985; Sewall, 1995;
Vitz, 1998), and universities (Glenn, 1997;Lehr&
Spilka, 1989). Practicing Christians, along with
women, teach at lower quality colleges and univer-
sities than their professional accomplishments would
predict (Rothman, Lichter, & Nevitte, 2005). Us-
ing a vignette methodology, researchers have found
that evangelical Christians are more likely than their
identical secular counterparts to be denied admis-
48. sion to graduate psychology programs (Gartner,
1986). Similar bias in professional decision making
has been documented among some physicians
(Neumann & Leppien, 1997) as weil as profession-
als in the physical (Neumann, Harvill, & Callahan,
1995) and social sciences (Gartner, J., Harniatz,
Hohmami,Larson,& Garmer, A.E, 1990; Neumann,
Thompson, & Woolley, 1992).
It is important to note that these results do not
imply an intentional progressive bias against people
of faith. As history indicates, similar results occur
when the power dynamics are re versed. Values that
resonate with the dominant worldview tend to be
seen as objective, reasonable, and moral, whereas
those affirmed by subordinate groups often seem
biased, ideological, and immoral.
The results imply, however, that progressives ex-
perience a significant degree of privilege in the
mainstream culture (Hunter, 1991). Progressives can
generally expect to see their values reflected in
popular and academic discourse. Sources as varied
as the New York Times, MTV, fictional television,
network news, Hollywood movies, univenity pro-
fessors, and academic journals tend to validate pro-
gressive understandings of reality. This privilege is
brought into clearer relief when one realizes that
traditional Christians must remain in the Christian
subculture to experience a similar degree of valida-
tion for their value systems (Talbot, 2000).
DISENFRANCHISING CHRISTIANS?
Progressives generally support freedom of thought,
fi-ee speech, separation of church and state, freedom
49. of association, freedom of religion, and other basic
human rights. Kurth (1994) argued that this sup-
port is often unconsciously selective, and articu-
lated only when it advances the interests of the
knowledge class.This perspective is widely shared
among traditional Christians who believe that many
gay men and lesbians, atheists, feminists, liberals, and
members ofthe mass media are hostile to religious
fi-eedom and other basic human rights (Smith, 2000).
These perceptions may have some merit (Jenkins,
2003).
Speech that some gay men and lesbians disagree
with is often censored in public universities and
other settings where progressives dominate
(Dershowitz, 2002; French, 2002). On private
Catholic campuses, the power ofthe state has been
used to coerce acceptance of gay and lesbian fel-
lowship groups (Hunter, 1991). On pubHc college
campuses, some gay and lesbian activi.sts have worked
to exclude Christian fellowship groups (Leo,2003).
H O D G E / Eptsumolo^cal Frameworks, Homosexuality, and
Religion 2 0 9
In San Francisco, private Christian antipoverty or-
ganizations were excluded from contracting with
the city (Fernandez & Lynch, 1998). In British
Columbia, a private Christian university was de-
nied accreditation, essentially because it affirmed
traditional Christian views on sexuality (Matas,
1997).
These and other examples have helped fuel per-
50. ceptions that some progressives wish to silence or
exclude Christians from public forums and disen-
franchise or eliminate private Christian institutions.
The British Columbia example is perhaps instruc-
tive, because some gay men and lesbians have
pointed to Canada as an exemplar of future trends.
Canada has few private Christian schools. Although
open to all, the small Christian university provides
a relatively unique haven. It offers interested stu-
dents the opportunity to obtain a Christian educa-
tion and provides an environment free from the
ridicule and disparagement many Christians en-
counter in numerous public universities dominated
by progressives {French, 2002; Pearlstein, 2000).
The state-sanctioned accrediting body denied
accreditation to the schools' teaching program, ar-
guing in court that graduates who believed tradi-
tional Christian tenets regarding homosexual sexual
practice were unfit to be teachers (Matas, 1997).
No evidence of discrimination against gay men and
lesbians in professional settings was provided. As
observers have noted, the accrediting body's argu-
ment has significant implications for religious free-
dom (de Souza, 2004; Pearlstein, 2000). More spe-
cifically, religion-based universities could be banned
from educaring students seeking to become profes-
sionals. It suggests that the state has a role in exam-
ining peoples' spiritual beliefs and excluding those
who hold traditional beliefs from professional sta-
tus. In other words, the state would be attempting
to regulate private thought.
As some progressives have attempted to use vari-
ous arms ofthe state to reach into public forums,
private universities,and at least potentially, churches,
51. homes, and private thought, a growing number of
believers fear that ultimately Christians will have no
space in which to practice their faith (Davis &
Robinson, 1997; de Souza, 2004; Hunter, 1991;
Martin, 1996;Talbot, 2000). Leading Evangelicals
and Catholics have expressed concern over the ero-
sion of human rights and the growing incursion of
the state into areas formerly deemed to be under the
purview ofthe church (Colson et al., 1994; de Souza).
Consequently, many Christians feel they must
engage gay and lesbian issues to maintain their ba-
sic human rights and constitutionally protected free-
doms. However, when addressing the topic of ho-
mosexuality, Christian organizations generally base
their interactions on the biblical record that affirms
the personhood of gay men and lesbians as God's
imagebearers. Typical, is the written poHcy state-
ment by the influential Christian organization. Focus
on the Family.
In light of the increasingly volatile nature of
the public debate on homosexuality. Focus on
the Family calls upon all Christians, and in-
deed, all citizens to recognize that moral oppo-
sition is not a license to engage in any form of
slander, harassment or violence against those
with whom we disagree. Morally, and legally
speaking, a crime against a homosexual is no
less a crime against humanity, and deserves to
be punished to the full extent ofthe law. (Dob-
son, 1998, p. 2)
Likewise, the worldwide body of Anglican bish-
ops offered a similar statement expressing their or-
thodox position at their most recent Lainbeth gath-
52. ering: "While rejecting homosexual practice as
incompatible with scripture," the resolution also
"condemn[s] irrational fear of homosexuals" and
affirms that gay men and lesbians are"Ioved by God"
(Lambeth Conference, 1998: 1:10). Similar state-
ments have been issued by other prominent Chris-
tian organizations, including the Catholic Church
(Melton, 1991).These statements typically shun the
use of pejorative terms and condemn prejudice and
bigotry toward gay men and lesbians.
Ordinary believers generally embrace this per-
spective as evidenced by ethnographic research with
self-identified evangelical Christians (N — 187)
drawn from around the nation (Smith, 2000).When
asked how Christians should respond to gay men,
lesbians, and other progressive groups perceived to
exhibit hostility toward Christians, the almost uni-
venal response was with love and understanding.
Respondents indicated that they should avoid hos-
tile confrontations and terminology and engage in
positive dialogue that respects the opinions of their
antagonists.
In contrast, when some progressives discuss the
relationship between Christianity and homosexu-
ahty in major media outlets across the country.
SodalWork VOLUME 50, N U M B E R 3 JULY 2005
highly inflammatory terms have been used. The
Anglican Lambeth statement was framed as "vali-
dating intolerance" and teaching children to "hate
fellow humans" (Maxwell, 1998). The Christian
53. belief that there is a difference between person and
behavior was depicted as an "invidious distinction,"
which denies "essential humanity" (Scheer, 1998)
and is antihuman (Kemena, 1998). Christians who
respond to queries on homosexuality by affirming
traditional Christian beliefs were presented as en-
gaguig in "hate speech" and "legitimizing hate"
(Cohen, 1998). Christians who help give voice to
gay men and lesbians who have exercised their right
to self-determination and chosen to forsake ho-
mosexual sexual activity through a relationship with
God were equated with Nazis who have "targeted
a specific minority for elimination" and will soon
target others (Picano, 1998. D5). Although many
progressives disagree with the use of such termi-
nology, this type of rhetoric in national discourse
sends implicit messages to the broader culture about
traditional Christians.
MATTHEW SHEPARD AND HIS
CHRISTIAN COUNTERPARTS
The power to frame debate in a manner that re-
flects progressive interests is illustrated when indi-
viduals from the gay and lesbian and Christian com-
munities are murdered.When Matthew Shepard, a
gay student, was killed in Laramie, Wyoming, high
profile media personnel at major media oudets sug-
gested that a Christian worldview was responsible
for the killing (Cohen, 1998;Jenkins,2003; Picano,
1998; Rich. 1998; Scheer, 1998). Christian belief̂
were held responsible even though no evidence
indicated that the killers were devout Christians or
had been influenced by a Christian worldview
(ABC News, 2004). Somehow, the presence of a
Christian perspective, as a limited, minority view-
point in national discourse, was said to create an
54. atmosphere in which the "more loosely ordered
minds in the crowd" would kill gay men and lesbi-
ans (Scheer, p. B7).
Conversely, when Christian students are delib-
erately murdered, as happened in West Paducah,
Kentucky; Littleton, Colorado; and Fort Worth,
Texas, there was little attempt to link the killings to
a progressive worldview (Bingham, 1999; Braun,
1997; Young, 1999). Given that the progressive
worldview dominates national discourse, it seems
plausible that the killers were influenced, at least to
some degree, by progressive values in various me-
dia forums.The murderers may also potentially be
considered progressives (Braun; Goode, 1999; New
York Times News Service, 1997). For instance,
Michael Carneal targeted a group of Christians
praying, killing three and wounding five in West
Paducah, Kentucky. He rejected the notion of a
transcendent authority, wore anti-Christian sym-
bols, and self-identified as an atheist (Braun).
Even explicit anti-Christian hatred is ignored.
Consider the hypothetical case of an individual who
receives an unsolicited flyer about a gay and lesbian
event, procures a firearm, enters tbe event and be-
gins firing on gay men and lesbians, killing seven
and wounding numerous others, while cursing and
screaming repeatedly: "This homosexual stuff is a
bunch of bull...!" It seems likely that media per-
sonnel would attribute such actions to anti-homo-
sexual animosity. However, when the identical sce-
nario occurred in Forth Worth, Texas, with
Christians as the victims, the an ti-Christian hatred
that motivated the killings was basically ignored.
55. Instead, the facts were reported in a story entitled
"Why?," and the public was told that the reasons
for the church rampage may "never be known"
(Young, 1999). Similarly, Time magazine's 2()-page
cover story on the Columbine massacre neglected
to mention that one ofthe primary motivations for
the killers was anti-Christian hatred (Rabey, 2000).
Hate crimes against Christians are sometimes
refi^med to advance progressive causes—such as
gun control (Kabel, 1999).
If there is an attempt to make a case that
worldviews incite murder, it would seem that the
widely dispersed progressive worldview, combined
with systematically negative depictions of Chris-
tians, would be far more influential in terms of in-
citing individuals with psychological problems to
commit murder. After all, if Christians are Nazis
inciting children to hate their fellow human be-
ings, a person might plausibly conclude that the
world would be a better place if fewer of these
destructive people existed. Yet, in attempting to
explain the causal factors underlying the murder of
multiple Christians on three occasions, explana-
tions are "elusive" (Braun, 1997),"a puzzle" (New
York Times News Service, 1997) essentially "a
mystery"(Goode,1999), and consequendy, the"rea-
sons . . . may never be known" (Young, 1999).
This may help to explain why 92 percent of a
nationally representative sample of self-identified
H o D G B / EpistemoloffcalFfunKuwrks, HomesexuaU^
aruiRelipon 211
56. Evangelicals {N = 430), believe that Christian val-
ues are under serious attack in the United States
(Smith, 1998). Narratives are selectively manufac-
tured by some progressives to disenfranchise Chris-
tians. Concurrently, little concern is expressed for
the need to create safe spaces for people of faith
and the expression of their constitutional freedoms
and human rights.
THE BIAS IN SOCIAL WORK
Although social work has reflected the biases of the
larger society in which it exists, the profession is
deeply committed to constructing an inclusive
milieu that is respectful of divenity.
By exploring systemic power imbalances be-
tween dominant and subordinate groups, the pro-
fession has made significant headway in areas such
as race, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
Because the profession has only begun to address
diversity in the area of religion and spirituality
(Canda & Furman, 1999), some degree of bias
should be expected. As is the case with previous
iterations of diversity, an exploration of systemic
power differentials between groups is a critical step
in uncovering biases and moving toward a more
inclusive profession.
Hunter (1991) and knowledge class theorists
(Berger, 1986) have singled out social work as a
profession in which progressive worldviews are es-
pecially prominent. Consistent with research on
academics (Rothman et aL, 2005), analysis indi-
cates that social workers, as a group, are solidly in
the progressive camp, often affirming value posi-
57. tions to the left of those held by members of con-
servative, moderate, and liberal denominations
(Hodge, 2003). According to one nationally repre-
sentative study, only 13.5 percent of graduate social
workers are affiliated with theologically conserva-
tive denominations, in contrast to 44 percent of the
lower class (Hodge, 2002a).
Given the systemic power differential that exists
in the profession, it is unsurprising that many of the
issues discussed earlier in this article are played out
in the profession. Perhaps most prominent is the
selective presentation of reality. When discussing
the intersection between homosexuality and reli-
gion, the nexus tends to be viewed from a progres-
sive perspective. Progressive concerns are high-
lighted and the concerns of people of faith are
mentioned in passing, if at all (Hodge, Baughman,
& Cummings, in press). Although most social work-
ers strive to be fair, individuals inevitably tend to
select data that is congruent with their value sys-
tem while overlooking incongruent data (Kuhn,
1970).
For instance, Cornett (1992) underscored the
"dangerousness" of conservative Protestant practi-
tioners imposing their values on gay men and les-
bians in practice settings.There is no similar discus-
sion of the dangers of gay men, lesbians, and other
progressives imposing their values on conservative
Protestants and other people of faith, in the area of
policy, van Wormer (1997) associated people of faith
with "extremist pohtics"and the oppression of gay
men and lesbians.The supposition that progressives
are also associated with equally extreme political
58. positions and the oppression of people of faith re-
ceived no comparable mention (Jenkins, 2003).
Themes disseminated in the wider culture also
appear in the social work literature. Mirroring sen-
timents that appeared in the national media, Jones
(1996) argued that traditional Christian beHefs "fuel
the social climate that accommodates an increasing
incidence of hate crimes against [gay men and les-
bians]" (p. 309). The possibility that progressive
beliefs about Christianity may also fuel a social cli-
mate that fosters an increasing incidence of hate
crimes toward people of faith was not discussed
(Hunter, 1991;Jenkins, 2003).
In some instances activists have attempted to use
the power of the state to exclude Christians from
the profession. Echoing the British Columbia ex-
ample, some gay and lesbian activists have worked
to exclude the few private Christian social work
programs from the profession (Ressler, 1998). At
least one state-funded social work program set up a
screening program to explore prospective students'
religious beliefs regarding homosexuality (Ressler).
The inquiry focused not on behaviors, but on per-
sonally held spiritual beliefs. The state was thus
placed in the position of examining the private
thoughts of individuals and excluding people based
on their thoughts. Qualitative research on Chris-
tians' experiences in social work raises the possibil-
ity that similar, but more informal practices, may
exist in other programs (Ressler & Hodge, 1999;
Ressler & Hodge, 2003).
It should be emphasized that many social vrork-
ers, including many gay men and lesbians, support
59. the separation of church and state, as well as free-
dom of thought, speech, and rehgion. The above
practices are not only illegal (French, 2002; Ressler,
212 SocialWork VOLUME J O . N U M B E R 3 JULY 2005
1998). they also contravene the hasic human rights
accorded to people offaith in the United Nations'
(1948/1998) Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Indeed, many progressives support the inclusion of
people of faith just as many orthodox believers sup-
port the inclusion of gay men and lesbians {Smith,
2000).
It is also important to acknowledge that people
offaith should be encouraged to understand pro-
gressive narratives and to examine how their values
interact with those of various progressive popula-
tions. However, it is just as important for gay men,
lesbians, and other progressives to understand or-
thodox narratives and to examine how their values
may affect their ability to provide culturally sensi-
tive services to people of faith. To selectively por-
tray complex issues from only one perspective re-
stricts social workers'access to important knowledge
and fosters bias against people of faith (Oppewal,
1985).
The tendency to highlight issues fix>m a pro-
gressive framework, to the detriment of other per-
spectives, also makes little sense from a demo-
graphic sundpoint. As imphed earlier, the extant
evidence indicates that traditional believers are
significantly underrepresented in social work
60. (Bergin & Jensen, 1990; Canda & Furman. 1999;
Gallup & Lindsay, 1999; Neumann et al.. 1992;
Newman, Dannenfelser, & Benishek, 2002;
Richards & Bergin. 1997). Although it is difficult
to make comparisons across groups and studies, it
is plausible that the number of gay and lesbian so-
cial workers alone, apart &om all other progressive
groups, may outnumber people offaith in the pro-
fession (Berkman & Zinberg, 1997; Hyde & Ruth,
2002). Given that mainstream media and academia
tend to reflect a progressive worldview, progressives
have few venues in which to acquire a positive,
strengths-based understanding ofthe Christian sub-
culture or the subcultures of other faith groups.
Qualitative studies of traditional Christians in
the profession suggest that most social workers have
little understanding of a Christian worldview
(Ressler & Hodge, 1999; Ressler & Hodge. 2003).
Respondents reported that their values were fre-
quendy misunderstood, caricatured, and disparaged.
The misunderstanding of traditional beliefs is also
reflected in the perceptions of some consumers
(Furman, Perry. & Goldale, 1996; Pellebon, 2000).
The evangelical Christians surveyed frequently felt
that social workers did not understand their reli-
gious beliefe and values and, consequently, they were
hesitant to receive services from social workers.
Other observers s u r e s t similar concerns are shared
by many Hindus (Fenton, 1988; Goodwin &
Cramer, 1998), Muslims (Altarcb, 1996; Daneshpour,
1998; Kelly, Aridi, & Bakhtiar. 1996), and other
people offaith (Richards & Bergin. 2000). These
perceptions are in keeping with content analyses
that suggest that the views of people offaith are
61. rarely featured in mainstream social work literature
and. when featured, they tend to be depicted unfa-
vorably (Cnaan, Wineburg,& Boddie. 1999; Hodge,
2002b; Hodge et al.. in press; Redding, 2001).
Increasing underrepresented faith groups among
faculty might help future social workers better
understand culturally different worldviews
(Sheridan et al., 1994). Furthermore, as Van Soest
and Garcia (2003) observed, a balanced and inclu-
sive faculty exposes students to a diversity of per-
spectives and conveys important messages regard-
ing programs' commitment to diversity.
Paradoxically, Van Soest (1996) seems to implicitly
question the legitimacy of the few faculty who
provide diverse voices by asking: "If a social work
educator holds the religious belief that homosexu-
ality is morally unaccepuble. what are the barriers
to effective teaching in this area . . . ? " (pp. 60-61).
Given the dominance of progressives in the pro-
fession, social work theory suggests that the con-
verse would be a better question (Wambach & Van
Soest. 1997), In other words, how will faculty im-
mersed in the dominant progressive culture be able
to effectively teach students to provide culturally
competent services to people offaith from various
subcultures?The challenges go beyond the level of
direct practice to include issues of social justice.
More specifically, will social workers who hold the
belief that traditional Christian values are morally
unacceptable be able to advocate in the broader
society for believers'constitutionally protected free-
doms and their internationally recognized human
rights? In addition to freedom of thought, these
rights include the freedom to change religion or
62. behef. and the freedom to expres.s belief individu-
ally or with others in private and public settings
(United Nations, 1948/1998).
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
Discrimination on the basis of religion is prohib-
ited by the NASW Code of Ethics (2000, section
4.02). Furthermore, social workers are called to
/ EpistemolopcalFrameworks, Hamosexualitji andReligion 213
understand and respect religious diversity (1.05c),
to avoid making demeaning comments based upon
rehgion (2.01), and to prevent and eliminate the
domination, exploitation, and discrimination of
religious people (6.04d). Similar standards apply to
sexual orientationjust as workers cannot decide to
favor a heterosexual orientation over a homosexual
orientation, so too, workers cannot favor liberal
rehgious expression over traditional religious ex-
pression. Further, no hierarchy exists among ethi-
cal standards. The Code of Ethics (2000) does not
"specify which values, principles, and standards are
most important and ought to outweigh others in
instances when they conflict" (p. 3). People of faith
are afforded the same degree of protection by the
Code of Ethics as gay men and lesbians.The Code
protects people from being discriminated against
on the basis of their sexual orientation, but it does
not permit progressives to discriminate against
people of faith.
Sometimes other ethical standards are cited. For
examplejones (1996) andVan Soest (1996) under-
63. scored the profession's commitment to oppressed
groups. Oppression, however, is directly correlated
with power (Wambach &Van Soest, 1997). In areas
where Christians lack access to power, they tend to
experience discrimination (Hunter, 1991;Jenkins,
2003; Marshall, 1998). Social worken operating
within a progressive worldview that reflects their
understanding of reality may overlook the power
that many gay men and lesbians possess.
Three common proxies that hold special signifi-
cance for social work—wealth, education, and class
status—suggest that people of faith may have less
access to power than gay men and lesbians.The
per capita income of gay men is more than three
times that of heterosexual individuals (Karger &
Stoesz, 1998), whereas evangelical Christians make
less than the national average (Hoge, 1996). Sixty
percent of gay men and lesbians are college gradu-
ates compared with 18 percent of heterosexual in-
dividuals (Karger & Stoesz, 1998), and only 13 per-
cent of evangelical Christians are college graduates
(Gallup & Castelli, 1989). Finally, given their level
of education (Schmalzbauer, 1993), the majority
of gay men and lesbians are members of the high-
status knowledge class, perhaps the most powerful
class because of its ability to construct the symbols
and select the frames through which the larger so-
ciety understands reality (Hunter, 1991; Lipset,
1979; Luepnitz, 1988). Conversely, orthodox be-
lievers are disproportionately found among the
working class and people who are poor, in con-
junction with other disadvantaged populations that
have been denied access to power (Davis &
Robinson, 1997). Although this does not neces-
64. sarily mean that people of faith experience more
oppression than gay men or lesbians, it suggests that
the relationships regarding sexual orientation, reli-
gion, and oppression are more complex than is of-
ten depicted in social work hterature.
IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK
Although this article focused on the orthodox per-
spective, it is important to acknowledge that per-
ceptions of discrimination run in both directions.
Traditional Christians and gay men and lesbians
often believe that members of the other group are
hostile toward them. Some have noticed this di-
lemma and called for increased ideological coher-
ence in the profession based on the norms of a
progressive worldview (Jones, 1996; Van Soest,
1996).
Those who seek ideological purity oppose the
spirit of the Code of Ethics.The Code does not sup-
port advocates of theocracy who desire to exclude
gay men and lesbians on the basis of their sexual
orientation, nor does it support progressive advo-
cates of ideological coherence who wish to ex-
clude Christians and other people of faith on the
basis of their religion. Rather, social work is called
to inclusion and diversity. It calls on both groups,
people of faith and progressives, to respect each
other, learn from each other, and develop the skills
to provide strengths-based, culturally competent
services to each other. Practical steps must be taken
to achieve this end.
For example, language that gay men,lesbians, and
other progressives would consider derogatory or
offensive is typically avoided in social work litera-
65. ture. People of faith should be accorded the same
treatment, as is stipulated in the Code of Ethics (for
example, 1.12). For instance, calling a Hindu's de-
sire to have a son to perform the sacred rites owed
to ancestors a "prejudice" (Almeida, 1996), stating
that "Christian values are a cornerstone of racism"
(Kivel, 1996, p. 154), or "homophobic" (hooks,
2000), or stating that Islam "ascribes inferior status
to women" (Zastrow, 2000, p. 453) is offensive to
many, if not most, believers in these traditions. In
addition to simplifying complex issues, such char-
acterizations can reinforce stereotypes regarding
214
SocialWork VOLUME 50, N U M B E R 3 JULY 1005
people offaith and hinder the development of cul-
tural competence.
Diversity means that differences in perspectives
will exist. As Gambrill (2002) observed, if social
workers are to be educated rather than indoctri-
nated, they must be informed of controversies and
exposed to well-argued alternatives to views that
are popular in the profession. In situations in which
the narratives of cultural groups differ, efforts should
be made to present all sides of an issue in a bal-
anced, respectful manner that avoids straw-man
arguments.
An even-handed discussion of controvenial is-
sues that supports vulnerable participants is critical
to engendering a safe environment (Hyde & Ruth,
2002). Qualitative research su^ests that many tra-
66. ditional Christians have been effectively silenced
due to the ridicule they experience from peers for
expressing minority views in social work settings
(Ressler & Hodge, 1999; Ressier & Hodge, 2003).
As Hartman (1993) observed, "there is no better
way to subjugate human beings than to silence
them" (p. 245). Social workers must strive to create
an environment in which diverse cultural groups
feel safe expressing their understandings of reality.
Progressives, as well as people offaith. must learn to
tolerate the expression of views that differ from
their own without attempting to silence views with
which they disagree.
As the NASW Standards for Cultural Competence
in Social Work Practice (NASW, 2001) suggest,
progressives do not necessarily have to agree with
the values of people offaith and vice versa. Indeed,
in some cases, disagreement over values may be so
acute that a referral is appropriate.A lesbian practi-
tioner morally committed to egalitarian relation-
ships, for example, may decide a referral to another
practitioner is appropriate when working with a
Mormon couple that believes in complementary
marriages.To make such decisions, however, prac-
titioners must fully assimilate differing narratives
and then explore how value conflicts may affect
service provision.
To help ensure assimilation of subordinate nar-
ratives, efforts are needed to include the voices of
people offaith in social work literature. One con-
tent analysis of four opinion-forming journals
found that more than 35 articles addressed gay and
lesbian issues, which suggests that social workers
are being exposed to knowledge that can help them
67. provide services to these populations (Hodge,
2002b). Unfortunately, this same study found that
no articles addressed Christian issues. Another
content analysis of influential social work textbooks
found that much of the minimal material that
dealt with Muslims and evangelical Christians was
likely to engender biased understandings of both
groups (Hodge et al., in press). These results may
be explained, at least in part, by one study that
found that some social workers discriminated
against mock publication abstracts that contain tra-
ditional Christian values (Neumann et al., 1992).
Such biases should be addressed and steps taken to
ensure publication of content that instills an un-
derstanding ofthe diverse populations that com-
prise society.
The long-term goal is to work toward a more
inclusive, representative profession. As society be-
comes more diverse, social work must reflect the
nation's evolving demographics. Recruiting
underrepresented groups into the profession and
ensuring that they are allowed a voice can help
address the systemic power imbalances.A represen-
tative professional leadership is particularly impor-
tant because of the implicit messages sent by the
composition of such an influential and highly vis-
ible group (Van Soest & Garcia, 2003).This process
will not be easy. Those in positions of power may
resist the inclusion of groups that see the world
differently. The profession, however, will be enriched
from the benefits that diversity engenders.
Every worldview refracts reality. Engagement
with different penpectives, although often challeng-
68. ing, helps us understand the world around us in a
richer, more comprehensive manner. The ethical
principles enumerated in the Code of Ethics call us
to develop a safe place, a place where a gay man and
a traditional Catholic can sit down at the same table,
hear each others'stories, and learn from each other's
experiences. It calls us to build a table that not only
sits the people with whom we already agree, but
also makes room for Muslims, feminists, Hindus,
atheists. Latter Day Saints, liberal Protestants, and
other cultural groups that comprise our increas-
ingly diverse society. Working toward a multicul-
tural mosaic that respects and values differing
worldviews enables the profession to serve all popu-
lations. Indeed, social work may be able to develop
a new approach that models respect and under-
standing for different conceptions of truth. In an
increasingly volatile global village, it is a goal worth
striving for.
H O D G E / ^istemological Frameworks, Homosexuality, and
Religion 215
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Original manuscript received February 7, ZOOO
Final reviiion received January 2. 2001
Accepted April 23, 2001
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2 l 8 SocialWork VOLUME 50, N U M B E R J JULY 1005
Christianity, Islam and Modernity: Explaining
Prohibitions on Homosexuality in UN
Member States
Achim Hildebrandt
University of Stuttgart
This article investigates why homosexual acts are still banned in
77 countries. It extends the current state of research
by focusing on the religious roots of these bans. Previous
studies have analysed the influence of Islam on prohibitions
of same-sex sexual acts but produced contradictory findings.
Moreover, the influence of the second world religion
84. that condemns homosexuality in its scriptures – Christianity –
has largely been ignored. This article shows that
countries with a Muslim tradition tend to criminalise both male
and female homosexuality, while predominantly
Christian societies tend to prohibit only sex between men.
However, the influence of the Christian tradition depends
on the modernity of a country: the more modern a Christian
society, the less influence traditional Christian sexual
ethics have on legislation governing same-sex sexuality. This is
particularly true for countries with a Protestant
tradition.
Keywords: LGBT politics; social movement policy success;
morality policies
The legal status of gays and lesbians varies enormously around
the world. While some
countries have established same-sex marriage or civil unions,
many others still criminalise
same-sex activity between consenting adults. Their laws usually
stipulate multi-year prison
sentences; in Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen,
homosexual acts may even
be subject to the death penalty (Bruce-Jones and Itaborahy,
2011, p. 10). This article raises
the question of why these countries still prosecute
homosexuality, while other countries
lifted their bans decades or even centuries ago. Specifically, it
investigates whether the law
prohibits consensual sexual acts between adults of the same sex
in private. The abolition of
such laws does not mean an end to social discrimination or
violence – often not even to
persecution by the police.1 Lifting the bans, however, is a first
important step towards legal
equality of gays and lesbians. These bans represent an ever-
86. There have also been quantitative analyses based on a large
number of cases (Asal et al.,
2013; Frank et al., 2010; Frank and McEneaney, 1999).4 These
last three studies represent
the current state of international quantitative research on the
criminalisation and
decriminalisation of homosexuality and form the reference point
for this analysis.
The present article will extend this research by taking a closer
look at the religious roots
of bans on homosexuality. Previous studies have analysed the
influence of Islam on laws
prohibiting homosexuality but have produced contradictory
findings. Moreover, the
influence of the second world religion that condemns
homosexuality in its scriptures –
Christianity – has largely been ignored in previous quantitative
research, with the excep-
tion of one study that focuses exclusively on just one
denomination: Catholicism. This lack
of attention to Christian tradition is surprising, considering the
fact that it was the Christian
colonial masters who introduced the prohibition of same-sex
acts around the world. A
further issue that has not been sufficiently investigated is the
extent to which religious
norms lose significance as modernisation progresses.
The article is organised as follows. The next section summarises
the main results of the
three quantitative analyses mentioned above and outlines how
this article extends this
research. The article then goes on to discuss how the Christian
and Muslim traditions affect