история стран изучаемого языка. становление Англии морской владычицей

1. England Becoming A Sea Power

2.  Before Elizabeth’s reign,
England had been little
more than a northwest
European maritime power.
When Elizabeth I died in
1603 England was a much
more significant force in
sea trade and conflict than
it had been in the 1550s.
English ships became a
regular presence from
northern Russia to the
Mediterranean, as well as
in parts of the Americas,
Africa and Asia.

3.  Most ships were built for the purpose of trade and
cloth was the main English export throughout the
period. In the first half of the 16th century the
English maritime economy was dominated by the
trade between London and Antwerp. Economic
and political crises led to the decline and eventual
collapse of the Antwerp market in the 1550s and
1560s. This prompted English merchants to start
looking further afield. From the 1550s onwards a
succession of voyages to the more distant parts of
Europe, as well as growing numbers of
transoceanic enterprises, sought to open new
markets and gain access to exotic, high-value
goods. London merchants were the principal
financiers of this expansion and the capital’s elite
was probably the main beneficiary.

4.  Ships were expensive to
build and maintain and
part-ownership was
common because it helped
spread the risk of financial
loss from shipwreck or
capture. Joint stock
companies were set up to
exploit trading
possibilities, the most
famous of which was the
East India Company,
created in 1599 with the aim
of breaking into the
valuable spice trade of the
Far East.

5.  Trade brought huge profits.
Cargoes were generally
worth a good deal more
than the ships that carried
them. Sometimes the
difference was
extraordinary. In 1588 the
cargo of cloth and goods on
a small, old Dunkirk
‘flyboat’proved to be 56
times more valuable than
the paltry £15-worth of
vessel that carried it.

6.  Elizabeth I’s ‘navy royal’ was never a large force. It
did not have a permanent body of sea officers and
mariners. As a result, the royal fleet relied on
manpower from the ‘merchant navy’ and the
support of merchantmen as additional warships,
stores vessels and troop transports. Between 1585
and 1603 England and Spain waged a bitter
maritime war that England survived rather than
won. In 1588, out of some 226 English vessels
mustered to face the Armada, only 34 were the
queen’s ships. The rest belonged to her subjects.

7. the Invincible Armada
(the Spanish Armada)

8. British ships

9.  Francis Drake was chosen by Queen Elizabeth I of
England in 1577 to command the first English voyage
around the world. Drake was already a successful
privateer (or sea pirate), and his voyage was designed
to disrupt the command of the Pacific Ocean and the
Americas enjoyed by England's rival Spain. He made
a landing in 1579 somewhere on the Pacific coast of
North America, and returned to England in 1580 to be
knighted by the Queen. (Drake was the second
captain to circle the globe -- the trick had already
been turned by the expedition of Ferdinand
Magellan in 1519.) Drake made a specialty of
harrassing Spanish shipping and ports, and he was
vice admiral of the English fleet when it defeated the
Spanish Armada in 1588. He died during an
expedition to the Caribbean in 1596, and was buried
in a lead coffin somewhere near modern-day
Panama.

10. Francis Drake

11.  See below the famous Francis Drake Prayer, 1577. This is a sample of thinking that
made England a grear sea power.
 Disturb us, Lord, when we are too well pleased with ourselves,
when our dreams have come true because we have dreamed too little,
when we arrive safely because we sailed too close to the shore.
 Господь, не дай нам стать слишком самодовольными,
Когда наши мечты сбываются по причине своей малости,
Когда мы возвращаемся домой живы-здоровы (лишь) потому, что не
отплывали далеко от берега.
 Disturb us, Lord, when with the abundance of things we possess,
we have lost our thirst for the waters of life, having fallen in love with life,
we have ceased to dream of eternity, and in our efforts to build a new earth,
we have allowed our vision of the new heaven to dim.
 Господь, растревожь нас, когда, обретя богатства,
Мы потеряем жажду к воде жизни и начнём влюбляться в жизнь,
Перестанем думать о вечности; когда в своих стремлениях построить новую
землю
Мы затуманим своё видение новых небес.
 Disturb us, Lord, to dare more boldly, to venture on wider seas, where storms will
show your mastery,
where losing sight of land, we shall find the stars.
We ask you to push back the horizon of our hopes, and to push us into the future
in strength, courage, hope, and love.
This we ask in the name of our Captain, who is Jesus Christ.
 Господь, дай нам больше отваги идти в дальние (широкие) моря, где штормы
покажут нам твою власть и силу,
Где будет невиден берег, а путь нам укажут звёзды.
Просим: раздвинь горизонт наших надежд и воздвигни нас в будущем в силе,
мужестве, надежде и любви.
Мы просим этого во имя нашего Капитана, имя которому Иисус Христос.

12. world map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drakeworld map compiled by Francis Drake
World map compiled by Francis Drake