Authorities in many countries have set objectives for emission reduction, and energy consumption of buildings has an essential role in achieving those target levels. At the moment, a big part of Finnish building stock is facing refurbishment needs. To transform the existing building stock towards energy-efficiency, it is of importance that all economically profitable energy saving measures would be executed within the refurbishments actions. However, in many cases the full energy saving potential is not exploited in refurbishment projects.
During the last years, numerous pilot projects have shown how energy consumption can be remarkably decreased. However, even in the case of all pilot projects had succeeded, their accelerating impact on refurbishment projects’ energy-efficiency would not have been enough to decrease the energy consumption of the whole building stock level so much that the set emission saving objectives would be achieved. Such macro scale impact is our target. In addition to successful pilot projects, there have been also cases, in which the impacts have not been as positive as expected. Disappointments together with noticeably higher investment costs, as compared to basic solutions, slow down the popularity of energy saving refurbishments much more than good examples are able to accelerate it.
In such climate conditions as Finland achieving nearly zero-energy level in refurbishments is so expensive that it is hard to give economically profitable reasons for decision-making. Hence, it would be more beneficial option to concentrate on ensuring that as big part of the economically profitable energy saving measures as possible would be executed within refurbishments. If this opportunity is not used now, it will soon be too late.
Because investors will always require profitability for their investments, it is important to use systematic methodology in energy saving measure related decision-making. In this way the effective allocation of financial resources can be ensured and energy economically profitable measures will probably be executed.
Tulisan ini memberikan panduan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan menulis dengan baik. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah pentingnya membaca untuk menguatkan otak, berpikir kritis dengan menganalisis fakta, dan menulis sebagai sarana berinteraksi sosial dan mencatat sejarah. Tulisan ini juga memberikan contoh proses kreatif menulis dan jenis-jenis tulisan seperti berita, esai, dan LKTM sebag
The document proposes an advertising campaign for Rihanna's perfume "Reb'l Fleur". The key points are:
1) The perfume is not as popular as other celebrity fragrances and needs more promotion.
2) The ad will target women who see Rihanna as an inspiration and want to emulate her successful, confident style.
3) The campaign will use images of beautiful models and emphasize that buying the perfume will make the user more attractive and like their role model, Rihanna.
Volete spedire molte e-mail ? Una newsletter ?
E poi ? sapete valutare l'impatto della vostra comunicazione ? Quante persone l'hanno VERAMENTE letta ?
a queste domande ... una risposta certa!
A new graph-based approach for biometric fusion at hybrid rank-score levelSotiris Mitracos
This document presents a new graph-based approach for multibiometric fusion at a hybrid rank-score level. The approach models each identity as a graph using top-k candidate lists from unimodal matchers. A graph similarity score is computed to fuse matchers and identify individuals. Experiments on two datasets show the approach achieves high accuracy by representing identities as graphs and introducing a penalty based on matcher competence levels.
Tulisan ini memberikan panduan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan menulis dengan baik. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah pentingnya membaca untuk menguatkan otak, berpikir kritis dengan menganalisis fakta, dan menulis sebagai sarana berinteraksi sosial dan mencatat sejarah. Tulisan ini juga memberikan contoh proses kreatif menulis dan jenis-jenis tulisan seperti berita, esai, dan LKTM sebag
The document proposes an advertising campaign for Rihanna's perfume "Reb'l Fleur". The key points are:
1) The perfume is not as popular as other celebrity fragrances and needs more promotion.
2) The ad will target women who see Rihanna as an inspiration and want to emulate her successful, confident style.
3) The campaign will use images of beautiful models and emphasize that buying the perfume will make the user more attractive and like their role model, Rihanna.
Volete spedire molte e-mail ? Una newsletter ?
E poi ? sapete valutare l'impatto della vostra comunicazione ? Quante persone l'hanno VERAMENTE letta ?
a queste domande ... una risposta certa!
A new graph-based approach for biometric fusion at hybrid rank-score levelSotiris Mitracos
This document presents a new graph-based approach for multibiometric fusion at a hybrid rank-score level. The approach models each identity as a graph using top-k candidate lists from unimodal matchers. A graph similarity score is computed to fuse matchers and identify individuals. Experiments on two datasets show the approach achieves high accuracy by representing identities as graphs and introducing a penalty based on matcher competence levels.
This document summarizes a magazine double page spread featuring the artist Example. It describes the layout, use of colors, and inclusion of Example's image and quote. The spread utilizes red stripes and text to maintain consistency across the two pages and draw the eye. The image and quote provide insight into Example's music and persona to engage readers. Overall, the spread has a professional layout that profiles the artist through visual and textual elements.
The document outlines a daily routine that involves waking up, having breakfast, doing various activities like jogging, cooking, dancing, homework, playing computer games or basketball, going to the gym, having dinner, and going to bed.
El documento trata sobre el sentido de la audición. Explica el mecanismo auditivo central, incluyendo la función de la corteza cerebral y las señales centrífugas desde el SNC a los órganos de Corti. También cubre temas como la determinación del volumen, las alteraciones de la audición y el uso del audiómetro y los audiogramas.
Este documento presenta un deseo navideño de regalar a amigos y seres queridos un árbol especial en el corazón que está adornado no con decoraciones tradicionales sino con los nombres de todas las personas importantes en la vida del autor, ya sean amigos cercanos o lejanos, familiares, conocidos o desconocidos, que le han enseñado o aprendido de él. El autor quiere que este árbol sea robusto para que nunca se olviden esos nombres y sus ramas se extiendan para incluir nuevos nombres, convirtiénd
Tulisan ini memberikan panduan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan menulis dengan baik. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah pentingnya membaca untuk menguatkan otak, berpikir kritis dengan menganalisis fakta, dan menulis sebagai sarana berinteraksi sosial dan mencatat sejarah. Tulisan ini juga memberikan contoh proses kreatif menulis dan jenis-jenis tulisan seperti berita, esai, dan LKTM sebag
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. PAUD Bina Insani didirikan oleh warga untuk membantu pemberantasan kriminal dan narkoba di kampung tersebut
2. Pembelajaran di PAUD ini menitikberatkan pada kemampuan membaca dan menulis anak didiknya
3. Beberapa hal yang perlu diperbaiki antara lain pengembangan kurikulum, penggunaan metode dan media pembelajaran, serta pengelolaan sarana prasarana indoor dan outdoor."
Osana Suomen energia- ja ilmastopoliittisten toimenpiteiden valmistelua ympäristöministeriö teetti selvityksen "Energiatehokkuuden parantamisen menetelmät olemassa olevassa rakennuskannassa" (EPAT). Se koskee olemassa olevan rakennuskannan korjaustoimintaan liittyviä energiatehokkuuden parantamistoimenpiteitä ja -menetelmiä sekä energiansäästöpotentiaalia. Tämä raportti on selvityksen loppuraportin liiteraportti.
Tutkimus toteutettiin Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston (TTY) Rakennustekniikan laitoksella. Projektin johtajana ja tutkijana toimi TTY:llä Juhani Heljo ja tutkijoina Antti Kurvinen ja Jaakko Vihola. Eero Nippala Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulusta toimi rakennuskannan, poistuman ja korjaustoiminnan asiantuntijana. Martti Hekkanen Oulun ammattikorkeakoulusta toimi korjausasiantuntijana.
Toteuttamiskelpoisten energiansäästömahdollisuuksien arviointi rakennuskanan korjaustoiminnassa aikavälillä 2010–2050 on haastava ja monitahoinen tehtävä. Realistisen kuvan mahdollisuuksista saa vain tutustumalla mahdollisimman moniin aiheeseen liittyviin selvityksiin.
Tämän liiteraportin tavoitteena on esittää kootusti loppuraportin tuloksia tukevaa materiaalia. Liitteet 1 ja 2 ovat referaatteja muista selvityksistä. Liitteet 3–5 ovat osa tehtyä selvitystä.
Operational and Embodied Energy in three housesjpcardenas
This study compared the operational and embodied energy of 3 houses in Temuco, Chile over a 50-year period. Embodied energy accounted for 4-10% of total energy, with the majority being operational energy for heating. Structural materials contributed 65% of embodied energy on average. Total projected energy for the houses was around 409,000 kWh. Operational energy demands ranged from 137-167 kWh/m2/year, above passive house standards. The study found embodied energy to represent a small percentage of total energy due to high operational heating needs in Chilean homes.
This document provides details about a presentation on analyzing a building using ETABS software and implementing concepts of a zero energy building. It includes an introduction to zero energy buildings, objectives of analyzing a building in ETABS and manually, methodology used which involves modeling the building in ETABS and AutoCAD, assigning loads and materials, analyzing, comparing results, and implementing zero energy concepts. It also includes a literature review summarizing several papers on zero energy buildings and their key observations. The methodology adopted for the zero energy building focuses on passive design optimization, reducing operational energy and eliminating fossil fuels while providing onsite renewable energy and limiting upfront carbon.
This document evaluates different facade configurations for office rooms and classrooms in a school building to determine their impact on energy performance, natural lighting, and indoor environment. It presents the results of simulations analyzing variations in window height and other parameters for north and south-facing rooms with and without solar coatings or shading. The best performing configurations are selected for further analysis with modifications to the roof/gable. A ventilation system concept is also proposed to account for its effects on energy use and indoor air quality.
This document presents an early energy analysis of a multi-family building in New York City. It compares a baseline building design to an improved baseline design with better insulation and construction elements. The improved baseline design saw a decrease in heat transmission of 1.8415 W/m2.K and an increase in total thermal resistance of 2.3753 m2K/W. Apache and Suncast analyses found that adding a canopy provided further energy savings by reducing heat gain on the building. Overall, the analysis shows that improving insulation and adding a canopy can significantly reduce the building's energy consumption and costs.
Impact of user behaviour and intelligent control on the energy performance of...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Resident's behaviour has a significant impact on the energy consumption in a dwelling
* Certain commercially available technologies and their control result in significant primary energy savings and reduced costs for households
* Current official energy performance evaluation tools do not valorize the saving potential of those technologies
Policy case for energy saving technologies and intelligent controls in dwellingsLeonardo ENERGY
This document analyzes the impact of user behavior and intelligent control technologies on the energy performance of residential buildings. It finds that:
1) User behavior, technology choices, and effective use of technologies can significantly impact a building's energy consumption.
2) Intelligent control of heating, ventilation, and lighting through technologies like home energy management systems can lower a building's primary energy use and reduce overall costs.
3) Simple feedback technologies that inform users of their energy consumption can reduce usage by 5-20% according to some studies.
This study evaluated cost-effective strategies to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Jordan. It analyzed different energy conservation measures for buildings in three climate regions, including insulation upgrades, solar shading, double glazing windows, and HVAC and lighting system improvements. The results showed that upgrading HVAC systems and installing additional wall insulation provided the most savings. A package of upgrades including more efficient HVAC, windows, lighting, and insulation could reduce energy consumption by up to 47.6% with a payback period of 9.3 years, making it a cost-effective approach to designing more energy efficient homes.
The document summarizes research on sustainable energy performance in green buildings. It discusses strategies to reduce energy consumption through efficient design, renewable energy sources, and passive techniques. The document also reviews theories and challenges regarding sustainable building energy use. Key points addressed include the implications of sustainable performance for reducing emissions and impacts, methods for evaluating building energy use, and initiatives to conceptualize sustainable energy.
This document summarizes a magazine double page spread featuring the artist Example. It describes the layout, use of colors, and inclusion of Example's image and quote. The spread utilizes red stripes and text to maintain consistency across the two pages and draw the eye. The image and quote provide insight into Example's music and persona to engage readers. Overall, the spread has a professional layout that profiles the artist through visual and textual elements.
The document outlines a daily routine that involves waking up, having breakfast, doing various activities like jogging, cooking, dancing, homework, playing computer games or basketball, going to the gym, having dinner, and going to bed.
El documento trata sobre el sentido de la audición. Explica el mecanismo auditivo central, incluyendo la función de la corteza cerebral y las señales centrífugas desde el SNC a los órganos de Corti. También cubre temas como la determinación del volumen, las alteraciones de la audición y el uso del audiómetro y los audiogramas.
Este documento presenta un deseo navideño de regalar a amigos y seres queridos un árbol especial en el corazón que está adornado no con decoraciones tradicionales sino con los nombres de todas las personas importantes en la vida del autor, ya sean amigos cercanos o lejanos, familiares, conocidos o desconocidos, que le han enseñado o aprendido de él. El autor quiere que este árbol sea robusto para que nunca se olviden esos nombres y sus ramas se extiendan para incluir nuevos nombres, convirtiénd
Tulisan ini memberikan panduan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan menulis dengan baik. Beberapa poin pentingnya adalah pentingnya membaca untuk menguatkan otak, berpikir kritis dengan menganalisis fakta, dan menulis sebagai sarana berinteraksi sosial dan mencatat sejarah. Tulisan ini juga memberikan contoh proses kreatif menulis dan jenis-jenis tulisan seperti berita, esai, dan LKTM sebag
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. PAUD Bina Insani didirikan oleh warga untuk membantu pemberantasan kriminal dan narkoba di kampung tersebut
2. Pembelajaran di PAUD ini menitikberatkan pada kemampuan membaca dan menulis anak didiknya
3. Beberapa hal yang perlu diperbaiki antara lain pengembangan kurikulum, penggunaan metode dan media pembelajaran, serta pengelolaan sarana prasarana indoor dan outdoor."
Osana Suomen energia- ja ilmastopoliittisten toimenpiteiden valmistelua ympäristöministeriö teetti selvityksen "Energiatehokkuuden parantamisen menetelmät olemassa olevassa rakennuskannassa" (EPAT). Se koskee olemassa olevan rakennuskannan korjaustoimintaan liittyviä energiatehokkuuden parantamistoimenpiteitä ja -menetelmiä sekä energiansäästöpotentiaalia. Tämä raportti on selvityksen loppuraportin liiteraportti.
Tutkimus toteutettiin Tampereen teknillisen yliopiston (TTY) Rakennustekniikan laitoksella. Projektin johtajana ja tutkijana toimi TTY:llä Juhani Heljo ja tutkijoina Antti Kurvinen ja Jaakko Vihola. Eero Nippala Tampereen ammattikorkeakoulusta toimi rakennuskannan, poistuman ja korjaustoiminnan asiantuntijana. Martti Hekkanen Oulun ammattikorkeakoulusta toimi korjausasiantuntijana.
Toteuttamiskelpoisten energiansäästömahdollisuuksien arviointi rakennuskanan korjaustoiminnassa aikavälillä 2010–2050 on haastava ja monitahoinen tehtävä. Realistisen kuvan mahdollisuuksista saa vain tutustumalla mahdollisimman moniin aiheeseen liittyviin selvityksiin.
Tämän liiteraportin tavoitteena on esittää kootusti loppuraportin tuloksia tukevaa materiaalia. Liitteet 1 ja 2 ovat referaatteja muista selvityksistä. Liitteet 3–5 ovat osa tehtyä selvitystä.
Operational and Embodied Energy in three housesjpcardenas
This study compared the operational and embodied energy of 3 houses in Temuco, Chile over a 50-year period. Embodied energy accounted for 4-10% of total energy, with the majority being operational energy for heating. Structural materials contributed 65% of embodied energy on average. Total projected energy for the houses was around 409,000 kWh. Operational energy demands ranged from 137-167 kWh/m2/year, above passive house standards. The study found embodied energy to represent a small percentage of total energy due to high operational heating needs in Chilean homes.
This document provides details about a presentation on analyzing a building using ETABS software and implementing concepts of a zero energy building. It includes an introduction to zero energy buildings, objectives of analyzing a building in ETABS and manually, methodology used which involves modeling the building in ETABS and AutoCAD, assigning loads and materials, analyzing, comparing results, and implementing zero energy concepts. It also includes a literature review summarizing several papers on zero energy buildings and their key observations. The methodology adopted for the zero energy building focuses on passive design optimization, reducing operational energy and eliminating fossil fuels while providing onsite renewable energy and limiting upfront carbon.
This document evaluates different facade configurations for office rooms and classrooms in a school building to determine their impact on energy performance, natural lighting, and indoor environment. It presents the results of simulations analyzing variations in window height and other parameters for north and south-facing rooms with and without solar coatings or shading. The best performing configurations are selected for further analysis with modifications to the roof/gable. A ventilation system concept is also proposed to account for its effects on energy use and indoor air quality.
This document presents an early energy analysis of a multi-family building in New York City. It compares a baseline building design to an improved baseline design with better insulation and construction elements. The improved baseline design saw a decrease in heat transmission of 1.8415 W/m2.K and an increase in total thermal resistance of 2.3753 m2K/W. Apache and Suncast analyses found that adding a canopy provided further energy savings by reducing heat gain on the building. Overall, the analysis shows that improving insulation and adding a canopy can significantly reduce the building's energy consumption and costs.
Impact of user behaviour and intelligent control on the energy performance of...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Resident's behaviour has a significant impact on the energy consumption in a dwelling
* Certain commercially available technologies and their control result in significant primary energy savings and reduced costs for households
* Current official energy performance evaluation tools do not valorize the saving potential of those technologies
Policy case for energy saving technologies and intelligent controls in dwellingsLeonardo ENERGY
This document analyzes the impact of user behavior and intelligent control technologies on the energy performance of residential buildings. It finds that:
1) User behavior, technology choices, and effective use of technologies can significantly impact a building's energy consumption.
2) Intelligent control of heating, ventilation, and lighting through technologies like home energy management systems can lower a building's primary energy use and reduce overall costs.
3) Simple feedback technologies that inform users of their energy consumption can reduce usage by 5-20% according to some studies.
This study evaluated cost-effective strategies to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Jordan. It analyzed different energy conservation measures for buildings in three climate regions, including insulation upgrades, solar shading, double glazing windows, and HVAC and lighting system improvements. The results showed that upgrading HVAC systems and installing additional wall insulation provided the most savings. A package of upgrades including more efficient HVAC, windows, lighting, and insulation could reduce energy consumption by up to 47.6% with a payback period of 9.3 years, making it a cost-effective approach to designing more energy efficient homes.
The document summarizes research on sustainable energy performance in green buildings. It discusses strategies to reduce energy consumption through efficient design, renewable energy sources, and passive techniques. The document also reviews theories and challenges regarding sustainable building energy use. Key points addressed include the implications of sustainable performance for reducing emissions and impacts, methods for evaluating building energy use, and initiatives to conceptualize sustainable energy.
This document provides a project report on applying energy efficiency technologies and designing a zero energy building case study. It includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, case study analysis of a zero energy building in Mumbai, discussion of alternative building materials for zero energy buildings, data collection and analysis methods, future scope, and conclusion. The case study analyses the Godrej & Boyce PL-13 Annexe building, which achieved net-zero energy status through passive and active design methods like solar thermal energy, geothermal energy, and solar integrated roof panels. Data collection boundaries and energy accounting measurements for zero energy buildings are also outlined.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 1 - paper1sophiabelthome
This study analyzes energy saving measures for housing blocks in Madrid, Spain. It evaluates adding insulation to exterior walls and replacing windows. Adding 0.04-0.06m of insulation to exterior walls provides the most savings over time. Replacing windows with double glazing also significantly reduces heat loss. Small, targeted interventions tailored to individual buildings can achieve high energy savings compared to one-size-fits-all regulations. The paper concludes these measures should be considered as alternatives in the Spanish building code to better balance energy efficiency and costs.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis that defined a methodology for integrating building energy efficiency into urban policy decision-making using simple, available data. The methodology establishes a framework using a GIS tool and archetypes to model building energy needs. A case study of a district in Cagliari, Italy demonstrated the methodology by defining building typologies, estimating current energy needs, and identifying areas for technological improvements. Further research is needed to test and improve the methodology and tools with experts to help design effective energy policies.
The energy saving study conducted at Sanofi Midy Research Center identified opportunities to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Short term solutions included optimizing HVAC control logic and humidification settings, while medium term involved insulating equipment. Long term plans propose a new centralized steam generation system, reducing operating temperatures. The study found energy savings are possible without compromising safety or operations.
Six star energy efficiency standard review of CBA - Rachel Ollivier-2Rachel Ollivier
This document summarizes a dissertation that critically reviewed the cost-benefit analysis conducted for a 2009 Australian policy proposal to increase energy efficiency standards for new residential buildings to a minimum of six stars. The author revised the inputs and methodology of the original analysis to reflect recent increases in energy prices and findings from recent literature. The revised analysis found the benefits of the policy would be much greater than originally estimated, with the net present value increasing to $4 billion compared to around break-even originally, due to higher energy prices and evidence that capital costs would not increase as assumed. The dissertation challenges the assumption that energy efficiency standards increase housing prices.
This document provides an introduction and background for a report that assesses the sensitivity of different daylight metrics. It will evaluate the Daylight Factor (DF), Continuous Daylight Autonomy (DAcon), and Continuous Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDIcon) metrics through parametric simulations. The introduction defines each metric and notes limitations of the static DF metric, including that it does not consider location, orientation, weather, or direct sunlight. It hypothesizes that dynamic metrics like DAcon and UDIcon may be more suitable for standard use. The methods section will describe the simulations that vary parameters like location, orientation, room depth, window area and type to analyze sensitivity of the metrics.
OERC Seminar 2018
Prof Ulrich Nissen
Professor of “Energy Management” & “Management Accounting”, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences,
Moechengladbach, Germany
Assoc. Prof Ivan Diaz-Rainey
Co-Director of OERC & Assoc. Prof in Finance,
University of Otago
The energy efficiency gap describes the failure to implement energy efficiency measures that deliver financially profitable cost savings (have a positive Net Present Value). In this seminar, we explore how the energy efficiency gap might be bridged in the context of universities and emerging international standards (for energy management systems, energy performance indicator systems, and for the valuation of energy related investments).
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
This document outlines the contents and methodology for conducting an energy audit. It begins by defining an energy audit and its significance for energy conservation. It then discusses the types of energy audits that can be conducted, including preliminary and detailed audits. The methodology sections explain how to conduct each type of audit, including collecting energy consumption data, tariff information, and assessing energy management practices. The document also lists common energy audit instruments and concludes by emphasizing the economic and environmental benefits of energy conservation.
Auditac tg7 benchmarking guide for ac based on elec billsRoyal Mail
This document provides an action plan for benchmarking the energy consumption of air conditioning systems using electricity bills. It outlines 4 parts to the plan:
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2) Calculating typical energy ratios by dividing consumption by activity indicators like area to allow comparisons across buildings.
3) Developing a climate-based energy signature by relating consumption to temperature data to isolate the climate-dependent portion.
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The document provides details on carrying out each part and emphasizes
Knowledge and skills for a low carbon uk - By Lynne Sullivan, SustainableByDe...sustainableCoRE
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Energy System Refurbishments – It Is a Long Way from Pilot Projects to Common Practice
1. Energy System Refurbishments – It Is a Long Way from
Pilot Projects to Common Practice
Antti Kurvinen, M.Sc. (Tech.) , e-mail: antti.kurvinen@tut.fi
Juhani Heljo, M.Sc. (Tech.), e-mail: juhani.heljo@tut.fi
Jaakko Vihola, M.Sc. (Tech.), e-mail: jaakko.vihola@tut.fi
Tampere University of Technology
Faculty of Built Environment
Construction Management and Economics
FI 33101 TAMPERE, Finland
www.tut.fi/ee
Abstract
Authorities in many countries have set objectives for emission reduction, and energy
consumption of buildings has an essential role in achieving those target levels. At the
moment, a big part of Finnish building stock is facing refurbishment needs. To transform the
existing building stock towards energy-efficiency, it is of importance that all economically
profitable energy saving measures would be executed within the refurbishments actions.
However, in many cases the full energy saving potential is not exploited in refurbishment
projects.
During the last years, numerous pilot projects have shown how energy consumption can be
remarkably decreased. However, even in the case of all pilot projects had succeeded, their
accelerating impact on refurbishment projects’ energy-efficiency would not have been enough
to decrease the energy consumption of the whole building stock level so much that the set
emission saving objectives would be achieved. Such macro scale impact is our target. In
addition to successful pilot projects, there have been also cases, in which the impacts have not
been as positive as expected. Disappointments together with noticeably higher investment
costs, as compared to basic solutions, slow down the popularity of energy saving
refurbishments much more than good examples are able to accelerate it.
In such climate conditions as Finland achieving nearly zero-energy level in refurbishments is
so expensive that it is hard to give economically profitable reasons for decision-making.
Hence, it would be more beneficial option to concentrate on ensuring that as big part of the
economically profitable energy saving measures as possible would be executed within
refurbishments. If this opportunity is not used now, it will soon be too late.
Because investors will always require profitability for their investments, it is important to use
systematic methodology in energy saving measure related decision-making. In this way the
effective allocation of financial resources can be ensured and energy economically profitable
measures will probably be executed.
2. 2
Introduction and Background
A big number of different energy refurbishment pilot projects have been executed during the
last years. These pilot projects have an important role as source of practical data and
experiences applicable in other projects. However, when the main goal is to achieve a
considerable decrease in energy consumption of buildings, executing pilot projects is not
enough.
The gained results so far are indicating that there is a long way from the current energy
refurbishment pilot projects to widely executed energy refurbishments which can have
impacts of macro scale i.e. on building stock level (Heljo et al 2012). The outcomes and
impacts of these projects are not always as positive as expected. For instance, real energy
savings may turn out to be lower than the calculated gains, which means lower economic
profitability. These kinds of negative pilot experiences can cause significant delays in putting
energy refurbishments into practice: Real estate owners become more suspicious and careful
when making their investment decisions. This is a very unfortunate, but still understandable
phenomenon. A simple and reliable decision making methodology is needed for improving
the current situation. This methodology should be able to provide reliable data for decision-
making and be able to describe energy saving measures’ effects in graphic detail.
In the Finnish climate conditions achieving nearly zero energy level in refurbishments is
troublesome. There are many reasons behind this problem. For example, cold winters,
common fear of moisture effects caused by additional insulation and lack of economic
reasons. Practice has shown that even all the economically profitable energy saving measures
are often not executed within refurbishment projects. Taking into account that in the Finnish
climate, refurbishments towards close to the zero energy level also require the use of
economically non-profitable energy saving measures, the challenge to overcome is even
bigger.
A methodology to assist energy saving measure related decision-making is shortly presented
in this paper. Also one related pilot project will be presented. The focus is not only on the
project itself, but also on its affects on real estate owner’s common practices.
Methodology
Financial resources and their effective allocation have a very important role in decision-
making. However, in many cases decisions in relation to the energy saving measures seem to
be made based on subjective feelings. This is naturally highly irrational, whereas the ultimate
target should be decisions making practice based on real facts.
A systematic decision-making methodology in relation to the energy saving measures is
presented in figure 1. In the first two phases, the basic solution of the refurbishment is usually
defined on the basis of the structural and physical minimum requirements of the building. The
third phase is to find out all reasonable system alternatives, e.g. for heat generation. In the
fourth phase, profitability of energy saving measures in case of each system alternative
(different energy cost) is studied. Profitability of energy saving measures is mainly estimated
on the basis of internal rate of return, but also value factors should be taken into
consideration. System alternatives together with the profitable energy saving measures form
alternative total solutions. Affordability of these alternative solutions is estimated in the next
3. 3
phase on the basis of life-cycle costs and value factors. The final decision is made on the basis
of total solutions’ affordability.
1. BASIC INFORMATION AND THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICES
OTHER CONTROLLING FACTORS
DEFINING THE NEED FOR NEW
DEFINING THE BUILDING RESOURCES AVAILABLE
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
BUILDING OR REFURBISHMENT
OR REPAIR NEEDS
LIMITATIONS SET BY LEGISLATION
LIMITATIONS BY LEGISLATION AND
AND NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
STATUTES RELATING TO BUILDING
ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION
OPERATION ALTERNATIVES
2. PLANNING OF BASIC SOLUTION
DEFINING A BASIC SOLUTION
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF BUILDING
PRELIMINARY DESIGN
BASIC SOLUTION
BASIC ALTERNATIVE
3. CHOICE OF SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES ON THE SYSTEM LEVEL
FINDING OUT TECHNICAL SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES
1 n
n
Airconditioning
Air conditioning
: Airconditioning
Air conditioning
:
Heat generation
Heat generation: Heat generation
Heat generation:
eg
eg. district heating
.
e.g. district heating e.g. district heating
eg electric heating
.
4. CHOOSINGPROFITABILITY OF ENERGY SAVING MEASURES
STUDYING THE STRUCTURES AND HVAC EQUIPMENT
1
1 n
n 1
1 n
n
Measure: Measure: Measure: Measure::
Investment: Investment : Investment : Investment
e.g..wall
eg wall e.g.. heat
eg heat e.g..wall
eg
eg. wall e.g.. heat
eg. heat
eg
insulation
insulation recovery insulation
insulation recovery
recovery
recovery
Total solution 1 1
Integral solution alternative Total solution n n
Integral solution alternative
COMPARING TOTAL SOLUTIONS
5. COMPARISON OF SYSTEM TOTALITIES AND DECISION
AFFORDABILITY ESTIMATES ON THE BASIS OF
COMPARING THE INTEGRAL
SOLUTION ALTERNATIVES
LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND VALUE FACTORS
DECISION
DECISION
Figure 1. Phases of systematic decision-making (Heljo & Aalto 1984, p. 12).
4. 4
This methodology takes the limited financial resources as a driving constraint and assists their
allocation as effectively as possible. The methodology also aids to ensure that all possible
energy saving measures that are economically profitable will be assessed and also probably
executed within refurbishments. This is important, because practice has shown that all the
profitable measures will not be executed on the basis of feeling-based decision-making. The
presented methodology has been shown in several forms in different studies (Heljo & Aalto
1984; Abel 2010; Kurvinen 2010; Vihola 2010) and is being further developed in ongoing
projects (Kurvinen & Heljo 2011; Abel 2010).
Case Project
Housing Foundation of Tampere (VTS) is a non-profit social housing company that owns
many housing blocks in Tampere district in Finland. The foundation actively develops its
business operations and it has taken part in many research projects. In 2004 VTS executed an
energy saving pilot refurbishment project, which was related to SUREURO research project
(Heljo & Peuhkurinen 2004). At the moment, results and methodologies of SUREURO
project are applied and further developed in EVAKO research and development project,
which pilot case is an area of 13 housing blocks owned by VTS Homes (Kurvinen & Heljo
2011).
Two three-storey housing blocks owned by Housing Foundation of Tampere (VTS) were
refurbished during the SUREURO project. The refurbished buildings were built in 1971 and
the project objective was to decrease energy consumption by 40 %.
The following alternative refurbishment and complementary building solutions were studied
in the projects:
Solution 1: refurbishment of present houses (no complementary building).
Solution 2: refurbishment of present houses and building additional storeys on them.
Solution 3: refurbishment of present houses, building additional storeys on them and
building a five-storey extension.
The 2nd of the above mentioned alternative solutions was executed.
5. 5
To evaluate how the set energy saving objective could be achieved, alternative calculations
were prepared. The estimated effects of different energy saving measures are presented in
figure 2. It is important to notice that energy saving calculations have been carried out in old
buildings without taking space changes and extensions into account.
1191,0 MWh
Saving 24,8 % Saving 42,3 % Saving 47,6 %
Structural elements
616,0 MWh
896,1 MWh
Windows 276,0 U = 2,7
Doors 67,0 U = 2,7 Structural elements
321,3 MWh
Walls 119,0 U = 0,41 Windows 145,5 U = 1,4
Doors 30,5 U = 1,4 687,1 MWh
Ground f loor 91,0 U = 0,50
Walls 73,6 U = 0,25
Structural elements 624,4 MWh
Roof 63,0 U = 0,35 Ground f loor 36,6 U = 0,25 321,3 MWh
Roof 35,1 U = 0,16 Windows 145,5 U = 1,4 Structural elements
Doors 30,5 U = 1,4 321,3 MWh
Windows 145,5 U = 1,4
Walls 73,6 U = 0,25
Doors 30,5 U = 1,4
Ground f loor 36,6 U = 0,25
Walls 73,6 U = 0,25
Mechanical Mechanical Roof 35,1 U = 0,16
Exhaust Exhaust Ground f loor 36,6 U = 0,25
Ventilation Ventilation Roof 35,1 U = 0,16
417,0 MWh 417,0 MWh MVHR
(efficiency 50 %) MVHR
208,0 MWh (efficiency 50 %)
208,0 MWh
Household water Household water Household water
158 MWh 158 MWh 158 MWh Household water
95 MWh
197 l/p/d 197 l/p/d 197 l/p/d 118 l/p/d
A) Before refurbishment B) Basic solution of C) B + MVHR 50 % D) B + C + water saving
refurbishment 197 l/p/d → 118 l/p/d
Figure 2. The estimated effects of different energy saving measures in the pilot case. Note!
Electricity consumption increases 30–40 MWh/year (it is not shown in the figure, but it is
taken into account in operation costs). (Heljo & Peuhkurinen 2004, part B p. 10.)
When exploiting the earlier presented methodology, the starting point for selection of energy
saving measures is that basic solutions are in the first place based on other factors than energy
economics. The basic solution of the refurbishment is usually defined on the basis of the
structural and physical minimum requirements of the building. Energy-efficiency of the basic
solution can be improved by executing different energy saving measures. To be able to
choose the most profitable measures, it is important to study their economic effects. In this
pilot case, profitability of different measures is studied on the basis of the calculated internal
rates of return. Internal rates of return are presented in figure 3. District heating is a natural
heat generation system for this pilot case, and thus effects of other heat generation systems
were not studied.
To define the real energy economical optimum for execution of energy saving measures, the
improvements of energy-efficiency were studied stepwise. By using this methodology, limited
financial resources can be allocated as effectively as possible. For example, in the pilot case
adding the insulation thickness of the upper floor from 150 mm to 200 mm proved to be
profitable, but increasing thickness up to 250 mm turned out to be unprofitable.
6. 6
Selection of structural- and HVAC-technical Pay Internal Choice
energy saving measures in back rate and
structure- and equipment phase time (real) order
(phase 4 in choice process)
Price of heating energy 40 EUR / MWh
Price of electricity 70 EUR / MWh y %
Measure Measure Description of energy
number number saving measure
of
alteration
Wall 1 B Wall: Extra insulation of walls 80 mm (U=0,25)
Wall 2 Wall:Extra insulation 100 mm (U=0,21) 2
Wall 1-2 Wall: Change of extra insulation 80-100 9 10,6 %
Wall 3 Wall: Extra insulation 150 mm (U=0,17)
Wall 2-3 Wall: Change of extra insulation 100-150 89 -3,4 %
Win 1 B: New window U=1,8
Win 2 New window U=1,4
Win 1-2 Change of window U=1,8 - 1,4 7 13,7 %
Win 3 New window U=1,0 1
Win 2-3 Change of window U=1,4 - 1,0 6 16,8 %
Ufl 1 B UflY: Extra insulation of upper floor 150 mm (U=0,168)
Ufl 2 Ufl: Extra insulation 200 mm (U=0,140) 4
Y 1-2 Ufl: Change of extra insulation 150 - 200 13 7,3 %
Ufl 3 Ufl: Extra insulation 250 mm (U=0,120)
Y 2-3 Ufl: Change of extra insulation 200 - 250 38 0,3 %
Vent 1 B: Renovation of old output-ventilation system
Vent 2 Concentrated input/output ventilation 5
Vent 1-2 Concentrated ventilation instead of renovation 14 6,1 %
Vent 3 Deconcentrated input/output ventilation
Vent 1-3 Deconcentrated ventilation instead of renovation 20 3,0 %
Water Measuring of water consumption (50% saving) 8 9,1 % 3
Figure 3. Profitability of studied energy saving measures. (Abbreviation B=basic solution).
Number 1 always means basic solution. Numbers 2 and 3 are energy saving measures.
Markings 1–2, 2–3 and 1–3 indicate changes between measures. (Heljo & Peuhkurinen 2004,
part B p. 27.)
According to the energy economical studies, objective of 40 % decrease in energy
consumption can be achieved, so that the result is economically profitable. If examined
energy saving measures are arranged in profitability order, and all the profitable measures
were executed, estimated energy savings in total would be 44 %, which means the set
objective would be achieved.
Measured energy consumptions before and after pilot refurbishment are presented in figure 4.
The measured numbers show that the realized energy saving was not as notable as could be
expected on the basis of estimated values. The realized saving in heating energy consumption
was only 27 %. In addition to that real estate electricity consumption increased after
refurbishment by 45 %. This means only about 22 % decrease in total energy consumption.
Hence, the objective of 40 % decrease in total energy consumption was not achieved in
practice.
7. 7
Heating energy consumption before and after refurbishment
2001–2008
300 274 276
272
250
196 204 201
200
[kWh/sqm, a]
150
100
50
0 REFURBISHMENT
2001 2002 2003 2006 2007 2008
Figure 4. Measured heating energy consumption before and after refurbishment. Measured
energy consumptions are normal year corrected. Square metres in figure are floor area
square metres. (Heljo et al. 2012.)
The fact that the estimated energy savings did not completely come true was, of course, a
disappointment. In this pilot case, there are many reasons, which decreased the total energy
savings. One of the most important reasons is increased level of ventilation. During the
refurbishment project old mechanical exhaust ventilation system was replaced with
mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery. This refurbishment measure brings a better
indoor climate, but at the same time, it causes increase in the level of ventilation. It is also
possible that before the refurbishment the level of ventilation was significantly lower than the
estimated value, which would explain a big part of the difference between the reality and
estimated energy savings.
Other faced problem is resident complaints, which VTS has received concerning moisture
between window glasses. On the outermost surface of the window, moisture and frost would
be acceptable. However, when moisture is observed between the glasses, there is something
wrong. HVAC specialists have doubt that the problem occurs in the pilot case because of the
insufficient low pressure in the building. It has also been doubt that structures would have got
wet during the construction process, which may also cause moisture problems.
The described case project is a good example of a pilot project that did not fulfil all the
expectations. Because of the noticeable additional investment costs and caused problems, as a
whole, this construction project has been considered unprofitable. Even if decisions were
made according to the earlier presented methodology, still a great amount of uncertainties
remain involved in the refurbishment projects. On the other hand, it is good to remember that
if decision-making is feeling-based the amount of uncertainties is even bigger. In other words,
the methodology does not solve all the problems, but it is still a valuable tool for decision-
making.
The presented methodology is being further developed in an ongoing EVAKO research and
development project. The objective is to develop economic decision-making criteria for
8. 8
housing companies. The criteria is developed in the first phase of pilot case, and will be put
into practice in the second phase. In figure 5 it is shown how the effects of energy saving
measures can be described in graphic detail. By using this kind of graph, it is easy to make
clear the economical effects of measures. The information of the figure is related to EVAKO
project’s pilot case.
Total Profitability of Energy Saving Measures
(average lifetime 32 years; energy price 0,10 €/kWh)
5 0%
20 % 8% 6% 4% 2%
4
Annual Energy Cost Savings
3 MVHR (efficiency 60 %)
[€/sqm, a]
2
Exterior Walls: Supplementary insulation +100 mm
1
New Windows (U=1,2 → U=1,0)
Roof: Supplementary insulation +200 mm
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Additional Cost [€/sqm]
Figure 5. Total profitability of energy saving measures. The graph contains lots of essential
information: additional costs, annual energy cost savings and internal rate of return.
(Kurvinen & Heljo 2011, p. 11.)
Conclusions
During the last years, numerous pilot projects have shown how energy consumption can be
remarkably decreased. However, in many cases the full energy saving potential is not
exploited in refurbishment projects. In addition to successful pilot projects, there have been
also cases, in which the impacts have not been as positive as expected. Disappointments
together with noticeably higher investment costs, as compared to basic solutions, slow down
the popularity of energy saving refurbishments much more than good examples are able to
accelerate it.
In such climate conditions as Finland achieving nearly zero-energy level in refurbishments is
so expensive that it is hard to give economically profitable reasons for decision-making.
Hence, it would be more beneficial option to concentrate on ensuring that as big part of the
economically profitable energy saving measures as possible would be executed within
refurbishments. (Kurvinen 2010; Vihola 2010). Because investors will always require
profitability for their investments, it is important to use systematic methodology in energy
saving measure related decision-making. In this way the effective allocation of financial
resources can be ensured and energy economically profitable measures will probably be
executed. The methodology does not solve all the problems, but it is still a valuable tool for
decision-making.
9. 9
References
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Rakentajain Kustannus Oy. 289 p. + appx 10 p.
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Energy Consumption and LCC in Blocks of Flats (in Finnish). Tampere, Tampere University
of Technology. Department of Construction Management. Report 2004:5. 41 p. + appx 3 p.
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