This document provides an overview of the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders, including diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders. It defines diabetes as a condition of high blood glucose levels and describes the characteristics and types of diabetes mellitus. It also discusses the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
- DM results from defects in insulin production/action leading to hyperglycemia.
- The prevalence of DM in Nepal is approximately 3.6% overall, higher in urban vs. rural areas.
- The main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment methods including diet, exercise, medications, education and potential acute/chronic complications are outlined.
This document defines and describes the different types of diabetes mellitus. It discusses type 1 diabetes, which results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is defined as insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Other types include latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and maturity-onset diabetes of youth, which are both monogenic forms. The document outlines the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and long term effects of the different types of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia is due to one of two mechanisms:
Inadequate production of insulin , or
Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
It affects more than 220 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that it will affect 440 million by the year 2030
"Diabetes" comes from the Greek word for "siphon", and implies that a lot of urine is made.
The second term,"mellitus" comes from the Latin word, "mel" which means "honey", and was used because the urine was sweet.
• The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA has developed.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes is a chronic condition where blood sugar levels are too high due to the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly responding to insulin. There are different types of diabetes including type 1 caused by an autoimmune reaction, type 2 often related to lifestyle factors, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Symptoms include increased thirst and urination. Complications arise if blood sugar levels remain high over time and can affect the heart, nerves, eyes, and other organs. Diabetes is managed through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, blood sugar monitoring, oral medications or insulin, and preventing and treating complications.
Lecture 7. diabetic mellitus & pancreatic tumourAyub Abdi
1. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that affects over 29 million people in the US and 422 million worldwide.
2. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
3. Chronic complications of diabetes include damage to blood vessels leading to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure as well as nerve damage causing neuropathy. Rare forms include monogenic diabetes and pancreatic tumors such as insulinomas.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document outlines the types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications and diagnostic tests. It provides definitions of diabetes, discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas, classifications of diabetes, causes and risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, and diagnostic evaluations. The summary focuses on key information about the different types of diabetes.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
- DM results from defects in insulin production/action leading to hyperglycemia.
- The prevalence of DM in Nepal is approximately 3.6% overall, higher in urban vs. rural areas.
- The main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
- Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment methods including diet, exercise, medications, education and potential acute/chronic complications are outlined.
This document defines and describes the different types of diabetes mellitus. It discusses type 1 diabetes, which results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is defined as insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Other types include latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and maturity-onset diabetes of youth, which are both monogenic forms. The document outlines the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and long term effects of the different types of diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia is due to one of two mechanisms:
Inadequate production of insulin , or
Inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin.
It affects more than 220 million people worldwide, and it is estimated that it will affect 440 million by the year 2030
"Diabetes" comes from the Greek word for "siphon", and implies that a lot of urine is made.
The second term,"mellitus" comes from the Latin word, "mel" which means "honey", and was used because the urine was sweet.
• The onset of type 1 diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains, if DKA has developed.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes is a chronic condition where blood sugar levels are too high due to the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly responding to insulin. There are different types of diabetes including type 1 caused by an autoimmune reaction, type 2 often related to lifestyle factors, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Symptoms include increased thirst and urination. Complications arise if blood sugar levels remain high over time and can affect the heart, nerves, eyes, and other organs. Diabetes is managed through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, blood sugar monitoring, oral medications or insulin, and preventing and treating complications.
Lecture 7. diabetic mellitus & pancreatic tumourAyub Abdi
1. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that affects over 29 million people in the US and 422 million worldwide.
2. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
3. Chronic complications of diabetes include damage to blood vessels leading to heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure as well as nerve damage causing neuropathy. Rare forms include monogenic diabetes and pancreatic tumors such as insulinomas.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document outlines the types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational), risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications and diagnostic tests. It provides definitions of diabetes, discusses the anatomy and physiology of the pancreas, classifications of diabetes, causes and risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, and diagnostic evaluations. The summary focuses on key information about the different types of diabetes.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM. Some key points:
- DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion/action and is a major cause of illness and death worldwide. It is predicted to increase significantly by 2030.
- The pathophysiology involves abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause damage to various organs.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms, random blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, and glucose tolerance tests.
- Management involves diet,
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. It defines diabetes as a clinical syndrome of hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2 which is genetic and associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Without treatment, complications from hyperglycemia can include glycosuria, impaired immune function, hyperosmolarity, and glycosylation of proteins leading to long term damage. The pathophysiology revolves around metabolic alterations from insulin deficiency like hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and lipid abnormalities.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, management, and complications. It defines diabetes, examines the pathophysiology involving insulin and glucose regulation, and outlines the various types such as Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis and treatment involve lifestyle changes, medications, monitoring of blood glucose and complications. Understanding diabetes is key to preventing or managing its health impacts.
Mr. G, a 47-year-old businessman, was admitted to the hospital on September 27th at 11:05pm for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease in 2008, and peripheral vascular disease in 2010. On examination, he had dry skin, flaky skin on his lower legs and feet, and an IV in his left hand. Lab tests showed elevated glucose, cholesterol, and kidney function. Imaging found an old heart attack and brain infarct. The patient's diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy depending on his ability to control blood sugar levels.
Express Clinics Diabetes Health Check Up (69 Parameters) @ Rs. 2,499ExpressClinicsIndia
Diabetes Check Up – Only @ Rs. 2,499 – Express Clinics
Diabetes is a ceaseless disease that triggers high blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. Albeit diabetic patients can have an ordinary life existence with regular Diabetes Check-Up, uncontrolled diabetes can cause genuine long haul health hazards. Highlighting a wide scope of medical tests, The Diabetes Check-Up Package at Express Clinics is intended to analyze and treat such health hazards at the correct time.
Read More: http://bit.ly/316VpR7
Screening Models for Anti-Diabetic Drugs.Nisar Ali
in this slide, You will get to know about different screening Invivo and Invitro models used for screening of Anti-Diabetic drugs used in Pharmacology.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its causes, types, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, complications, and management. There are two main types of DM - type 1, which is characterized by an inability to produce insulin, and type 2, which involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. The prevalence of DM has risen dramatically worldwide in recent decades. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like nutrition management and physical activity, as well as medications. Herbal supplements may provide an effective alternative or complementary treatment for DM, though more research is still needed.
Here are potential responses to the questions:
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Complications of diabetes include:
- Acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
- Microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy (leading to blindness), nephropathy (leading to renal failure) and neuropathy (causing pain and impaired healing).
- Macrovascular complications like atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes), peripheral vascular disease (leg pain and poor wound healing).
2. Diabetes is classified into Type 1 (caused by auto
This document provides an overview of endocrinology with a focus on diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders for second year anesthesia students. It defines diabetes mellitus and classifies it into two main types. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and a relative insulin deficiency. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of both types of diabetes mellitus. It also outlines the goals of diabetes management and various pharmacologic therapies.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including definitions, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining the objectives of the session and introducing the pancreas and pancreatic hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It then defines DM, describes the two main types (type 1 and type 2), and other less common types. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic criteria involving blood tests, and potential complications of both short-term and long-term hyperglycemia are outlined. Management of DM focuses on diet, exercise, and medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar. There are three main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 risk factors include obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and genetics. Complications affect eyes, kidneys, nerves, feet, and cardiovascular system if not managed through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and monitoring of blood sugar levels. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Learn everything you need to know about diabetes mellitus and diabetes of all types as well as its causes, symptoms, and risks. Additionally, you'll learn how to diagnose it, how to prevent it from diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It involves having at least three of the following: central obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, or low HDL cholesterol. An estimated 50 million Americans have metabolic syndrome. Risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, stress, aging, and genetic predisposition. Symptoms include central obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Management focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight loss, and medication to control risk factors. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and kidney disease.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus including its definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications, and clinical presentation. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or action. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 resulting from beta cell destruction and type 2 associated with insulin resistance. Obesity and genetic factors contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance. It can be caused by genetic and environmental factors and leads to acute and chronic complications affecting metabolism and organ function if not properly managed. The main types are type 1 diabetes resulting from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity, genetic susceptibility, and aging. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medication and insulin as needed.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, preventing insulin production. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency, impairing glucose regulation. Gestational diabetes develops in some pregnant women due to changing hormone levels. Prediabetes refers to elevated blood sugar not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. Risk factors include family history, obesity, age, and ethnicity.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
The document provides an overview of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages characterized by distinct clinical manifestations. Syphilis can be diagnosed through blood tests or darkfield microscopy and treated with antibiotics like penicillin. Left untreated, it can cause severe complications and can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. Prevention involves safe sex practices and regular screening, especially for at-risk groups.
This document discusses Over-the-Counter (OTC) medicines. It begins by defining OTC medicines as drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and are used for self-treatment of common conditions. It then provides examples of common categories of OTC medicines, including pain relievers, antihistamines, decongestants, cough and cold medicines, and antacids. The document emphasizes that OTC medicines are generally safe when used as directed but that individuals should always read labels carefully and consult a healthcare provider if they have questions or symptoms persist.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and the differences between type 1 and type 2 DM. Some key points:
- DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion/action and is a major cause of illness and death worldwide. It is predicted to increase significantly by 2030.
- The pathophysiology involves abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to deficient insulin action. Chronic hyperglycemia can cause damage to various organs.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms, random blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, and glucose tolerance tests.
- Management involves diet,
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. It defines diabetes as a clinical syndrome of hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency. There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, and type 2 which is genetic and associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Without treatment, complications from hyperglycemia can include glycosuria, impaired immune function, hyperosmolarity, and glycosylation of proteins leading to long term damage. The pathophysiology revolves around metabolic alterations from insulin deficiency like hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and lipid abnormalities.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood glucose levels. The document discusses diabetes, including its types, symptoms, management, and complications. It defines diabetes, examines the pathophysiology involving insulin and glucose regulation, and outlines the various types such as Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes. Diagnosis and treatment involve lifestyle changes, medications, monitoring of blood glucose and complications. Understanding diabetes is key to preventing or managing its health impacts.
Mr. G, a 47-year-old businessman, was admitted to the hospital on September 27th at 11:05pm for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. His medical history includes hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease in 2008, and peripheral vascular disease in 2010. On examination, he had dry skin, flaky skin on his lower legs and feet, and an IV in his left hand. Lab tests showed elevated glucose, cholesterol, and kidney function. Imaging found an old heart attack and brain infarct. The patient's diabetes is managed through diet, exercise, oral medications, and possibly insulin therapy depending on his ability to control blood sugar levels.
Express Clinics Diabetes Health Check Up (69 Parameters) @ Rs. 2,499ExpressClinicsIndia
Diabetes Check Up – Only @ Rs. 2,499 – Express Clinics
Diabetes is a ceaseless disease that triggers high blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. Albeit diabetic patients can have an ordinary life existence with regular Diabetes Check-Up, uncontrolled diabetes can cause genuine long haul health hazards. Highlighting a wide scope of medical tests, The Diabetes Check-Up Package at Express Clinics is intended to analyze and treat such health hazards at the correct time.
Read More: http://bit.ly/316VpR7
Screening Models for Anti-Diabetic Drugs.Nisar Ali
in this slide, You will get to know about different screening Invivo and Invitro models used for screening of Anti-Diabetic drugs used in Pharmacology.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its causes, types, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, complications, and management. There are two main types of DM - type 1, which is characterized by an inability to produce insulin, and type 2, which involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. The prevalence of DM has risen dramatically worldwide in recent decades. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like nutrition management and physical activity, as well as medications. Herbal supplements may provide an effective alternative or complementary treatment for DM, though more research is still needed.
Here are potential responses to the questions:
1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Complications of diabetes include:
- Acute complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
- Microvascular complications like diabetic retinopathy (leading to blindness), nephropathy (leading to renal failure) and neuropathy (causing pain and impaired healing).
- Macrovascular complications like atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease (heart attacks and strokes), peripheral vascular disease (leg pain and poor wound healing).
2. Diabetes is classified into Type 1 (caused by auto
This document provides an overview of endocrinology with a focus on diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders for second year anesthesia students. It defines diabetes mellitus and classifies it into two main types. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and a relative insulin deficiency. The document discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and complications of both types of diabetes mellitus. It also outlines the goals of diabetes management and various pharmacologic therapies.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including definitions, types, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by defining the objectives of the session and introducing the pancreas and pancreatic hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. It then defines DM, describes the two main types (type 1 and type 2), and other less common types. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic criteria involving blood tests, and potential complications of both short-term and long-term hyperglycemia are outlined. Management of DM focuses on diet, exercise, and medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Introduction Sign and symptoms
complications
Types Etiology
Risk factors
Comparison between type 1 & type 2 DM
Causes of gestational DM
Q. Is there any impact of gestational DM on children?
Insulin Mechanism of action
Clinical features
List of oral hypoglycemic drugs available in BD
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar. There are three main types: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 risk factors include obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and genetics. Complications affect eyes, kidneys, nerves, feet, and cardiovascular system if not managed through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and monitoring of blood sugar levels. Prevention focuses on healthy lifestyle habits.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
Learn everything you need to know about diabetes mellitus and diabetes of all types as well as its causes, symptoms, and risks. Additionally, you'll learn how to diagnose it, how to prevent it from diabetes
Metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It involves having at least three of the following: central obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high triglycerides, or low HDL cholesterol. An estimated 50 million Americans have metabolic syndrome. Risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, stress, aging, and genetic predisposition. Symptoms include central obesity, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Management focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight loss, and medication to control risk factors. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and kidney disease.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus including its definition, classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications, and clinical presentation. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and/or action. The two main types of diabetes are type 1 resulting from beta cell destruction and type 2 associated with insulin resistance. Obesity and genetic factors contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance. It can be caused by genetic and environmental factors and leads to acute and chronic complications affecting metabolism and organ function if not properly managed. The main types are type 1 diabetes resulting from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity, genetic susceptibility, and aging. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medication and insulin as needed.
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, preventing insulin production. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and sometimes relative insulin deficiency, impairing glucose regulation. Gestational diabetes develops in some pregnant women due to changing hormone levels. Prediabetes refers to elevated blood sugar not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. Risk factors include family history, obesity, age, and ethnicity.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including:
1) DM is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the body not properly using the insulin produced.
2) There are two main types of DM - type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood/early adulthood and results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin.
3) Uncontrolled DM can lead to serious damage of various organs and body systems, and was responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, exercise and weight control can help
The document provides an overview of syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It progresses through primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary stages characterized by distinct clinical manifestations. Syphilis can be diagnosed through blood tests or darkfield microscopy and treated with antibiotics like penicillin. Left untreated, it can cause severe complications and can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. Prevention involves safe sex practices and regular screening, especially for at-risk groups.
This document discusses Over-the-Counter (OTC) medicines. It begins by defining OTC medicines as drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and are used for self-treatment of common conditions. It then provides examples of common categories of OTC medicines, including pain relievers, antihistamines, decongestants, cough and cold medicines, and antacids. The document emphasizes that OTC medicines are generally safe when used as directed but that individuals should always read labels carefully and consult a healthcare provider if they have questions or symptoms persist.
Effective inventory control in a community setting involves regularly assessing needs, centralizing management, categorizing items, conducting audits, integrating technology, involving community members, forecasting planning, building supplier relationships, preparing for emergencies, educating about responsible use, reducing waste, and maintaining records. These principles help optimize resources and ensure well-being.
List of Application and community pharmacy management-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
The document discusses the process for obtaining a license to sell drugs, which involves identifying the regulatory authority, researching the types of licenses available, submitting an application with required documentation, addressing any deficiencies, and maintaining compliance once a license is approved. Key steps include determining license requirements, preparing necessary documents, submitting applications, undergoing reviews, and renewing licenses periodically.
Community Pharmacy management-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
Selecting the right site for a community pharmacy or clinic-attached facility requires considering factors like demographics, competition, accessibility, costs, zoning laws, and community support. Key aspects include proximity to customers and clinics, compliance with regulations, parking availability, infrastructure requirements, and ensuring the location can meet current and future needs. Comprehensively analyzing these criteria helps position the facility for viability and success in serving the community's healthcare needs.
This document discusses medication adherence and provides key information on the topic in several sections:
It defines medication adherence and outlines its importance for managing chronic conditions. Some factors that affect adherence are described, including the complexity of medication regimens and costs. Formulas for calculating medication possession ratio and proportion of days covered are also presented to quantify adherence. The document emphasizes the role of healthcare providers in promoting adherence through education, communication, and addressing individual patient needs and barriers.
Healthcare Screeninng services-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
Health screening services aim to detect potential health issues before symptoms appear through various medical tests and examinations. Screenings are recommended based on factors like age, gender, family history, and individual risks. Common screenings include checking blood pressure, cholesterol levels, blood glucose, body mass index, and screening for cancers, vision/hearing, bone density, immunizations, genetic factors, infections, and other conditions. The objectives of screenings include early detection, prevention, risk assessment, and improving overall population health.
The document describes the Fry Readability Graph, a method developed by Dr. Edward Fry to assess the readability of written text. It involves taking a 100 word sample, counting the number of sentences and syllables, and plotting those values on a graph to determine the corresponding grade level - the level at which a typical student could understand the text. A lower grade level indicates an easier reading level. The Fry Readability Graph provides an estimate of readability, and other methods also exist to assess text complexity.
Patient Information leaflets-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
The document discusses guidelines for creating effective patient information leaflets, focusing on readability and design. It recommends using clear language, short sentences and paragraphs, bullet points and lists, subheadings, consistent formatting and fonts, sufficient color contrast, visual aids, and defined medical terms to enhance readability. For design, it suggests a clear layout, hierarchy of information, branding, and contact information. User testing is also advised to gather feedback on usability. The goal is to empower patients with understandable health information.
The document discusses guidelines for creating effective patient information leaflets, focusing on readability and design. It recommends using clear language, short sentences and paragraphs, bullet points and lists, subheadings, consistent formatting, sufficient contrast, visual aids, and defined medical terms to enhance readability. For design, it suggests a clear layout, hierarchy of information, branding, and contact information. User testing is also advised to gather feedback on usability. The goal is to empower patients with understandable health information.
Patient counsel case study-WPS Office.pdfSudipta Roy
This document describes a case study of counseling sessions for a patient named Raj who was recently diagnosed with leprosy. Over 8 sessions, the counselor educated Raj about leprosy and its treatment, taught skin care and self-examination, addressed the social stigma associated with the disease, discussed strategies to prevent disability, involved Raj's family in the counseling process, and supported Raj's reintegration into his community post-treatment. Through this collaborative counseling approach, Raj gained an understanding of leprosy and strategies to manage challenges, engaged social support, and felt empowered to successfully complete treatment and return to his daily life.
The document discusses patient counseling, which involves providing patients with information, guidance, and support to help them make informed healthcare decisions. Effective patient counseling includes open communication, education on medical conditions and treatments, ensuring understanding of medication management, encouraging behavioral changes, and addressing emotional needs to promote informed decision-making and well-being. Regular counseling can benefit patients with chronic illnesses, undergoing surgery, taking complex medications, and more by improving health outcomes and adherence through ongoing support and monitoring of their care.
The document discusses prescriptions, including what they are, their components, how they are written and filled. A prescription is a written or electronic order from a healthcare professional to a pharmacist with instructions for dispensing medication to a patient. It includes details like the medication, dosage, directions for use, and refill information. The prescription filling process involves verifying the prescription, selecting the medication, labeling it, counseling the patient, and documenting the transaction. Standardized units and clear language are important for accurate interpretation of prescriptions.
This case study describes a pharmacist's role in optimizing medication therapy for Mr. Rodriguez, a patient diagnosed with epilepsy. The pharmacist conducts an assessment of Mr. Rodriguez's condition and medication history. They then provide education on his new anti-epileptic medication, lamotrigine, including dosage instructions and potential side effects. The pharmacist schedules follow-up appointments to monitor response to lamotrigine and collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure optimal seizure control through a comprehensive pharmaceutical care approach.
The document describes 4 case studies that illustrate how pharmacists can provide pharmaceutical care to optimize patient outcomes. For each case, the pharmacist conducts a medication review, assesses the patient's condition, provides education and counselling, collaborates with the physician to optimize treatment, monitors the patient, documents interventions, and provides follow-up care. The cases describe patients with hypertension, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and inflammation who benefit from the pharmacist's holistic and collaborative approach to medication management.
The document discusses pharmaceutical care and the pharmacist's role in optimizing patient medication therapy and outcomes. It describes key aspects of pharmaceutical care like patient-centered care, medication management, medication therapy management, collaborative healthcare, and monitoring. It also discusses common types of drug-related problems that can arise, including adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions, non-adherence, and inappropriate dosages. The goal of pharmaceutical care is to improve health outcomes, lower costs, and enhance patient satisfaction through safe and effective medication use.
The document discusses the role and scope of community pharmacy. It begins by defining community pharmacy as a place that dispenses medicines with or without a prescription and provides professional services. It outlines the roles of community pharmacists as dispensing medicines accurately, providing counseling, disseminating unbiased drug information, and promoting health. Globally, the role of pharmacists has shifted from product-focused to patient-focused, taking on roles like medication management and screenings. The document discusses pharmacy practice in various countries and the evolving role and responsibilities of community pharmacists in India.
This document discusses skin creams and their classification. It provides a brief history of skin care preparations dating back to antiquity. Modern creams are typically emulsion-based and can range in consistency from liquid to solid. Creams are classified by function, with some of the main types being cleansing/cold creams, foundation/vanishing creams, and hand/body creams. The document also provides several formulations for beeswax-borax cold creams and liquefying cleansing creams.
Pharmacoeconomics is important to various stakeholders in healthcare. It is relevant to pharmaceutical manufacturers for developing cost-effective drugs, to prescribers for making informed formulary and treatment decisions, to pharmacists for drug evaluation and resource allocation, and especially to Indian patients who bear most out-of-pocket drug costs. The field utilizes economic evaluations like cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-minimization and cost-utility analyses to compare treatment strategies and outcomes.
Role of Pharmacists in Eradication and prevention 1-WPS Office.pptxSudipta Roy
This document discusses the role of pharmacists in educating the public and preventing the spread of AIDS. It outlines four approaches to controlling AIDS: prevention through education about avoiding risky behaviors and using protection; preventing blood-borne transmission by screening donations; treating the disease with antiretroviral drugs; and providing preventive care like prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. The document also lists common antiretroviral drugs and their doses and discusses integrating primary health care for AIDS patients.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
Endocrine Syste-WPS Office.pptx
1. Endocrine System
Diploma in Pharmacy
2nd Year
Subject : Pharmacotherapeutics
Presented by
Miss Sudipta Roy
Associate Professor
Department : Pharmaceutics
East Point College of Pharmacy
3. Definition.
• When glucose level is increased in blood known as
diabetes.
• Characteristics of Diabetes :
• Chronic Hyperglycemia (Increased glucose level in
blood)
• Glycosuria (Increased glucose level in urine)
• Hyperlipidemia (Increased lipid level in blood)
• Negative nitrogen balance
• Altered Metabolism of carbohydrates , lipids and
proteins.
4. Definition of Diabetes Mellitus
according to WHO.
• Heterogeneous metabolic disorder.
• Characteristics :
• Chronic Hyperglycemia
• Disturbances of carbohydrates , fat and protein
metabolism.
5. Hyperglycemia.
• Increased concentration of glucose in blood.
• Types of Diabetes.
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus :
• Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) .
• Characteristics :
• Absolute deficiency of Insulin caused by β cells
necrosis.
• Visible in children and young adults (below 30
years)
• Juvenile-onset diabetes.
6. Category of Type I Diabetes
Mellitus.
• Subtype I A : Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
that leads to insulin deficiency.
• Subtype I B (Idiopathic) : Insulin deficiency with
tendency to develop ketosis. This is also known as
idiopathic.
7. Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
• Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
• Pancreas secretes insulin but the secretion is either
delayed or the peripheral tissues develop
resistance to the secreted insulin.
• Occurrence at any age but more common in patient
above 40 years.
8. Gestational Diabetes.
• Temporary condition during pregnancy.
• Based on risk factors of pregnancy , 3 % to 13 % of
women will develop gestational diabetes that can
be harmful for the baby.
• The problem usually clears up after delivery .
• Risk : Women who have had gestational diabetes in
higher risk zone of developing type 2 diabetes later
in life.
9. Causes of Diabetes Mellitus.
• Factors affecting Type I Diabetes Mellitus.
• Genetic factors.
• Multiple genes responsible for inheritance of
diabetes mellitus .
• 50% more chances of development of type I DM in
another twin.
• 50 % people have history of Type I DM containing
susceptibility gene on HLB region of chromosome
particularly HLA DR3 , HLA DR4 and HLA DQ locus.
10. Autoimmune factors.
• The beta cells act as autoantigens and activate
CD4+ T lymphocytes , causing destruction of
pancreatic beta cells.
11. Environmental Factors.
• Certain viral infections e.g. Mumps , Measles ,
Coxsackie virus , cytomegalovirus , drugs (e.g.
alloxan , pentamidine , streptozocine ) , geographic
and seasonal variation also induce type I diabetes
mellitus.
12. Type II Diabetes Mellitus
• It occurs either by delayed insulin secretion or
tissues become resistant to insulin . Type 2 diabetes
starts from a combination of genetics and lifestyle
factors.
13. Genetic Factors.
• Study of genetic factors for type II DM is important
than for type I . Identical twins has 80% chances of
getting type II DM . If parents are suffering from
type II DM, then offsprings will be at 50% more risk
to have type II DM.
14. Constituional Factors.
• It involves the environmental factors and other
factors such as obesity, hypertension and low level
of physical of physical activity.
15. Insulin Resistance.
• Most Prominent feature of type II DM is lack of
response to the insulin secreted (peripheral tissues
like skeletal muscle , liver to develop resistance to
inulin. Obesity is strongly associated with insulin
resistance.
16. Impaired Insulin Secretion.
• At earlier stages of type II DM insulin secretes in
large amount to compensate increased glucose
levels. But later on , there is occurrence of failure of
beta cells to secrete adequate insulin.
17. Increased Hepatic Glucose
Synthesis.
• Insulin has role to suppress gluconeogenesis in
liver. But in type II DM , liver becomes resistant to
insulin. So , gluconeogenesis i.e. synthesis of
glucose cannot be suppressed by insulin.
18. Gestational Diabetes.
• Gestational diabetes is the result of hormonal
changes during pregnancy . The placenta produces
hormones that makes a pregnant woman's cells
less sensitive to the effects of insulin. This can
cause high blood sugar during pregnancy. Women
who are overweight when they get pregnant or
who gain too much weight during their pregnancy
are more likely to get gestational diabetes.
19. Pathophysiology.
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus.
• There are three mechanisms which are responsible
for the islets cells destruction or for type I DM.
These are :
• Genetic susceptibility
• Auto immune attack
• Environmental factors
20. Pathways of β-cell Destruction
leading to Type -I DM
• HLA-Linked Genes and other Genetic loci
• Immune Response Against Normal β-cells or
Immune Response Against Altered β-cells -
Environmental Factors (Viral Infection Drugs ,
Geographic and Seasonal Variations.)
• Autoimmune Attack
• β-cells destruction
• Type I Diabetes Mellitus
21. Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
• There are number of factors which are involved in
the pathophysiology of Type II DM.
• These are as follows.
• Genetic Factors
• Constitutional Factors
• Insulin Resistance
• Decreased Insulin Secretion
• Increased hepatic glucose synthesis
22. • Genetic factors :
• Concordance in identical twins (80%)
• Both parents diabetic (50%) risk to the child
• Decreased Insulin Secretion
• Glucose toxicity of islets ?
• Lipotoxicity ?
24. • Increased Hepatic Glucose Syntheis
• Hyperglycemia
• β cell Exhaustion
• Type II Diabetes Mellitus
25. Clinical Manifestations.
• Type I diabetes occurs generally in age less than 35 years.
Symptoms of Type I DM are :
• Hyperglycemia
• Glycosuria (Glucose in urine)
• Polyurea (Excess urine excretion)
• Polydipsia (Increased Thirst)
• Polyphagia (Increased hunger)
• Weakness in body due to less use of glucose
• Progressive loss of weight
• Ketoacidosis : Degradation of fats produce ketone bodies.
They are poisonous (acidic) causing acidosis.
• Blurred vision.
26. • Type II Diabetes Mellitus.
• Symptoms of type II diabetes can include :
• Increased hunger
• Increased Thirst
• Increased Urination
• Blurry Vision
• Tiredness
• Sores that are slow to heal
27. Diagnosis
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
• Blood Test : Randomly , after having breakfast ,
fasting blood level
• Glycated Hemoglobin Test (HbA1C Test )
• Urine Test
28. Treatment
• Non Pharmacologica Treatment
• Pharmacological Treatment
• Surgery
• 1. Non-Pharmacological Treatment :
• To take high diet and avoid high fat and carbohydrate diet.
• Do not eat sweet foods like jam , chocolates , cake , sweets , cream etc.
that raise the levels of triglycerides in body.
• Boiled or steam food to be eaten . Don't use excess oil for cooking.
• Use of oils and colors to be avoided for making sweets.
• Avoid alcohol intake.
• Artificial sweetneres like aspartame and saccharin are available.
• Weight control
• Exercise should be done regularly.
• Ample amount of water should be taken daily.
29. Pharmacological Treatment.
• 1. Oral hypoglycemic drugs : Tolbutamide ,
chlorpropamide , Glipizide
• 2. Herbal drugs : Gaurgum , stevia , paneer booti
(Withania coagulence)
• 3. Surgery : Surgery is done rarely . In this case
there is transplantation of β-cells of pancreas ,
weight loss surgery and kidney transplantation.
30. Thyroid disorders.
• Thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland. The
thyroid gland secretes T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) and
T4 (Thyroxine) . These two hormones collectively
called as thyroid hormone. Hypothalamus release
thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) which act on
anterior pituitary and stimulate it. After stimulation
anterior pituitary gland release thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH) and this hormone act on thyroid
gland to release T3 and T4.
31. • Any abnormalities or change in this release pattern
of these hormones can increase or decrease the
amount of hormone (T3 and T4) . According to the
change in release conditions are named as
hypothyroidism (Deficiency of thyroid hormones )
or hyperthyroidism (Excessive secretion of thyroid
hormones ) .
32. Hypothyroidism.
• Hypothyroidism is a common condition where the
thyroid gland does not release enough thyroid
hormone into the bloodstream. This makes the
metabolism slow down. It is called underactive
thyroid. Hypothyroidism can make the individual feel
tired , gain weight and be unable to tolerate cold
temperatures.
• Definition.
• Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which
thyroid gland fails to produce enough amount of
thyroid hormones.
33. Types of Hypothyroidism.
• Three types of hypothyroidism - primary ,
secondary and tertiary.
• Primary Hypothyroidism.
• It is defined as low levels of blood thyroid hormone
due to destruction of the thyroid gland itself. This
destruction is usually caused by autoimmunity or
an intervention such as surgery , radioiodine or
radiation . This means that thyroid itself is the
source of the problem.
34. Secondary Hypothyroidism
• In secondary hypothyroidism , pituitary gland fails
to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) .
Pituitary gland does not stimulate thyroid gland to
produce enough hormones. This is usually caused
by a tumor in the region of the pituitary.
• Tertiary Hypothyroidism.
• In tertiary hypothyroidism , inadequate secretion of
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus leads to insufficient release of TSH ,
which in turn causes inadequate thyroid
stimulation. In tertiary hypothyroidism ,
hypothalamus is the source of problem.
35. Etiology.
• There are several factors responsible for hypothyrodism
.
• These are......
• Use of radiactive iodine
• Autoimmune disorders (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
• Deficiency of dietary iodine.
• Sub-acute thyroiditis
• Lack of functioning of thyroid gland at birth.
• Lithium therapy
• Over treatment with antithyroid drugs
• Destruction , suppression and removal of all or some of
thyroid tissue by thyroidectomy.
36. Pathophysiology.
• Thyroid gland needs iodine for the production of
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) .Production of
thyroid hormone also depends upon the TSH,
Iodine and Protein Intake. Deficiency of iodine
cause goitre that leads to enlargement of thyroid
gland. The secretion of T3 and T4 reduced from the
thyroid gland.
37. Clinical Manifestation.
• The signs and symptoms may include :
• Fatigue
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Weight gain
• Constipation
• Dry skin
• Puffy face
• Muscle Weakness
38. • Elevated blood cholesterol level.
• Muscle aches , tenderness and stiffness.
• Pain , stiffness or swelling in your joints.
• Heavy menstrual periods in females.
• Thinning hair.
• Abnormal temperature and pulse rate.
• Depression , irritability and anxiety.
• Impaired memory
• Enlarged thyroid gland
39. Diagnosis.
• History collection
• Physical Examination
• Thyroid function test - Check low level of T3 and T4
in the blood.
• Elevated Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.
• Serum Cholesterol Test
• ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Analysis
• Electrocardiogram
40. Treatment
• 1. Non Pharmacological Treatment.
• Avoid Smoking
• Avoid eating fatty food
• Take iodine containing diet
• Pharmacological Treatment.
• 1. Liothyronine. It is synthetic T3. It has uniform
potency but has a higher incidence of cardiac
adverse effects, higher cost and difficulty in
monitoring with conventional laboratory tests.
• Liotrix (Synthetic T4:T3 in a 4:1 ratio) : It is
chemically stable , pure and has a predictable
41. Hyperthyroidism.
• Hyperthyroidism , also called overactive thyroid, is
a condition where thyroid gland produce and
releases high levels of thyroid hormone.
• Hyperthyroidism can accelerate the body's
metabolism , cause unintentional weight loss ,
rapid heart beat , increased appettite and anxiety.
42. • Types of Hyperthyroidism :
• There are several forms of hyperthyroidism , including :
• 1. Grave's Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goitre) .
• Grave's disease is the most common cause of
hyperthyroidism . Graves' disease is caused by an antibody
that stimulates the thyroid too much. This overstimulation
causes the excess production of thyroid hormone . It is most
common in young to middle aged women and tends to run
in families. The thyroid gland swells up leading to goiter. It is
characterized by exophthalmia (bulging eyeballs with a
staring look and less blinking). because of fluid
accumulation behind them , loss of weight , increase body
temperature , rapid heartbeat , nervousness and
restlessness.
43. Toxic Nodular Goiter
(Multinodular Goiter) :
• In this condition one or two nodules of a gland that
is already affected by goiter (simple goiter)
becomes active and secrete excess T3 and T4
causing the effects of hyperthyroidism.
44. Thyroiditis.
• Sometimes thyroid gland can become inflamed
after pregnancy , due to an autoimmune condition
or for unknown reasons . The inflammation can
cause excess thyroid hormone stored in the gland
to leak into your bloodstream. Some types of
thyroiditis may cause pain , while others are
painless.
45. Etiology.
• Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a number of
conditions , including :
• Graves' Disease
• Hyperfunctioning of thyroid nodules (toxic
adenoma , toxic multinodular goiter or plummer's
disease)
• Thyroiditis
• Pituitary Disease
• Genetic Factors
• Consuming excess iodine.
46. Other risk factors for
hyperthyroidism include:
• A family history , particularly of Grave's Disease
• Female Sex
• A personal history of certain chronic illness , such
as type 1 diabetes , pernicious aneamia and
primary adrenal isufficiency.
47. Pathophysiology.
• Graves' Disease .
• Production of Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobins. (TSI)
• Thyroiditis : Stimulation of TSI
• Excess of Intake of Iodine :
• Stimulation of B-lymphocytes
• TSI bind to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor to mimic the
action of TSH.
• Follicular cell growth inside the thyroid gland.
• Enhance the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone.
• Hyper Metabolism
• Increase sympathetic nervous system activity
• Excessive amount of thyroid hormone stimulates cardiac system and
stimulates adrenergic recepetors.
• Tachycardia , increase cardic output , stroke volume and peripheral
blood flow.
48. Clinical Manifestations.
• According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) , signs and symptoms of
hyperthyroidism include :
• Weight loss , but with an increased appetite
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
• Feeling nervous or irritable.
• Fatigue
• Trouble sleeping
• Hand tremors , muscle weakness
• Getting easily overheated
• Diarrhea and more frequent bowel movements
• Vision changes
• Thin , warm and moist skin
• Menstrual changes
• Intolerance to heat and excessive sweating.
• Swelling and enlargement of the neck from an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)
• Hair loss and change in hair texture (brittle)
• Bulging of the eyes (seen with Graves' disease)
49. Diagnosis.
• Physical Examination.
• Thyroid gland , heart (to check irregular heart beat)
, hands tremor , skin (warm and moist).
• Opthalmologic Examination
• Blood Tests.
• THT (Thyroid function test) : T3, T4, TSH , TRH
• Imaging tests to look at your thyroid : Radioactive
Iodine Uptake (RAIU) Test , Thyroid scan , Thyroid
ultrasound.
50. Treatment.
• Antithyroid Drugs.
• These drugs help to lower the level of thyroid hormone in
the blood.
• Examples - Methimazole , Propylthiouracil
• Radioactive Iodine -
• It is available in the form of a pill or liquid that damages
thyroid cells so that production of thyroid hormones is
slowed down.
• Surgery to remove all or part of the thyroid .
• Beta blockers .
• These drugs block the action of thyroid hormone on the
body , mostly to decrease the rapid heart rate and
palpitations.
51. Short answe questions.
• What is Grave's Disease?
• Define Diabetes Mellitus.
• What is IDDM?
• Define Hypothyroidism.
• Which hormones are released by thyroid gland?
• What is hyperglycemia?
52. Long Answer Questions.
• Explain different types of diabetes mellitus.
• Explain pathophysiology of type I, type II DM.
• Write a note on hypothyroidism .
• What are three types of hypothyroidism ?
• Write note on hyperthyroidism.
53. MCQ Questions.
• Diabetes is defined as -
• 1. A metabolic disorder characterized by low blood
sugar
• 2. A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood
sugar
• 3. A family of blood infections
• 4. None of the above.
54. Which is not a symptom of
diabetes ?
• Blurry Vision
• Thirst
• Frequent Urination
• Muscle Pain
• Insulin is natural hormone secreted by which gland
?
• Pituitary
• Pancreas
• Thyroid
• Adrenal
55. Type II Diabetes can cause long
term damage in the :
• Kidneys
• Nerves
• Eyes
• All of the above
• Gestational Diabetes occurs......
• During pregnancy
• After a bout with shingles
• At birth
• After menopause
56. • When the body does not respond to insulin it makes ,
this is called......
• Type I Diabetes
• Type II Diabetes
• Both
• None of the Above
• With .......diabetes , the body does not produce insulin
.....
• Type I
• Type II
• Gestational
• None of the Above
57. • Which one is the main hormone secreted by the
thyroid gland?
• T3
• T4
• Both
• TSH
• Grave's Disease is due to :
• Hyperactivity of adrenal gland
• Hyperactivity of thyroid gland
• Hypoactivity of adrenal gland
58. • Which of these disease is not related to thyroid gland?
• Cretinism
• Myxoedema
• Goiter
• Acromegaly
• The condition of chronic inflammation of thyroid
leading to under activity is -
• Thyroiditis
• Goiter
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
59. • The thyroid produces hormones that regulate what
bodily function-
• Metabolism
• Temperature
• Blood Pressure
• Digestion
• Weigh loss , rapid heart rate and heat sensitivity are
likely symptoms of .
• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thyroid cancer
• All of the above
60. • Thyroid Disorders are sometimes mistaken for which disease or condition?
• Crohn's disease
• Pregnancy
• Menopause
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
• How is hypothyroidism treated?
• with radiation
• with surgery
• with a synthetic hormone
• untreated condition
• the symptoms of hypothyroidism is
• Fatigue
• Intolerance to cold
• Weight gain
• All of the above