General About Endocrine System

2. Topic: Throid gland
• The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland
in the neck consisting of two connected lobes. The
lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin
band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid
is located at the front of the neck, below the
Adam's apple.

3. • In its anatomic position, the thyroid gland lies
posterior to the sternothyroid and sternohyoid
muscles, wrapping around the cricoid cartilage
and tracheal rings. It is located inferior to the laryngeal
thyroid cartilage, typically corresponding to the vertebral
levels C5-T1.

5. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
• nervousness, anxiety and irritability.
• hyperactivity – you may find it hard to stay still and have a lot
of nervous energy.
• mood swings.
• difficulty sleeping.
• feeling tired all the time.
• sensitivity to heat.
• muscle weakness.
• diarrhoea.

6. Sypmtoms of hypothyroidism
• tiredness.
• being sensitive to cold.
• weight gain.
• constipation.
• depression.
• slow movements and thoughts.
• muscle aches and weakness.
• muscle cramps.

7. • The thyroid gland uses iodine from food to make
two thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4). It also stores these thyroid hormones
and releases them as they are needed. The
hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, which are
located in the brain, help control the thyroid gland.

8. • The thyroid gland releases triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play an
important role in regulation of your weight, energy
levels, internal temperature, skin, hair, nail growth, and
more

9. Most occuring diseases are hypothroidism and
hyperthroidism but also causes many other diseases
• These include:
• Thyroiditis.
• Graves' disease.
• Hashimoto's disease.
• Goiter.
• Thyroid nodule.
• Thyroid cancer.

10. Throid disorder cccuring in children
These include an enlarged thyroid gland. Other
symptoms include a fast pulse, nervousness, heat
intolerance, weight loss, accelerated growth rate,
shaky hands, muscle weakness, diarrhoea, and sleep
and behavioural disturbances. Thyroid eye disease is
very rare in young children

11. • Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to
“inflammation of the thyroid gland”. Thyroiditis
includes a group of individual disorders causing
thyroidal inflammation but presenting in different
ways. For example, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most
common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.

12. Graves disease
• is an immune system disorder that results in the
overproduction of thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism).
Although a number of disorders may result in
hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is a common cause.
Thyroid hormones affect many body systems, so signs
and symptoms of Graves' disease can be wide ranging.

13. Thyroid nodules
Thyroid nodules are solid or fluid-filled lumps that
form within your thyroid, a small gland located at
the base of your neck, just above your breastbone.
Most thyroid nodules aren't serious and don't cause
symptoms. Only a small percentage of thyroid nodules
are cancerous.