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Empathy In the Process of Forgiveness
• “You don't have to accept the invitation to get angry.
  Instead, practice forgiveness, empathy and
  encouragement” said by Dan Fallon.
Definition of empathy

• Empathy can be conceptualized broadly as the ability
  to understand and relate to the cognitive and affective
  experiences of another (Wade & Worthington, 2005).
Origin of term “empathy”

• The term empathy is of relatively recent origin,
  having been coined by Titchener in 1909.
Stages

•   Awareness of Self
•   Understanding of emotions
•   Enhance sensitivity to the feelings of others
•   Take the perspective of the other person
Dimensions of empathy

• Davis, Hull, Young and Warren (1983) describe
  conceptual model of empathy has three dimensions.


                 • Perspective taking
                • Empathetic concern
                  • Personal distress
Definition of Forgiveness

• Forgiveness can be seen as a process of setting aside
  negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors, or
  motivations of avoidance or revenge towards a
  transgressor and transforming them into more positive
  emotions, thoughts, motivations and possibly behaviors
  (Hodgson & Wertheim, 2007).
Unforgiveness                Forgiveness

• Selfish love
• Anger
                                • Unselfish
• Fear
                                  love
• Unempathetic
                                • Empathy
  behavior
                  Replaced        behaviour
• Hate
                                • Compassion
• Hurt feelings
                                  for self and
• Offences
                                  other
Some facts……



  Positively                                                Associated
correlated with                                                  with
    anxiety,
depression and
                   Unforgiveness                             premature
                                                                death
 neuroticism
                                                            (Witvliet et
(Lyubomirsky,
     2007).                                                  al., 2001).


                              Increased
                       cardiovascular response
                        and negatively affect
                         the immune system
                          (Worthington and
                           Scherer, 2003).




                  (McCllough, Worthington & Rachal, 1997)
Relationship with empathy

Perspective    Strongly
              correlated
  taking



Empathetic    Correlated
               in some
 concern        studies




                     Not
  Personal        strongly
                 correlated
  distress
How empathy is in the process of
             forgiveness?
• Empathy has a prominent role in the forgiveness theory
  and research.
• According to forgiveness theories, empathy can
  potentially help to counter negative, stable and global
  views of an offender and other describes it as
  fundamental attribution error that takes place during
  conflict.
This error involves seeing one’s own actions as a
result of external situation and contextual factors
(and as therefore understandable and open to
improvement), while viewing offender’s actions
as a result of the person they are, which is stable
and unchanging over time
When empathy occurs….
Negative, stable and global attributions about an offender (i.e.
the offender is a bad man) and the cause of the transgression are



                     REPLACED

with the broader view of the offender and the offence
(Hodgson & Wertheim, 2007).
In this way……
• The offence becomes attributed to a series of specific
  unfolding events, and the offender is viewed as a
  human who, like all of us is imperfect.
• This new perspective can help injured parties
  compassionately understand the situation and resolve
  the conflict.
Final consideration in promoting
         empathy and forgiveness

• An important distinction in the forgiveness
  literature involves the notion that forgiveness is
  not condoning another’s action.
• It is inappropriate to uniformly encourage all
  injured parties to forgive their transgressor in
  case of repeated or severe offences.
Continued….

• Regardless of whether forgiveness is considered
  appropriate or inappropriate in a particular context,
  there is a general consensus that deep hurts experienced
  by injured parties need to be respected through
  carefully approaching the timing and context of
  promoting empathy towards an offender and through
  empowering injured parties to come to their own
  decisions about whether and how to forgive.
Empathy building interventions to foster
             forgiveness

• Psycho-education



• Empathy building exercises (Wade & Worthington,
  2005).
Role in Peace Psychology
• By forgiving others, we contribute in spreading of
  peace.
• It has role in removal of conflicts.
• It prevents from building of negative emotions.
• It helps in understanding other individual’s feelings
  and emotions.
• It helps in making strong and honest relationships.
Summary
• Empathy means to understand a matter according to
  another’s point of view and forgiveness means setting
  aside negative emotions and replace them with positive
  emotions. If we will not empathize with other person,
  we cannot forgive him. When we did not forgive other
  person, we feel a burden on our heart. Researches had
  found a relationship between empathy and forgiveness.
  People who had a disposition to empathize, are more
  prone to forgive other person. Forgiveness and
  empathy has role in overall spreading of peace. There
  are techniques which can enhance empathy disposition
  and ultimately helped in forgiveness process.
References
•   Davis, M. H., Hull, J.G., Young, R. D., & Warren, G. G. (1983). Measuring
          Individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a unidimensional approach.
          Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
•   Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management
          aid in the process of forgiving? An examination of the role of multiple
          dimensions of empathy in the relationship between emotion
          management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and
          Personal Relationships, 24, 931-949.
•   McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E.L., & Rachal, K.C. (1997). Interpersonal
          forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social
          Psychology, 73, 321-336.
•   Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E.L. (2005). In search of a common error: A content
          analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy: Theory,
          Research, Practice, Training, 42, 160-177.
Empathy in the process of forgiveness

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Empathy in the process of forgiveness

  • 1. Empathy In the Process of Forgiveness
  • 2. • “You don't have to accept the invitation to get angry. Instead, practice forgiveness, empathy and encouragement” said by Dan Fallon.
  • 3. Definition of empathy • Empathy can be conceptualized broadly as the ability to understand and relate to the cognitive and affective experiences of another (Wade & Worthington, 2005).
  • 4. Origin of term “empathy” • The term empathy is of relatively recent origin, having been coined by Titchener in 1909.
  • 5. Stages • Awareness of Self • Understanding of emotions • Enhance sensitivity to the feelings of others • Take the perspective of the other person
  • 6. Dimensions of empathy • Davis, Hull, Young and Warren (1983) describe conceptual model of empathy has three dimensions. • Perspective taking • Empathetic concern • Personal distress
  • 7. Definition of Forgiveness • Forgiveness can be seen as a process of setting aside negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors, or motivations of avoidance or revenge towards a transgressor and transforming them into more positive emotions, thoughts, motivations and possibly behaviors (Hodgson & Wertheim, 2007).
  • 8. Unforgiveness Forgiveness • Selfish love • Anger • Unselfish • Fear love • Unempathetic • Empathy behavior Replaced behaviour • Hate • Compassion • Hurt feelings for self and • Offences other
  • 9. Some facts…… Positively Associated correlated with with anxiety, depression and Unforgiveness premature death neuroticism (Witvliet et (Lyubomirsky, 2007). al., 2001). Increased cardiovascular response and negatively affect the immune system (Worthington and Scherer, 2003). (McCllough, Worthington & Rachal, 1997)
  • 10. Relationship with empathy Perspective Strongly correlated taking Empathetic Correlated in some concern studies Not Personal strongly correlated distress
  • 11. How empathy is in the process of forgiveness? • Empathy has a prominent role in the forgiveness theory and research. • According to forgiveness theories, empathy can potentially help to counter negative, stable and global views of an offender and other describes it as fundamental attribution error that takes place during conflict.
  • 12. This error involves seeing one’s own actions as a result of external situation and contextual factors (and as therefore understandable and open to improvement), while viewing offender’s actions as a result of the person they are, which is stable and unchanging over time
  • 14. Negative, stable and global attributions about an offender (i.e. the offender is a bad man) and the cause of the transgression are REPLACED with the broader view of the offender and the offence (Hodgson & Wertheim, 2007).
  • 15. In this way…… • The offence becomes attributed to a series of specific unfolding events, and the offender is viewed as a human who, like all of us is imperfect. • This new perspective can help injured parties compassionately understand the situation and resolve the conflict.
  • 16. Final consideration in promoting empathy and forgiveness • An important distinction in the forgiveness literature involves the notion that forgiveness is not condoning another’s action. • It is inappropriate to uniformly encourage all injured parties to forgive their transgressor in case of repeated or severe offences.
  • 17. Continued…. • Regardless of whether forgiveness is considered appropriate or inappropriate in a particular context, there is a general consensus that deep hurts experienced by injured parties need to be respected through carefully approaching the timing and context of promoting empathy towards an offender and through empowering injured parties to come to their own decisions about whether and how to forgive.
  • 18. Empathy building interventions to foster forgiveness • Psycho-education • Empathy building exercises (Wade & Worthington, 2005).
  • 19. Role in Peace Psychology • By forgiving others, we contribute in spreading of peace. • It has role in removal of conflicts. • It prevents from building of negative emotions. • It helps in understanding other individual’s feelings and emotions. • It helps in making strong and honest relationships.
  • 20. Summary • Empathy means to understand a matter according to another’s point of view and forgiveness means setting aside negative emotions and replace them with positive emotions. If we will not empathize with other person, we cannot forgive him. When we did not forgive other person, we feel a burden on our heart. Researches had found a relationship between empathy and forgiveness. People who had a disposition to empathize, are more prone to forgive other person. Forgiveness and empathy has role in overall spreading of peace. There are techniques which can enhance empathy disposition and ultimately helped in forgiveness process.
  • 21. References • Davis, M. H., Hull, J.G., Young, R. D., & Warren, G. G. (1983). Measuring Individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a unidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. • Hodgson, L. K., & Wertheim, E. H. (2007). Does good emotion management aid in the process of forgiving? An examination of the role of multiple dimensions of empathy in the relationship between emotion management and forgiveness of self and others. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24, 931-949. • McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E.L., & Rachal, K.C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 321-336. • Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E.L. (2005). In search of a common error: A content analysis of interventions to promote forgiveness. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 160-177.