The document summarizes key points from a presentation about a book that takes a free-market perspective on the 2008 financial crisis. It defines relevant economic terms and outlines the book's argument that government intervention through low interest rates caused the boom, and bailouts will prolong the bust by preventing necessary market adjustments. The presentation questions some assumptions of free markets and identifies roles for government in addressing issues like natural monopolies and environmental protection. It also provides a deeper analysis of factors influencing the money supply and the impacts of fiat versus commodity-backed currencies.

1. A Free-Market Perspective
On the Financial Crisis
based on the 2009 book:
Meltdown - A Free-Market Look at Why
the Stock Market Collapsed,
the Economy Tanked, and Government
Bailouts Will Make Things Worse
by Thomas E. Woods Jr.
A Presentation by Peter Emmel to Osher Course “The Financial
1
Crisis of 2008,” 3/10/2010.

2. Range of Opinions
• “The business of government is business.”
• US President Calvin Coolidge, 1924(?)
• “The trouble with socialism is socialism. The
trouble with capitalism is capitalists.”
• Austrian Willi Schlamm, quoted by Wm. F. Buckley
• Now if the aerospace industry had told us after the
1986 Challenger disaster that the key to better
performance was to turbocharge the engines and
quit performing preflight inspections, everyone
would have agreed they were crazy. Yet that’s
essentially what the finance lobby has done over
the past decade ...”
• Kevin Drum, in Mother Jones, Jan/Feb, 2010 (p.39) 2

3. Definitions
• Free-Market Economy
– Prices are set by supply and demand
– Government protects property rights and
polices fraud & coercion
– ... but is not otherwise involved in economy
3

4. Definitions
• Austrian School of Economics
– European free-market theoreticians
– Spontaneous organizing power of the pricing system
• Based on action by individuals
• Acting in their own economic interest
• In contrast to competing “equilibrium” models
– Notable proponents:
• Carl Menger (1840-1941)
• Ludwig Von Mises (1881-1993)
• Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992)
• Murray Rothbard (1926-1995)
4

5. Definitions
• Keynesian Economics
– Government intervention to maintain “full”
employment
• Using fiscal stimulus to spur demand
• And interest rates to control inflation
– Basis of most modern Western economies
– John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
5

6. Definitions
• Supply-Side Economics
– Government stimulus to spur production
• By lowering barriers like regulation & taxes
• Consumers benefit through lower prices
– “Reaganomics”
– “Conservative Keynesianism”
6

7. Meltdown by Thomas E. Woods
• Disclaimer:
– I don’t know how much of Woods’s thesis is
correct.
– His book includes a generous amount of liberal-
bashing.
– I’m not endorsing his viewpoint.
– But I think it contains enough truth to be worth
considering as we watch our system respond to
the 2008 crisis.
7

8. Book Overview - 1
• Advocates US adoption of a free-market economy
• Explains how government intervention created &
prolonged the boom
– (thru low interest rates)
• ... and will prolong the bust
– (through bailouts and excessive stimulus)
• Describes how free markets operate
• Counters the “myth” that de-regulation caused the
crisis
8

9. Book Overview - 2
• Presents the “Austrian Theory” of economics
• Interprets selected historical boom/bust cycles
• Explains benefits of “sound money” vs “fiat
money”
• Explains benefits of saving vs spending by the
public
• Lists prescriptions for correcting our approach to
the US economy
9

10. Causes: Gov’t Intervention -1
• Federal Reserve created boom by artificially
holding down interest rates
– Rationale:
• Increase liquidity & cushion recessions
– Result:
• Encouraged risk-taking to earn higher returns
10

11. Causes: Gov’t Intervention - 2
• Manipulated markets by designating favored
sectors
– Rationale:
• Deregulation (especially S&L, other financial)
• Anti-discrimination & “Ownership Society”
• Promote financial industry growth “Professional Exemption”
– Result:
• “Un-economic” credit and investment decisions
• Lack of transparency (securitization & OTC trading)
• Financial “products” ~40% of GDP
11

12. Causes: Gov’t Intervention - 3
• Delays recovery by supporting busted
investments
– Rationale:
• Keep “the system” from collapsing
– Result:
• Protects risk-takers from natural consequences
• Prevents healthy “sloughing” of “malinvestment”
• Concentrates economic power in fewer hands
• Brings political forces into economic decisions
12

13. Contributors to Excess Credit
• Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac
• Political revolving door
• Vehicle for social engineering
• Community Reinvestment Act
• Legal leverage over lenders (anti-discrimination suits)
• Low Interest Rates Stimulate Speculation
• Pro-ownership tax code
• ARM & Option-ARM mortgages - both prime & sub
• 25% of home purchases were for “flipping”
• Tradition of Federal Backstop
• Fed & FDIC history of “saving the day”
• S&L bailouts; LTCM; 9/11; Tech Stock Bubble
• TBTF mentality; Moral Hazard
• Private profits; Public losses 13

14. De-Regulation?
• Misnomer:
– Was really just a continuation of government
intervention ... with different beneficiaries
– Changes in rules encouraged ever more
malinvestment
• Real de-regulation:
– Remove the “TBTF” safety net, exposing risk-
takers to failure
14

15. Woods’s Prescription
• Stop bailouts & let banks fail
• Abolish Fannie & Freddie
• Cut government spending
• Abolish the Federal Reserve
• Adopt commodity-backed money
15

16. Things aren’t always what they seem to be
Someone sent me this w/ the caption “Sunrise at the North Pole”
16

17. Critical Reader - 1
• Free markets depend on factors that aren’t
always achievable in real world:
• Many independent players
• Informed choice by buyers
• Minimal barriers to entry for new producers
• Capacity to absorb disappearance of failed
producers
17

18. Critical Reader - 2
• How does free market deal with:
– “Natural” monopolies (utilities, highways, etc)
– The “Commons problem”
• (quality of air, water, environment, natural resources)
– Capitalists’ push for growth & concentration of
economic power
– Susceptibility of public to emotional campaigns
• (leading to irrational choices against own best interest)
– Non-economic interests
• (health, safety & security, military force, basic research)
– Anti-competitive interests
• (intellectual property, deceptive advertising, fraud)
18

19. Critical Reader - 3
• Natural roles of Government in economy
– Regulatory structure to promote competition in natural
monopolies
– Rules that bring the cost of”commons” intothe
economy
– Rules than limit the scale of individual producers
– Information to promote informed choice throughout
economy
– Funding & “strategic shopping” for collective interests
– Rules that provide balance between proprietary
interests & transparency
19

20. Scary Pictures - CPI Inflation
20

21. Scary Pictures - Money Stock M1
21

22. Scary Pictures - Monetary Base
22

23. Deeper Look: Money - 1
• Role: Medium of Exchange; Store of Value
• A given supply of money can support *any*
amount of commerce
• (Overall Price Level) =
(Money Supply) / (Aggregate of Goods & Services)
• Too much = Inflation; Too Little = Deflation
• Overall price increase is a *consequence* of
inflation ... not its cause
• (but government always blames others)
• Discourages saving - things w/b more expensive in future
• Encourages increased risk - seeking returns to “beat inflation”
• Deflation not same as Recession or Depression
• 19th century saw dramatic growth in US economy and living
standards ... but $1 bought more in 1900 than in 1800 23

24. Deeper Look: Money - 2
• In free market w/ constant money supply:
– Prices track supply & demand
– Rising prices in one sector are offset by falling prices in
another
• Control of money supply gives government the
power to mask trends
– Steady moderate inflation looks like growth
– Also reduces real cost of borrowing
– Inflation = Silent Thief of Savings
24

25. Deeper Look: Money - 3
• Sound Money vs Fiat Money
– Commodity-backed money
• Redeemable for specie (gold, silver, etc.)
• Any extension of credit must be preceded by an act of saving
– Central Bank notes
• Not redeemable for anything
• No natural restriction on expansion of money supply
• “Adding to money supply cannot increase the amount of real
resources ... All it can do is make prices of real resources go
up.” (p128)
25

26. Deeper Look: Money - 4
• Spend if you love America ???
– “A consumer is only able to buy things now because s/he
has produced things in the past. Thus it is production that
makes consumption possible.” (p.144)
– “We are much wealthier now than we were 300 years ago
not because we consume more ... but because we can
produce much more ...” (p.146)
– A higher savings rate slows economy in short run but it
stores up future buying power ... to make business
investments pay off
– Saving = the only legitimate source of investment capital
– International differences in saving rates (e.g. USA vs
China) over time create massive shifts in relative
economic power 26

27. Deeper Look: Money - 5
• Political Forces on Central Bank
– Money buys access & legislative influence over rules
– Spending & tax code = gov’t rewards friends
• Federal reserve Act 1913
– Special-interest legislation masquerading as public
interest
– Facility for rescuing troubled banks
• ... but not for preventing them from doing things that get them
into trouble
– “The point of the central bank is to alleviate pressures
that the free market would otherwise impose.”
• Jesus Huerta de Soto, quoted on p.178
27

28. Deeper Look: Austrian School
28