This document discusses diachronic lexicography and lexicology. It defines key concepts related to synchrony and diachrony in language description. Diachronic studies examine how language has changed over time by comparing two or more synchronic states of a language. Diachronic lexicology mostly examines the relationship between the contemporary lexicon and its origins. The document also discusses how lexicographical works mark inherited lexicon, internal creations, and borrowings from other languages. Criteria for distinguishing inherited lexicon include basic meaning, dating to early written texts, and presence of cognates in related languages.
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2. Synchrony and diachrony
Synchrony?
‘Absence of a time element in
linguistic description […]. In a
synchronic approach to describing a
language, we focus on that language
at one moment in time’
Diachrony?
‘Time dimension in language. […]
In a diachronic approach, we look
at how language has changed
over some period of time’
R. L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language
and Linguistics (1999):
3. Diachronic lexicology
Diachronic studies are dependent
upon synchronic studies
Lexicography:
+ either etymological dictionary
(retrospective: synchronic analysis of
contemporary lexicon is a given)
+ or ‘mixed’ dictionary (diachronic
part of the entries based on
synchronic analysis)
At least comparison of two synchronic
states of a given language
TLF-Étym
2008:
B.1. = B.2.
Diachronic lexicology: mostly between
contemporary lexicon and its origin
TLF 1983 s.v.
indéclinable
‘invariable’ :
A. ‘that cannot
be dismissed’
B.1. ‘without
inflection’
B.2. ‘without
marking for
gender nor
number’
4. ETYMOLOGY1 ‘relationship of filiation
between a lexical unit and the
linguistic entity or entities at its origin’
Etymology?
ETYMOLOGY1 and ETYMOLOGY2
ETYMOLOGY2 ‘branch of linguistics
that studies etymology1’
Historical or
diachronic
lexicology
• Ø vocable
• Ø lexeme
• Lexical units
• Affixes (un-)
• Utterances
(cease fire! >
CEASE-FIRE)
• ...
5. Topicality, timelessness?
• Author: Vātsyāyana
• Written in the third century
• Sanskrit
• 64 auxiliary arts:
1. Singing
2. Music
3. Dance
4. Painting […]
54. Etymology
55. Lexicography
• Kama Sutra
6. Lexemes vs. idioms
Lexeme ‘linguistic sign whose
meaning can be expressed by a
set of wordforms distinguished
only by inflection’
French poire ‘pear’ and Old French
peire = same lexeme!
‘Variation in
form of a
lexeme as
required by
its various
grammatical
roles in
utterances’
Romanian romîn ‘Romanian’ and
român = same lexeme!
Etymology of idioms = neglected field
Adjustment 1: ~ and regular
phonetic evolution
Adjustment 2: ~ and
graphemic variation
7. Etymological classes
(1) Inherited lexical units
(3) Internal creations
(2) Borrowings (= loan words)
= normally transmitted lexical units
(from the common ancestor
of the language family)
= lexicals units which were taken from
[or: inspired by] another language
= new lexical units constructed
from existing materials
in the same language
Engl. father <
proto-Germanic
Engl. amigo <
Spanish
Engl. unbelievable
< un- + believable
8. Fourth class?
In the field of etymology, the
concepts both of lack of knowledge
and of doubt are considered highly
Example: volumes 21-23 of FEW*:
lexical units of unknown or uncertain
origin (‘purgatory’)
State of the art + arguments pro and
con = marks of the true professional
(amateurs don’t doubt...)
*FEW = Wartburg, Walther von et al. (1922–2002):
Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Eine
darstellung des galloromanischen sprachschatzes (25
vol.): Bonn/Heidelberg/Leipzig-Berlin/Basel.
‘Of
unknown
origin’
Duden:
«H[erkunft]
u[ngeklärt]»
9. Lexicographical marking
(1) Inherited lexicon:
«:–» (‘normal development of’)
(3) Internal creations:
«f.» (‘formed on’) +
English lexemes and affixes
(2) Borrowings (= loan words):
«a.» (‘adopted from’) or «ad.»
(‘adapted from’) + lexeme of the
donor language
Depends on each dictionary
Example: OED (Oxford English Dictionary):
Difference?
Not difference
in kind, but
difference in
degree: there
are no
unadapted
borrowings!
Ex.: Engl.
cobra < Port.
cobra
10. Duden
(1) Inherited lexicon:
«mhd. x » and/or «ahd. y» not followed
by «< z» nor «H. u.»
(3) Internal creations:
«zu» or some variant (like «Vkl.
zu») or no marking at all
(2) Borrowings:
(«mhd. x » and/or «ahd. y») + («<»
or «zu») + «[donor language]» +
lexeme
Middle High
German
(1050–1500)
Old High
German
(500–1050)
Diminutive
11. TLF
(1) Inherited lexicon:
«Du lat.», «Du lat. vulg.», «Du lat. pop.»,
«Du lat. chrét.», «Du lat. class.»
+ Latin lexeme
(3) Internal creations:
«De [] et de []»,
«Formé de [] et []»,
« Dér. de [], suff. []», etc.
(2) Borrowings:
«Empr. au» or «Empr. du» + donor
language + lexeme
Trésor de la Langue Française
N.B.
«Du lat.»
↔
«Empr. du
lat.»
12. Inherited lexicon
Inheritance?
‘[…] For example, English father
is inherited from Old English
fæder, which in turn is inherited
from PIE. *pətér-’
‘Retention in a language (possibly
with some alteration in form) of a
feature which was present in an
ancestor of that language’
Dictionary of Historical and
Comparative Linguistics (2000)
Proto-Indo-
European
Definition of
lexeme!
13. Genetic relationship
Dictionary of Historical and
Comparative Linguistics (2000)
‘Relationship which holds between
two or more languages which share
a single common ancestor
– that is, they all started off at some
time in the past as no more than
regional varieties of that ancestral
language, but each has undergone
so many changes not affecting the
others that they have diverged into
distinct languages’
→
Language
family
14. Proto-language
‘Once spoken ancestral language from
which daughter languages descend’
Proto-language
Language 1 Language 2 Language 3 etc.
15. Example 1
Germanic languages
(branch of Indo-European languages)
Proto-Germanic
German English Swedish etc.
16. Example 2
Slavic languages
(branch of Indo-European languages)
Proto-Slavic
Polish Ukrainian Russian etc.
17. Example 3
Baltic languages
(branch of Indo-European languages)
Proto-Baltic
Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian etc.
18. Example 4
Romance languages
(branch of Indo-European languages)
Proto-Romance
French Portuguese Spanish etc.
= Spoken Latin
19. Example 5
Finno-Ugric languages
(branch of Uralic languages)
Proto-Finno-Ugric
Hungarian Finnish Estonian etc.
20. Example 6
Turkic languages
(branch of Altaic languages)
Proto-Turkic
Turkish Azerbaijani Uzbek etc.
21. Proto-Germanic *fader
Engl. father Germ. Vater Dutch vader etc.
Cognate
‘One of two or more linguistics signs (lexemes or
affixes) which are directly descended from a single
ancestral sign in the common ancestor of the
languages in which the lexemes or affixes are found’
reconstructed
22. Need for yet another concept
Etymon?
‘Linguistic sign(s) (lexical unit[s]
and/or affix[es]) from which
descended a given linguistic sign’
Proto-Germanic *fader
Engl. father Germ. Vater Dutch vader etc.
Etymon
Etyma
pertain to a
language!
Etymon:
signifier +
signified +
combinatorial
properties!
23. Inheritance, borrowing, creation?
Distinctive criteria for
inherited lexicon:
(1) Semantics: general, basic meaning
(2) Dating: documented from the
beginning of the written tradition
(3) Cognates within the
language family
Tadmor et
al. in
Diachronica
27 (2010)!
24. Example: French mère
Semantics: general, basic meaning?
Dating: documented from the
beginning?
First known French texts:
842 Serments de Strasbourg
ca. 900 Chanson de sainte Eulalie
ca. 930 Sermon bilingue sur Jonas
ca. 1000 Passion du Christ
ca. 1000 Vie de saint Léger
Yes!
Yes!
TLFi
‘2e moitié
du Xe s.’
‘2nd half 10th
century’
25. Cognates within the language family?
REW = Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm
(19353 [1911–19201]):
Romanisches Etymologisches
Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Winter.
Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke
(Dübendorf 1861 – Bonn 1936)
Can be downloaded from the
internet
28. Cognates within the language family?
Latin (Proto-Romance) mater
Yes!
French
mère
Portuguese
madre
Spanish
madre
Cognates
29. DÉRom project
Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman
http://www.atilf.fr/DERom
This European research project aims
to replace Meyer-Lübke’s REW
(19353) by a new Romance
etymological dictionary based on
linguistic reconstruction
![Synchrony and diachrony
Synchrony?
‘Absence of a time element in
linguistic description […]. In a
synchronic approach to describing a
language, we focus on that language
at one moment in time’
Diachrony?
‘Time dimension in language. […]
In a diachronic approach, we look
at how language has changed
over some period of time’
R. L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language
and Linguistics (1999):](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)