The document contains a student's homework assignment calculating and interpreting various financial ratios for a company. The ratios included are current ratio, acid-test ratio, profit margin, debt-to-equity, inventory turnover, return on investment, and return on equity. For each ratio, the student calculates the numerical index value using financial data provided, and explains the meaning and interpretation of the ratio.
MSM XII - Tesis - Sector Salud Perú 2014Alonso MMM
DESCARGA LA TESIS AQUI:
http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/20.500.12404/13729
Propuesta de Mejora del Sector Salud del Perú
Desarrollado por
Danitza Azula
Cristian Castañeda
Mauricio Moya
Manuel Ponce
Se trata de una charla dada en la Universidad de Santo Tomás en Bogotá sobre la ingeniería de proyectos y sus aplicaciones en proyectos de investigación sobre sostenibilidad
MSM XII - Tesis - Sector Salud Perú 2014Alonso MMM
DESCARGA LA TESIS AQUI:
http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/20.500.12404/13729
Propuesta de Mejora del Sector Salud del Perú
Desarrollado por
Danitza Azula
Cristian Castañeda
Mauricio Moya
Manuel Ponce
Se trata de una charla dada en la Universidad de Santo Tomás en Bogotá sobre la ingeniería de proyectos y sus aplicaciones en proyectos de investigación sobre sostenibilidad
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial AnalysisFinancial stat.docxcatheryncouper
Ratios and Formulas in Customer Financial Analysis
Financial statement analysis is a judgmental process. One of the primary objectives is identification of major changes in trends, and relationships and the investigation of the reasons underlying those changes. The judgment process can be improved by experience and the use of analytical tools. Probably the most widely used financial analysis technique is ratio analysis, the analysis of relationships between two or more line items on the financial statement. Financial ratios are usually expressed in percentage or times. Generally, financial ratios are calculated for the purpose of evaluating aspects of a company's operations and fall into the following categories:
· Liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to meet its current obligations.
· Profitability ratios measure management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
· Leverage ratios measure the degree of protection of suppliers of long-term funds and can also aid in judging a firm's ability to raise additional debt and its capacity to pay its liabilities on time.
· Efficiency, activity or turnover ratios provide information about management's ability to control expenses and to earn a return on the resources committed to the business.
A ratio can be computed from any pair of numbers. Given the large quantity of variables included in financial statements, a very long list of meaningful ratios can be derived. A standard list of ratios or standard computation of them does not exist. The following ratio presentation includes ratios that are most often used when evaluating the credit worthiness of a customer. Ratio analysis becomes a very personal or company driven procedure. Analysts are drawn to and use the ones they are comfortable with and understand.
1. Liquidity Ratios
Working Capital
Working capital compares current assets to current liabilities, and serves as the liquid reserve available to satisfy contingencies and uncertainties. A high working capital balance is mandated if the entity is unable to borrow on short notice. The ratio indicates the short-term solvency of a business and in determining if a firm can pay its current liabilities when due.
Formula
Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Acid Test or Quick Ratio
A measurement of the liquidity position of the business. The quick ratio compares the cash plus cash equivalents and accounts receivable to the current liabilities. The primary difference between the current ratio and the quick ratio is the quick ratio does not include inventory and prepaid expenses in the calculation. Consequently, a business's quick ratio will be lower than its current ratio. It is a stringent test of liquidity.
Formula
Cash + Marketable Securities + Accounts Receivable
Current Liabilities
Current Ratio
provides an indication of the liquidity of the business by comparing the amount of current assets to current liabilities. A business's curren ...
Chaim Yudkowsky, CPA, CITP, CGMA - Byte of Success
Part 3 of a series delivered in 1997 focused on helping small and midsized business become more profitable.
Operating Ratios asPerformanceMeasure s 11C H A P T E RTHE.docxhopeaustin33688
Operating Ratios as
Performance
Measure s 11
C H A P T E R
THE IMPORTANCE OF RATIOS
Ratios are convenient and uniform measures that are
widely adopted in healthcare financial management.
They are important because they are so widely used, especially
because they are used for credit analysis. But a
ratio is only a number. It has to be considered within the
context of the operation. There is another caveat: ratio
analysis should be conducted as a comparative analysis. In
other words, one ratio standing alone with nothing to
compare it with does not mean very much. When interpreting
ratios, the differences between periods must be
considered, and the reasons for such differences should
be sought. It is a good practice to compare results with
equivalent computations from outside the organization—
regional figures from similar institutions would be a good
example of such outside sources. Caution and good managerial
judgment must always be exercised when working
with ratios.
Financial ratios basically pull together two elements of
the financial statements: one expressed as the numerator
and one as the denominator. To calculate a ratio, divide
the bottom number (the denominator) into the top
number (the numerator). The Case Study in Appendix
25-A entitled “Using Financial Ratios and Benchmarking:
A Case Study in Comparative Analysis” uses financial
ratios as indicators of financial position. We highly recommend
that you spend time with this Case Study, as it
will add depth and background to the contents of this
chapter.
In this chapter we examine liquidity, solvency, and
profitability ratios. Exhibit 11-1 sets out eight basic ratios
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to
1. Understand four types of
liquidity ratios.
2. Understand two types of
solvency ratios.
3. Understand two types of
profitability ratios.
4. Successfully compute ratios
CHAPTER 11 Financial and Operating Ratios as Performance Measures
Exhibit 11–1 Eight Basic Ratios Used in Health Care
Liquidity Ratios
1. Current Ratio
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
2. Quick Ratio
Cash and Cash Equivalents + Net Receivables
Current Liabilities
3. Days Cash on Hand (DCOH)
Unrestricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash Operation Expenses ÷ No. of Days in Period (365)
4. Days Receivables
Net Receivables
Net Credit Revenues ÷ No. of Days in Period (365)
Solvency Ratios
5. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
Change in Unrestricted Net Assets (net income)
+ Interest, Depreciation, Amortization
Maximum Annual Debt Service
6. Liabilities to Fund Balance
Total Liabilities
Unrestricted Fund Balances
Profitability Ratios
7. Operating Margin (%)
Operating Income (Loss)
Total Operating Revenues
8. Return on Total Assets (%)
EBIT (Earnings before Interest and Taxes)
Total Assets
Courtesy of Resource Group, Ltd., Dallas, Texas.
that are widely used in healthcare organizations: four liquidity types, two solvency types, and
two profitability types. All are discussed later.
LIQUIDITY RATIOS
Liquidity r.
This presentation will help professionals as well as students to understand ratios. I have used very easy language and have tried to be more descriptive.
115
Financial and
Operating Ratios as
Performance
Measure s
11
C H A P T E R
THE IMPORTANCE OF RATIOS
Ratios are convenient and uniform measures that are
widely adopted in healthcare financial management.
They are important because they are so widely used, es-
pecially because they are used for credit analysis. But a
ratio is only a number. It has to be considered within the
context of the operation. There is another caveat: ratio
analysis should be conducted as a comparative analysis. In
other words, one ratio standing alone with nothing to
compare it with does not mean very much. When inter-
preting ratios, the differences between periods must be
considered, and the reasons for such differences should
be sought. It is a good practice to compare results with
equivalent computations from outside the organization—
regional figures from similar institutions would be a good
example of such outside sources. Caution and good man-
agerial judgment must always be exercised when working
with ratios.
Financial ratios basically pull together two elements of
the financial statements: one expressed as the numerator
and one as the denominator. To calculate a ratio, divide
the bottom number (the denominator) into the top
number (the numerator). The Case Study in Appendix
25-A entitled “Using Financial Ratios and Benchmark-
ing: A Case Study in Comparative Analysis” uses financial
ratios as indicators of financial position. We highly rec-
ommend that you spend time with this Case Study, as it
will add depth and background to the contents of this
chapter.
In this chapter we examine liquidity, solvency, and
profitability ratios. Exhibit 11-1 sets out eight basic ratios
After completing this chapter,
you should be able to
1. Understand four types of
liquidity ratios.
2. Understand two types of
solvency ratios.
3. Understand two types of
profitability ratios.
4. Successfully compute ratios.
P r o g r e s s N o t e s
116 CHAPTER 11 Financial and Operating Ratios as Performance Measures
Exhibit 11–1 Eight Basic Ratios Used in Health Care
Liquidity Ratios
1. Current Ratio
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
2. Quick Ratio
Cash and Cash Equivalents + Net Receivables
Current Liabilities
3. Days Cash on Hand (DCOH)
Unrestricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash Operation Expenses ÷ No. of Days in Period (365)
4. Days Receivables
Net Receivables
Net Credit Revenues ÷ No. of Days in Period (365)
Solvency Ratios
5. Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)
Change in Unrestricted Net Assets (net income)
+ Interest, Depreciation, Amortization
Maximum Annual Debt Service
6. Liabilities to Fund Balance
Total Liabilities
Unrestricted Fund Balances
Profitability Ratios
7. Operating Margin (%)
Operating Income (Loss)
Total Operating Revenues
8. Return on Total Assets (%)
EBIT (Earnings before Interest and Taxes)
Total Assets
Courtesy of Resource Group, Ltd., Dallas, Texas.
that are widely used in healthcare organizations: four liquidity ty.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
1. Nombre Alumno : Elvy Callejas Morales.
Nombre Asignatura : Costos
Instituto : IACC
Profesor : Yenny Isabel García
Fecha : 11 de octubre de 2021.
TAREA 7
Costos: Estados financieros y el uso de su información.
2. DESARROLLO DE LA TAREA
Con los datos proporcionados, complete la siguiente tabla indicando los índices
(numéricos) obtenidos (presente sus cálculos) y la interpretación de cada uno
3. Razones financieras
índices Indicador numérico del índice Significado del índice
Prueba acida
𝑃𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎
=
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 − 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 =
523.500− 222.000
291.550
𝑃𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑎 = 1.03
La prueba ácida, o prueba de
ácido o liquidez seca, es uno de
los indicadores de liquidez frecuentemente
usados como indicador de la capacidad de la
empresa para cancelar sus obligaciones
corrientes, sin contar con la venta de sus
existencias, es decir, básicamente con los
saldos de efectivo, sus cuentas por cobrar,
sus inversiones temporales y algún otro
activo de fácil liquidación, sin tocar los
inventarios. Es un indicador más riguroso
que la razón corriente. Para el caso de las
empresas de servicios, donde
los inventarios son reducidos, los valores
numéricos de la prueba ácida y de la razón
corriente son prácticamente iguales.
por cada peso que debe la empresa, dispone
de 1.04 para pagar
Rentabilidad de ventas Utilidades/ venta * 100
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 =
𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑟𝑢𝑡𝑎
𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 =
497.945
1.178.487
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 = 0.279
𝑅𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑠 = 28%
Rentabilidad de las ventas. Mide la
relación entre el importe de las ventas y
el coste de elaboración del servicio o
producto vendido. Esta razón está
relacionada con el coste marginal de
la venta, pues no tiene en consideración
ni la amortización, ni los intereses de la
financiación del inmovilizado ni los
impuestos, en este caso sería el 28%
Deuda a patrimonio
𝐷𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜 =
𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜
𝐷𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜 =
383.550
598.550
𝐷𝑒𝑢𝑑𝑎 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜 = 0.64
La relación deuda / patrimonio (o ratio
Debt to Equity) mide la relación entre el
pasivo y el capital aportado por los
accionistas.Es un índice de deuda utilizado
para medir el apalancamiento financiero de
una compañía.
Este índice nos indica que el
endeudamiento sobre el patrimonio es del
64%
Rotación de inventario
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑠
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 =
1.280.542
222.0000
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 = 5.77 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠
La rotación del inventario es uno de los
parámetros utilizados para el control de
gestión de la función logística o del
departamento comercial de una empresa. La
rotación, en este contexto, expresa el
número de veces que se han renovado las
existencias durante un período,
normalmente un año.
Este índice indica que este inventario
cambia 5.77 veces
4. ROI
𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜 + 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑜
𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
67.789
982.100
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 0,069
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 6.9%
El retorno sobre la inversión es una razón
financiera que compara el beneficio o la
utilidad obtenida en relación con la
inversión realizada, es decir, «representa
una herramienta para analizar el
rendimiento que la empresa tiene desde el
punto de vista financiero. En otra palabra el
ROI la rentabilidad sobre la inversión
Este índice nos indica que la inversión tubo
una rentabilidad del 6.9%.
ROE
𝑅𝑂𝐸 =
𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑎
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑜
𝑅𝑂𝐸 =
67.789
598.550
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 0.1132
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 11,32%
En finanzas, la rentabilidad financiera,
rentabilidad para el accionista o ROE,
relaciona el beneficio económico con los
recursos propios necesarios para obtenerese
lucro, mide la rentabilidad obtenida por la
empresa sobre sus fondos propios, en este
caso fue de un 11,32%
