This document provides a summary of predictive policing technologies and their implications. It discusses how policing has evolved from political to community-based models using broken windows theory. Two predictive policing software programs, PredPol and HunchLab, use data analysis to predict future crime locations. While these programs aim to efficiently allocate police resources, concerns include privacy violations, implementation costs, and potential biases. The document examines debates around predictive policing and big data collection in law enforcement.
Crime Analysis based on Historical and Transportation DataValerii Klymchuk
Contains experimental results based on real crime data from an urban city. Our set of statistics reveals seasonality in crime patterns to accompany predictive machine learning models assessing the risks of crime. Moreover, this work provides a discussion on implementation, design for a prototype of cloud based crime analytics dashboard.
Building Proxy Indicators of National Wellbeing with Postal Data - Project Ov...UN Global Pulse
This study investigated for the first time the potential of using the network of international postal flows to approximate socioeconomic indicators typically used to benchmark national wellbeing. The research used aggregated electronic postal records from 187 countries collected by the Universal Postal Union from 2010 to 2014 as a proxy indicator for real-world conditions.
Cite as: “Building Proxy Indicators of National Wellbeing with Postal Data”, Global Pulse Project Series, no. 22, 2016
An Intelligence Analysis of Crime Data for Law Enforcement Using Data MiningWaqas Tariq
The concern about national security has increased significantly since the 26/11 attacks at Mumbai, India. However, information and technology overload hinders the effective analysis of criminal and terrorist activities. Data mining applied in the context of law enforcement and intelligence analysis holds the promise of alleviating such problem. In this paper we use a clustering/classify based model to anticipate crime trends. The data mining techniques are used to analyze the city crime data from Tamil Nadu Police Department. The results of this data mining could potentially be used to lessen and even prevent crime for the forth coming years
A Criminological Exploration of Cyber Prostitution within the South African C...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This paper reports a systematic review of the studies related to cyber prostitution within the South African (SA) context. Qualitative studies published in peer reviewed journals from 2006 to 2016 were reviewed in order to determine the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SA context, impact of cyber prostitution and the measures put in place to combat or deal with cyber prostitution within the South African context. The review revealed that (1) majority of research and interventions tend to focus on street-based prostitution (2) studies on the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are underrepresented in the research field (3) the negative impacts of cyber prostitution are not clearly determined by existing literature(4) cyber prostitution has become a preferred method of prostitution in modern society for varied motives. Recommendations for further research on cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are also provided.
Crime Analysis based on Historical and Transportation DataValerii Klymchuk
Contains experimental results based on real crime data from an urban city. Our set of statistics reveals seasonality in crime patterns to accompany predictive machine learning models assessing the risks of crime. Moreover, this work provides a discussion on implementation, design for a prototype of cloud based crime analytics dashboard.
Building Proxy Indicators of National Wellbeing with Postal Data - Project Ov...UN Global Pulse
This study investigated for the first time the potential of using the network of international postal flows to approximate socioeconomic indicators typically used to benchmark national wellbeing. The research used aggregated electronic postal records from 187 countries collected by the Universal Postal Union from 2010 to 2014 as a proxy indicator for real-world conditions.
Cite as: “Building Proxy Indicators of National Wellbeing with Postal Data”, Global Pulse Project Series, no. 22, 2016
An Intelligence Analysis of Crime Data for Law Enforcement Using Data MiningWaqas Tariq
The concern about national security has increased significantly since the 26/11 attacks at Mumbai, India. However, information and technology overload hinders the effective analysis of criminal and terrorist activities. Data mining applied in the context of law enforcement and intelligence analysis holds the promise of alleviating such problem. In this paper we use a clustering/classify based model to anticipate crime trends. The data mining techniques are used to analyze the city crime data from Tamil Nadu Police Department. The results of this data mining could potentially be used to lessen and even prevent crime for the forth coming years
A Criminological Exploration of Cyber Prostitution within the South African C...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This paper reports a systematic review of the studies related to cyber prostitution within the South African (SA) context. Qualitative studies published in peer reviewed journals from 2006 to 2016 were reviewed in order to determine the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SA context, impact of cyber prostitution and the measures put in place to combat or deal with cyber prostitution within the South African context. The review revealed that (1) majority of research and interventions tend to focus on street-based prostitution (2) studies on the extent and nature of cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are underrepresented in the research field (3) the negative impacts of cyber prostitution are not clearly determined by existing literature(4) cyber prostitution has become a preferred method of prostitution in modern society for varied motives. Recommendations for further research on cyber prostitution within the SAcontext are also provided.
Affandi the painter_indonesian best artistGioliano Putra
Affandi Koesoema was a great Indonesian artist. His paintings shows a lot of expressionism and romantism style, inspite of his early works on realism. Nowadays his style was inherited to his daughter, Kartika. His works can be found in his museum located in Yogyakarta.
Annax Technologies is a collection of energetic and lively bunch of professionals who make the company a trusted brand name for one stop solutions for mobile and web apps.
Incarceration has historically been about punishment but recently the trend has shifted towards reform, schooling, and an entrepreneurial spirit. In this report, we look at trends in prison experiences, technology, as well as edtech and entrepreneurship in prisons. Prisons are increasingly enabling inmates to get a vocational training, degrees, and even healing. No longer are inmates looked upon as "less than human" but there is a curiosity about their minds and views that are pro-reform so that they integrate well into society on their release. We then forecast three scenarios on mass incarceration in 2040.
Abstract : Crime prediction is a topic of significant research across the fields of criminology, data mining, city planning, law enforcement, and political science. Crime patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region
in which crime occurs. This paper proposes a mechanism to parameterize street-level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify correlations between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. The subject of this study is the county of Merseyside in the United Kingdom, over a span of 21 months beginning in December 2010 (monthly) through August 2012. Several types of crime are analyzed in this dataset, including Burglary and Antisocial Behavior. Through this analysis, several interesting findings are drawn about crime in Merseyside, including: hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Merseyside as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong correlation between crime hotspot locations and borough/postal code locations. We believe that this type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates.
For more information, please visit: http://people.cs.vt.edu/parang/ or contact parang at firstname at cs vt edu
250 words agree or disagreeWhile I have mixed opinions about p.docxvickeryr87
250 words agree or disagree
While I have mixed opinions about predictive policing, I find it to be an incredibly fascinating topic. Personally, I think it can blur the lines of civil liberties protection and proactive policing. However, I think with the proper, no-kidding, honest-to-goodness checks and balances, the technologies available to law enforcement and intelligence agencies can indeed be a force multiplier and allow for effective prevention of criminal acts or terrorism.
The concept of protective policing brings to mind a couple of things. First and foremost, that law enforcement agencies utilize data science to create algorithms that conduct trend analysis and/or heat maps to indicate areas of significant instances of criminal activity. For example, in my town, statistically more crime occurs in low-income areas and housing projects. Our police department uses criminal intelligence analysts to do everything from social media/open-source analysis to trend analysis to perform predictive policing. One benefit of watching social media is that over time, criminal tradecraft can be identified, such as drug deals, communications methods between persons of interest, and neighbors reporting activity (to name a few). Online databases and scripting tools allow data scientists to create algorithms to identify, display, and alert users to endlessly-customizable circumstances. For example, when a known subject (SUBJ) is mentioned or tagged on social media, or when he checks in at a certain location.
Another example is forensic trend analysis. One downside of this approach is that it, by default, requires historic analysis. This, then, requires that before such analysis is performed, it requires the long-term collection of information on activities... which means that efficacy of “preventive” policing evolves from a baseline to more effectiveness over time as more collection and analysis is performed. What concerns me about this, as I touched on before, is the potential for abuse. One “lesson learned” from an overseas tour was that often, people with differences of any sort (whether it be from perceived/actual personal slights, racial differences, tribal conflicts, etc), often report derogatory information about their neighbors for some form of personal gain – satisfaction, monetary compensation, or some other motivation. This, then, results in that neighbor being arrested, interrogated, or detained for long periods of time simply because a neighbor had a proverbial axe to grind. This is an inherent flaw in proposed “red flag laws” which come from a good place of course, but in practice, humans are fallible, and implementing a system where such “poison pen attacks” don’t result in an innocent person’s civil liberties being infringed upon.
Geospatial Predictive Analysis is an interesting new trend that I can get behind. There aren’t any civil liberties to be concerned about or trampled on, and can all be done remotely, albeit after-the-fact o.
This paper focuses on finding spatial and temporal criminal hotspots. It analyses two different real-world crimes datasets for Denver, CO and Los Angeles, CA and provides a comparison between the two datasets through a statistical analysis supported by several graphs. Then, it clarifies how we conducted Apriori algorithm to produce interesting frequent patterns for criminal hotspots. In addition, the paper shows how we used Decision Tree classifier and Naïve Bayesian classifier in order to predict potential crime types. To further analyse crimes’ datasets, the paper introduces an analysis study by combining our findings of Denver crimes’ dataset with its demographics information in order to capture the factors that might affect the safety of neighborhoods. The results of this solution could be used to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous locations and to help agencies to predict future crimes in a specific location within
a particular time.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR CRIME PREDICTION IN URBAN SPACESmlaij
This work presents research based on evidence with neural networks for the development of predictive
crime models, finding the data sets used are focused on historical crime data, crime classification, types of
theft at different scales of space and time, counting crime and conflict points in urban areas. Among some
results, 81% precision is observed in the prediction of the Neural Network algorithm and ranges in the
prediction of crime occurrence at a space-time point between 75% and 90% using LSTM (Long-ShortSpace-Time). It is also observed in this review, that in the field of justice, systems based on intelligent
technologies have been incorporated, to carry out activities such as legal advice, prediction and decisionmaking, national and international cooperation in the fight against crime, police and intelligence services,
control systems with facial recognition, search and processing of legal information, predictive
surveillance, the definition of criminal models under the criteria of criminal records, history of incidents in
different regions of the city, location of the police force, established businesses, etc., that is, they make
predictions in the urban context of public security and justice. Finally, the ethical considerations and
principles related to predictive developments based on artificial intelligence are presented, which seek to
guarantee aspects such as privacy, privacy and the impartiality of the algorithms, as well as avoid the
processing of data under biases or distinctions. Therefore, it is concluded that the scenario for the
development, research, and operation of predictive crime solutions with neural networks and artificial
intelligence in urban contexts, is viable and necessary in Mexico, representing an innovative and effective
alternative that contributes to the attention of insecurity, since according to the indices of intentional
homicides, the crime rates of organized crime and violence with firearms, according to statistics from
INEGI, the Global Peace Index and the Government of Mexico, remain in increase.
Artificial Intelligence Models for Crime Prediction in Urban Spacesmlaij
This work presents research based on evidence with neural networks for the development of predictive crime models, finding the data sets used are focused on historical crime data, crime classification, types of theft at different scales of space and time, counting crime and conflict points in urban areas. Among some results, 81% precision is observed in the prediction of the Neural Network algorithm and ranges in the prediction of crime occurrence at a space-time point between 75% and 90% using LSTM (Long-ShortSpace-Time). It is also observed in this review, that in the field of justice, systems based on intelligent technologies have been incorporated, to carry out activities such as legal advice, prediction and decisionmaking, national and international cooperation in the fight against crime, police and intelligence services, control systems with facial recognition, search and processing of legal information, predictive surveillance, the definition of criminal models under the criteria of criminal records, history of incidents in different regions of the city, location of the police force, established businesses, etc., that is, they make predictions in the urban context of public security and justice. Finally, the ethical considerations and principles related to predictive developments based on artificial intelligence are presented, which seek to guarantee aspects such as privacy, privacy and the impartiality of the algorithms, as well as avoid the processing of data under biases or distinctions. Therefore, it is concluded that the scenario for the development, research, and operation of predictive crime solutions with neural networks and artificial intelligence in urban contexts, is viable and necessary in Mexico, representing an innovative and effective alternative that contributes to the attention of insecurity, since according to the indices of intentional homicides, the crime rates of organized crime and violence with firearms, according to statistics from INEGI, the Global Peace Index and the Government of Mexico, remain in increase.
Running head POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONSPOLI.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS
POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS 5
Police Organizational Structure and Operations
Rashieda NasifDavis
Argosy University
Research proposal.
In this proposal, I have chosen the area of the police organizational structure and the operations even more specifically, the research will focus on technology and policing. In this area, the research will focus on the problem of whether police technology has made any positive impacts on the crime reduction (Archbold, 2013). It has been known that technology has grown in almost all sectors, but despite this, here has also been an increase in the crime rates not only in the United States alone but in the world in general. This is despite the fact that the policing services have been spending billions of dollars each year in the development of technology that will enable them combat this problem of insecurity that threatens to bring down most of the economies due to the fact that even the potential investors will not put money in places that they fear. For this reason, I decided to choose this topic because in my own opinion it has weigh in the current world of technology and crime with the rise of the computer age and the cyber-crimes (Langeluttig, Albert, 1997)
Objectives.
In this case the main objectives of the research include determining by how much technology has impacted on crime rates in the past 10 years, knowing the advantages of technology on the policing services and some of the challenges technology has brought in the policing services.
Effectiveness of Police technology on Crime Reduction in U.S.A.
Literature review.
In this research problem, I am going focus on the issue of the police technology, then the issue of crime in the United States of America and finally, how the technology has impacted the crime. The police department has put into use many different technologies in order to accomplish the overall mission (Batten, Donna, 2010). The only technology that has put concerns on the police is the social media. In particular the app called Waze that is able to show the location of police officer. This allows those with the criminal intent to avoid capture (Fischer, Claude, 2012). But even as this complicates the work of the police, the users always leave behind a trail that can be followed to their arrest. This is because, the most effective police do not lack the muscle for such crimes. The rapid development of technology that can lead to criminal intents has also led to the quick adaptation of the police departments in development of better, exiting and more innovative tools for the service (Steven D. 2004).
In a statement by David Roberts, a senior program manager for technology center at the International Association of Chiefs of Police, there are a lot of issues that face the law enforcers and in almost all the situations, there has been use of technology in handling them. The technology is e ...
Affandi the painter_indonesian best artistGioliano Putra
Affandi Koesoema was a great Indonesian artist. His paintings shows a lot of expressionism and romantism style, inspite of his early works on realism. Nowadays his style was inherited to his daughter, Kartika. His works can be found in his museum located in Yogyakarta.
Annax Technologies is a collection of energetic and lively bunch of professionals who make the company a trusted brand name for one stop solutions for mobile and web apps.
Incarceration has historically been about punishment but recently the trend has shifted towards reform, schooling, and an entrepreneurial spirit. In this report, we look at trends in prison experiences, technology, as well as edtech and entrepreneurship in prisons. Prisons are increasingly enabling inmates to get a vocational training, degrees, and even healing. No longer are inmates looked upon as "less than human" but there is a curiosity about their minds and views that are pro-reform so that they integrate well into society on their release. We then forecast three scenarios on mass incarceration in 2040.
Abstract : Crime prediction is a topic of significant research across the fields of criminology, data mining, city planning, law enforcement, and political science. Crime patterns exist on a spatial level; these patterns can be grouped geographically by physical location, and analyzed contextually based on the region
in which crime occurs. This paper proposes a mechanism to parameterize street-level crime, localize crime hotspots, identify correlations between spatiotemporal crime patterns and social trends, and analyze the resulting data for the purposes of knowledge discovery and anomaly detection. The subject of this study is the county of Merseyside in the United Kingdom, over a span of 21 months beginning in December 2010 (monthly) through August 2012. Several types of crime are analyzed in this dataset, including Burglary and Antisocial Behavior. Through this analysis, several interesting findings are drawn about crime in Merseyside, including: hotspots with steadily increasing crime levels, hotspots with unstable crime levels, synchronous changes in crime trends throughout Merseyside as a whole, individual months in which certain hotspots behaved anomalously, and a strong correlation between crime hotspot locations and borough/postal code locations. We believe that this type of statistical and correlative analysis of crime patterns will help law enforcement agencies predict criminal activity, allocate resources, and promote community awareness to reduce overall crime rates.
For more information, please visit: http://people.cs.vt.edu/parang/ or contact parang at firstname at cs vt edu
250 words agree or disagreeWhile I have mixed opinions about p.docxvickeryr87
250 words agree or disagree
While I have mixed opinions about predictive policing, I find it to be an incredibly fascinating topic. Personally, I think it can blur the lines of civil liberties protection and proactive policing. However, I think with the proper, no-kidding, honest-to-goodness checks and balances, the technologies available to law enforcement and intelligence agencies can indeed be a force multiplier and allow for effective prevention of criminal acts or terrorism.
The concept of protective policing brings to mind a couple of things. First and foremost, that law enforcement agencies utilize data science to create algorithms that conduct trend analysis and/or heat maps to indicate areas of significant instances of criminal activity. For example, in my town, statistically more crime occurs in low-income areas and housing projects. Our police department uses criminal intelligence analysts to do everything from social media/open-source analysis to trend analysis to perform predictive policing. One benefit of watching social media is that over time, criminal tradecraft can be identified, such as drug deals, communications methods between persons of interest, and neighbors reporting activity (to name a few). Online databases and scripting tools allow data scientists to create algorithms to identify, display, and alert users to endlessly-customizable circumstances. For example, when a known subject (SUBJ) is mentioned or tagged on social media, or when he checks in at a certain location.
Another example is forensic trend analysis. One downside of this approach is that it, by default, requires historic analysis. This, then, requires that before such analysis is performed, it requires the long-term collection of information on activities... which means that efficacy of “preventive” policing evolves from a baseline to more effectiveness over time as more collection and analysis is performed. What concerns me about this, as I touched on before, is the potential for abuse. One “lesson learned” from an overseas tour was that often, people with differences of any sort (whether it be from perceived/actual personal slights, racial differences, tribal conflicts, etc), often report derogatory information about their neighbors for some form of personal gain – satisfaction, monetary compensation, or some other motivation. This, then, results in that neighbor being arrested, interrogated, or detained for long periods of time simply because a neighbor had a proverbial axe to grind. This is an inherent flaw in proposed “red flag laws” which come from a good place of course, but in practice, humans are fallible, and implementing a system where such “poison pen attacks” don’t result in an innocent person’s civil liberties being infringed upon.
Geospatial Predictive Analysis is an interesting new trend that I can get behind. There aren’t any civil liberties to be concerned about or trampled on, and can all be done remotely, albeit after-the-fact o.
This paper focuses on finding spatial and temporal criminal hotspots. It analyses two different real-world crimes datasets for Denver, CO and Los Angeles, CA and provides a comparison between the two datasets through a statistical analysis supported by several graphs. Then, it clarifies how we conducted Apriori algorithm to produce interesting frequent patterns for criminal hotspots. In addition, the paper shows how we used Decision Tree classifier and Naïve Bayesian classifier in order to predict potential crime types. To further analyse crimes’ datasets, the paper introduces an analysis study by combining our findings of Denver crimes’ dataset with its demographics information in order to capture the factors that might affect the safety of neighborhoods. The results of this solution could be used to raise people’s awareness regarding the dangerous locations and to help agencies to predict future crimes in a specific location within
a particular time.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODELS FOR CRIME PREDICTION IN URBAN SPACESmlaij
This work presents research based on evidence with neural networks for the development of predictive
crime models, finding the data sets used are focused on historical crime data, crime classification, types of
theft at different scales of space and time, counting crime and conflict points in urban areas. Among some
results, 81% precision is observed in the prediction of the Neural Network algorithm and ranges in the
prediction of crime occurrence at a space-time point between 75% and 90% using LSTM (Long-ShortSpace-Time). It is also observed in this review, that in the field of justice, systems based on intelligent
technologies have been incorporated, to carry out activities such as legal advice, prediction and decisionmaking, national and international cooperation in the fight against crime, police and intelligence services,
control systems with facial recognition, search and processing of legal information, predictive
surveillance, the definition of criminal models under the criteria of criminal records, history of incidents in
different regions of the city, location of the police force, established businesses, etc., that is, they make
predictions in the urban context of public security and justice. Finally, the ethical considerations and
principles related to predictive developments based on artificial intelligence are presented, which seek to
guarantee aspects such as privacy, privacy and the impartiality of the algorithms, as well as avoid the
processing of data under biases or distinctions. Therefore, it is concluded that the scenario for the
development, research, and operation of predictive crime solutions with neural networks and artificial
intelligence in urban contexts, is viable and necessary in Mexico, representing an innovative and effective
alternative that contributes to the attention of insecurity, since according to the indices of intentional
homicides, the crime rates of organized crime and violence with firearms, according to statistics from
INEGI, the Global Peace Index and the Government of Mexico, remain in increase.
Artificial Intelligence Models for Crime Prediction in Urban Spacesmlaij
This work presents research based on evidence with neural networks for the development of predictive crime models, finding the data sets used are focused on historical crime data, crime classification, types of theft at different scales of space and time, counting crime and conflict points in urban areas. Among some results, 81% precision is observed in the prediction of the Neural Network algorithm and ranges in the prediction of crime occurrence at a space-time point between 75% and 90% using LSTM (Long-ShortSpace-Time). It is also observed in this review, that in the field of justice, systems based on intelligent technologies have been incorporated, to carry out activities such as legal advice, prediction and decisionmaking, national and international cooperation in the fight against crime, police and intelligence services, control systems with facial recognition, search and processing of legal information, predictive surveillance, the definition of criminal models under the criteria of criminal records, history of incidents in different regions of the city, location of the police force, established businesses, etc., that is, they make predictions in the urban context of public security and justice. Finally, the ethical considerations and principles related to predictive developments based on artificial intelligence are presented, which seek to guarantee aspects such as privacy, privacy and the impartiality of the algorithms, as well as avoid the processing of data under biases or distinctions. Therefore, it is concluded that the scenario for the development, research, and operation of predictive crime solutions with neural networks and artificial intelligence in urban contexts, is viable and necessary in Mexico, representing an innovative and effective alternative that contributes to the attention of insecurity, since according to the indices of intentional homicides, the crime rates of organized crime and violence with firearms, according to statistics from INEGI, the Global Peace Index and the Government of Mexico, remain in increase.
Running head POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONSPOLI.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS
POLICE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS 5
Police Organizational Structure and Operations
Rashieda NasifDavis
Argosy University
Research proposal.
In this proposal, I have chosen the area of the police organizational structure and the operations even more specifically, the research will focus on technology and policing. In this area, the research will focus on the problem of whether police technology has made any positive impacts on the crime reduction (Archbold, 2013). It has been known that technology has grown in almost all sectors, but despite this, here has also been an increase in the crime rates not only in the United States alone but in the world in general. This is despite the fact that the policing services have been spending billions of dollars each year in the development of technology that will enable them combat this problem of insecurity that threatens to bring down most of the economies due to the fact that even the potential investors will not put money in places that they fear. For this reason, I decided to choose this topic because in my own opinion it has weigh in the current world of technology and crime with the rise of the computer age and the cyber-crimes (Langeluttig, Albert, 1997)
Objectives.
In this case the main objectives of the research include determining by how much technology has impacted on crime rates in the past 10 years, knowing the advantages of technology on the policing services and some of the challenges technology has brought in the policing services.
Effectiveness of Police technology on Crime Reduction in U.S.A.
Literature review.
In this research problem, I am going focus on the issue of the police technology, then the issue of crime in the United States of America and finally, how the technology has impacted the crime. The police department has put into use many different technologies in order to accomplish the overall mission (Batten, Donna, 2010). The only technology that has put concerns on the police is the social media. In particular the app called Waze that is able to show the location of police officer. This allows those with the criminal intent to avoid capture (Fischer, Claude, 2012). But even as this complicates the work of the police, the users always leave behind a trail that can be followed to their arrest. This is because, the most effective police do not lack the muscle for such crimes. The rapid development of technology that can lead to criminal intents has also led to the quick adaptation of the police departments in development of better, exiting and more innovative tools for the service (Steven D. 2004).
In a statement by David Roberts, a senior program manager for technology center at the International Association of Chiefs of Police, there are a lot of issues that face the law enforcers and in almost all the situations, there has been use of technology in handling them. The technology is e ...
With the rapid development of the Internet, a big data era chara.docxadolphoyonker
With the rapid development of the Internet, a big data era characterized by information explosion is coming. Public security relies on predictive policing to improve its work efficiency. Predictive policing based on large data analysis, it predicts which area of a city is most likely to occurs crimes and where criminals are most likely to be found. Privacy and civil rights must be seriously considered the problems of predictive policing, especially those who are predicted as offenders or victims. In the fiction short story “The Minority Report” by Philip K. Dick, describing Washington in 2054, the judicial system has been able to predict crime through psychological technology, system helps arrest the before he commits the crime. Dick shows his concern about predictive policing, which has been consistently developed; however, the main problem with predictive policing is its reliability. Although this is only a science fiction vision of the future, PredPol has made it a reality to some extent. Recently, the Los Angeles Police Department announced an expansion of the use of crime prediction software to speculate when and where crime is most likely to occur. Dick’s concern supports modern criticism of predictive policing and technology that crime prediction models are based on flawed statistics that reflect inherent prejudices in the criminal justice system.
Dick’s concern about predictive policing were that it is not accurate and contain lots of flaw. John Anderton, one of the elites of the pre-crime team, was accused of murdering a man he didn't know. In the process of his death and pursuit, Anderton learned that it was the three “PreCogs” who had the power to decide whether a person's guilt was ultimately established. If two of them are found guilty and the other disagrees, the last one is in the minority, whose opinion is called Minority Report. In story, Anderton states, "If the system can survive only by imprisoning innocent people, then it deserves to be destroyed. My personal safety is important because I'm a human being. And furthermore-"(Anderton, 114) By using the word “innocent,” Dick shows the potential unreliability of the predict technology. After reconsidered the meaning of pre-crime system, Anderton realized that what he has believed was successful is all built on the suffering of the people and threatening their lives. Dick emphasizes that the predictive technology should seek a balance between protecting individual privacy and safety. This action makes the argument of whether the society should trust the predictive policing system. In the end, Anderton did not kill the person who appeared in the Precogs’ prediction. However, the matter is that it's not possible to penalize someone before he commits a criminal offense simply because he's judged to own a motive.
The not accuracy and flaws contain in predictive policing that Dick’s concern has still value in the modern society… (missing second part of the prompt which is Analyze.
Journal of-Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, pp. 217-241 (1979). Per.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of-Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, pp. 217-241 (1979).
Pergamon Press. Printed in U.S.A.
0047-2352’79/030217-26s2.WO
Copyright @ 1979 Pergamon Press Ltd
INFORMATION, APPREHENSION, AND DETERRENCE:
EXPLORING THE LIMITS OF POLICE PRODUCTIVITY
WESLEY G. SKOGAN
Department of Political Science and Center for Urban Affairs
Northwestern University
Evanston. Illinois 60201
GEORGE E. ANTUNES
Department of Political Science
University of Houston
Houston, Texas 77004
and
Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana 47401
ABSTRACT
The capacity of police departments to solve crimes and
apprehend offenders is low for many types of crime, particu-
larly crimes of profit. This article reviews a variety of studies
of police apprehension and hypothesizes that an important
determinant of the ability of the police to apprehend crimi-
nals is information. The complete absence of information for
many types of crime places fairly clear upper bounds on the
ability of the police to effect solutions.
To discover whether these boundaries are high or low we
analyzed data from the 1973 National Crime Panel about the
types and amount of information potentially available to po-
lice through victim reports and patrol activities. The evidence
suggests that if the police rely on information made readily
217
218 WESLEY G. SKOGAN and GEORGE E. ANTUNES
available to them, they will never do much better than they
are doing now. On the other hand, there appears to be more
information available to bystanders and passing patrols than
currently is being used, which suggests that surveillance
strategies and improved police methods for eliciting, record-
ing, and analyzing information supplied by victims and wit-
nesses might increase the probability of solving crimes and
making arrests. In light of this we review a few possibly help-
ful innovations suggested in the literature on police produc-
tivity and procedure.
Some characteristics of the crime itself, or of events surrounding the crime, that are
beyond the control of investigators, determine whether it will be cleared in most in-
stances. (Greenwood et al., 1975: 65)
There is no feasible way to solve most crimes except by securing the cooperation of
citizens to link a person to the crime. (Reiss, 1971: 105)
INTRODUCTION
A recent spate of studies of crime and the deterrent effectiveness of the criminal
justice system has raised anew a question as old as Bentham: Does raising the cost of
criminal activity signiticantly reduce the level of crime in a community? In these studies,
the cost of criminal activity has been conceptualized in two ways: as the loss of time and
opportunity attendant to apprehension (measured by the certainty of arrest or punish-
ment), and as the stigma, discomfort, and loss of opportunity that come with conviction
by the courts (measured by the severity of punishment). Indicators of the di ...
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more method.pdfRahul04August
Technology is advancing at an alarming rate. We now have more methods of interaction than
ever before: phone, text, instant messenger, GPS, Skype, etc. Businesses today must be
connected at multiple levels via multiple media in order to be competitive. Ponder and develop a
strategy for future forensic applications in an increasingly digitalized and connected world.
Discuss the challenges that these new media and technologies present to the forensic analyst and
begin to frame some solutions.
Solution
Computer forensics is the practice of collecting, analysing and reporting on digital data in a way
that is legally admissible. It can be used in the detection and prevention of crime and in any
dispute where evidence is stored digitally. Computer forensics follows a similar process to other
forensic disciplines, and faces similar issues.
The phrase “digital forensics” invokes an image of law enforcement officers conducting criminal
investigations. The breadth of digital forensics practices goes far beyond this narrow definition.
Civil cases use forensic analysis. Large corporations and organizations use their own forensics
groups to investigate internal issues, compliance, and insider threats that are rarely publicly
released. Governments have forensic resources that are applied in many areas, such as military
intelligence.
Forensic Applications of New Analytical Technologies
Multiply hyphenated techniques, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with retention
time locking (GC/MS/RTL), liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry
(LC/MS/TOF), microfluidic-based capillary electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA/ICP/MS), are
able to uncover forensically germane information by providing unprecedented levels of
analytical selectivity and sensitivity, extracting genetic signatures from previously overlooked
biological sources, and sequentially microdeconstructing samples so as to map the spatial
variation and concentration of elemental constituents. These new ranges of information and rich
data sets can contribute facts crucial to the reconstruction of events and thereby increase the
probability of an accurate finding in the matters under investigation..
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Dennis Ellis
Cloudy with a Chance of Robbery: Predictive Policing in an Era of Public Scrutiny
The convergence of society and technology is becoming an increasingly curious topic and
as we continue to move further into the eerily Orwellian digital age where there are seemingly
new worries about government surveillance on an almost weekly basis we find ourselves in a
major legal, financial, and social conundrum. The meteoric rise in the use of the internet and
smart devices controlled by massive satellites postulate a number of queries into the legitimacy
of such advanced technological possibilities. Geographic information systems (GIS) offer us
ways to map destinations digitally, locate missing electronics, and develop comprehensive maps
for a number of discourses. Law enforcement at all levels are driving toward becoming more
technologically sophisticated so as to keep up with modern society, especially a society that can
use such technology for a number of crimes and connections to other criminals. The allocation of
tax money for law enforcement is a concern for every jurisdiction and as a country still
recovering from economic collapse our resources must always be scrutinized. Finally,
surveillance and big data have a number of implications relating to the Fourth Amendment and
while the courts linger on these issues, technology continues to advance and is now offering
ways to predict crimes before they happen.
Policing has evolved over the years from being largely political to more astute and
militaristic to the more current philosophy of community policing. Predicated on the broken
windows (Wilson & Kelling, 1982) and problem-oriented (Braga et al, 1999; Weisburd, Telep,
Hinkle, & Eck, 2010) models of policing, the community model strives through a cooperative
effort by residents businesses, public agencies, and the police to eliminate underlying issues and
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social ills research has shown perpetuates criminal activity (Braga et al, 1999; Skogan, 1990;
Weisburd, Telep, Hinkle, & Eck, 2010; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The notions presented in these
texts discuss the impact that disorder has on crime and while the impact might not be completely
direct (i.e. actual broken windows may not result in robbery or vagrancy) there does seem to be
reason to believe disorder and incivility cause people to lose informal social control of their
neighborhoods leading them to disorganization (Bursik & Grasmick, 1993). Using this
knowledge police departments have been fighting for years to implement programs that focus on
these issues with some success although that is largely dependent on the willingness of residents
to fight for their neighborhoods and the willingness of governments to allocate tax dollars to
fixing these issues. Often times neighborhoods fall into states of being nearly unrepairable with
large numbers of vacant and condemned buildings coupled with street-level disorders such as
prostitution, drug use, and vandalism (Bursik & Grasmick, 1993; Wilson & Kelling, 1982). The
overall aim with these models is one of prevention through collaborative efforts with the idea
that fighting the source of these issues will solve problems more thoroughly that fighting
symptoms though traditional criminal justice procedures. These models are now being used by
software developer and law enforcement in the form of predictive policing defined by Comacho-
Collados and Liveratore (2014) as “the application of quantitative techniques to foretell where
crimes will take place in the short-term future…taking data from disparate sources, analyzing
them, and then using the results to anticipate, prevent, and respond more effectively to future
crimes” and used this definition in their study of the technical aspect of a program implemented
in Spain that saw some success. The actuarial-predictive model is the latest development in the
fight for crime prevention and the combined use of the vast research on crime and large
databases is revolutionizing how law enforcement operates.
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Technology offers interesting opportunities for crime prevention through the use of
various modes ranging from GIS satellites, crime cameras, red-light cameras, license plate
readers, electronic monitoring (EM) and the like but these all come at two potential costs:
privacy and taxes. Surveillance by the government has long been of concern to people of all
parties yet legislation has typically ruled in favor of the government and the police
(P.A.T.R.I.O.T. Act, United States v. Knox, others). In today’s world we have seemingly come
full circle with the ones dreamed up by fiction writers like Orwell, Huxley, and Rand where we
cannot escape being watched by Big Brother and all the while this watching is done on the tax-
payers dollar. All of these sorts of sources can be thought of under the umbrella term “big data”
which is defined by Joh (2014) as “the application of artificial intelligence to the vast amount of
digitized data now available” and in her article presents a number of key concepts for the
predictive policing model, specifically: place, individual, and surveillance. Her study focused on
New York City’s CompStat program which considers a number of data sources and use them to
help precinct commanders employ their resources. Place is an important factor as crime tends to
occupy smaller geographic areas over certain periods of time and the use of software algorithms
that consider liquor store locations, in-and-out routes of areas, parks, and other spatial variations
offers a view that hinges on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
model (Joh, 2014; Newman, 1972). The role of the individual is calculated through sifting of
social networking sites and accounts of potential or suspected offenders and works in a similar
fashion to the counter-insurgency used by the U.S. Military in the battles in the Middle East; this
allows for law enforcement to study and connect groups of people who may play different roles
in a variety of crimes (Joh, 2014). Finally the collection of all of this data is done by domain
awareness systems (DAS) which takes in data from camera, license plate readers, gunshot
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readers and other types of sensors to develop a map of where this is happening in the city and to
store the information for easy retrieval (Joh, 2014). The amount of data these can collect and
store is astounding and the success New York has seen has encouraged other cities to use similar
methods and has allowed for certain companies to develop software that aims to predict crimes
more specifically that what we have seen used in New York.
Two companies, PredPol and HunchLab are at the forefront of predictive policing
technology and the use of algorithms to predict crime and place officers where they need to be
when they need to be there. PredPol focuses solely on three criteria place, type, and time of
crime and thus is more focused on property crimes which do make up the majority of reported
crimes (PredPol, 2016). It attempts to keep biases out of their model by not including
information on relevant offenders known to the area while allowing veteran officer’s intuition to
play a role in how they use the technology. This model is where CompStat came from and is
known at the Near Repeat model as it uses the place, time, and type criteria to serve as a sort of
educated guess (Koss, 2015). HunchLab, however is the more cutting-edge and risky program. It
uses a wide variety of factors including geographic, seasonal, known offenders, time of day, and
just about any other considerable data point relatable to crime to predict not only what type of
crime and where but even offering suggestions as to whom may be the offender (HunchLab,
2016). It uses two models, the aforementioned Near Repeat model and the Risk Terrain model
which uses GIS technology and compares it with behavioral, social, physical, and environmental
factors to develop predictions (Koss, 2015). The use of this combination is where there is some
potential blowback from those questioning the legitimacy of surveillance and data in relation to
the Fourth Amendment’s “Right to Privacy” clause and to this point the courts have ruled in
favor of the police but have also left this up for future debate as the ever-evolving world of
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technology seems to produce new option and new data (Joh, 2014; Koss, 2015). These
technologies are not without their drawbacks as concerns about human fallibility and the Fourth
Amendment protections against unreasonable searches and seizures show the limits that
programs like PredPol and HunchLab have from both a scientific and legal perspective (Koss,
2015). The ideas that Koss (2015) presents that these technologies could predict a crime down to
the time, person and even exact type (a heroin transaction as opposed to a drug transaction) are
interesting but somewhat flawed in her argument regarding Fourth Amendment rights. These
technologies aim more to place officers where they should be for potential crimes; they do not
tell them whom to stop although HunchLab does offer a service that shows known offenders
living in the area but the police are generally familiar with those types of people from the nature
of their work. Her argument that it could create biases is limited and the police are routinely
checked for profiling, not to mention that the courts have ruled that stop-and-frisk’s are legal and
have been researched to have considerable benefit (Joh, 2014; Koss, 2015). In fact, in a
comprehensive study by Perry, McInnis, Price, Smith, and Hollywood (2013) they highly
recommend a model closer to that of HunchLab that focuses on using spatial, environmental, and
social data for departments to develop crime fighting strategies. The writers also touch on other
key concepts such as cost, implementation, and tailoring the programs to specific departments
and areas with distinct crime issues (Perry et al, 2013). Cost is a particularly interesting
consideration as police departments are a tax funded agency and citizens theoretically would like
to know how their money is being spent. This also plays into the Fourth Amendment argument
as those feeling this violate their rights would likely be quite reluctant to pay for such
technologies that are seemingly in a gray area from the courts perspective. Considering the large
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investment that purchasing, implementing, and maintaining these programs would require it
certainly would not be surprising to see people questioning their legitimacy.
The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries brought forth a number of major
technological advances from the internet and personal computers to smart phones and drones and
while the vast majority of these used simply for personal enjoyment they have become major
players in the way data is compiled and stored. Governments can use this massive amount of
data to develop policy and to implement programs aimed at efficient use of public services. The
use of big data and technology is not without its concerns though as people expect a certain level
of privacy inside and outside of their homes which can seemingly be compromised by the use of
cameras and massive databases being watched by people who use the information for their
entities needs. This is a format being used not only by criminal justice agencies but also entities
such as Target, Walmart or Amazon (Joh, 2014). The use of such data by law enforcement and
government offers a number of opportunities for efficient police work and quick retrieval of
information when on patrol or even in an investigation. However, they do have some drawbacks
in the form of human fallibility and the potential of violating certain Fourth Amendment rights
that must be considered before implementation. The courts have only limited rulings on this
issue and removing bias from police work in left to the department and individual officers. The
cost of these programs should be scrutinized and they should only be implemented if the cost is
equitable. HunchLab is seemingly the better of the two major programs as it uses both Near
Repeat and Risk Terrain modeling to develop its maps and build a database that also take
department specific data and algorithms into consideration. This program is being used to some
degree of success by the St. Louis County Police Department (St. Louis County Police, 2016).
The use of these programs is a great evolution in broken-windows, problem-oriented, and
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community based policing that will allow the police to run more efficiently and to consider
macro and micro level community problems and enter them into the database for crime control.
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References
Braga, A. A., Weisburd, D. L., Waring, E. J., Mazerolle, L. G., Spelman, W., & Gajewski, F.
(1999). PROBLEM‐ORIENTED POLICING IN VIOLENT CRIME PLACES: A
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT*.Criminology, 37(3), 541-580.
Camacho-Collados M, & Liberatore F. (2015). A decision support system for predictive
police patrolling. Decision Support Systems, 75, 25-37. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2015.04.012
Dolly, C. (2016, May 7). Predictive Policing in St. Louis County [E-mail interview].
Joh, E. E. (2014). Policing by numbers: Big data and the fourth amendment. Washington Law
Review, 89(1), 35
Koss, K. K. (2015). Leveraging predictive policing algorithms to restore fourth amendment
protections in high-crime areas in a post-wardlow world. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 90(1), 301
Newman, O. (1972). Defensible space: Crime prevention through urban design. New York:
Macmillan.
"Next Generation Predictive Policing." Web. 13 May 2016.
Perry, W. L., McInnis, B., Price, C. C., Smith, S. C., Hollywood, J., Rand online collection, . .
. Rand Safety and Justice (Program). (2013). Predictive policing: The role of crime forecasting
in law enforcement operations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. doi:10.7249/j.ctt4cgdcz
"Predict Crime | Predictive Policing Software | PredPol." Web. 13 May 2016.
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Skogan, W. G. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American
Neighborhoods. New York :Toronto :New York: Free Press ;Collier Macmillan Canada
;Maxwell Macmillan International.
Weisburd, D., Telep, C. W., Hinkle, J. C., & Eck, J. E. (2010). Is problem‐oriented policing
effective in reducing crime and disorder? Criminology & Public Policy, 9(1), 139-172.
Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety: Broken
windows. Atlantic monthly, 127(2).
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Course Reflection
I enjoyed this unit and especially the openness that was the final course project. Many of
the courses I have taken limit what can be done for a final project although that is somewhat
expected as they are aimed toward specific material whereas this was a more open exploration of
writing and rhetoric. The time we spent analyzing projects like Freeman and Merskin’s was quite
interesting and I would like to do some similar analysis of crime related programming. Although
we had nearly six weeks to work on this I still felt kind of rushed at the end, although that was
partially my own doing and more related to family obligations that the course structure. In my
opinion, it might have worked better for the previous two units to be part of this one in a build up
to a final project such that the first unit could be working on an annotated bibliography, the
second a thorough literature review, and the final an analysis of the literature/field research done.
However, this was a perfectly fine format and I especially enjoyed the annotated bibliography
portion of it. I will be using this going forward as I found it quite helpful. One of the projects I
am working on in an Independent Study will be greatly helped by this format.
I feel like my performance in this course was quite frankly lacking from that of previous
courses and I attribute this to the aforementioned family obligations and partially to being
unfamiliar with literacy narratives and more intensive critical analysis using naysayers and the
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like. This course has open my eyes for future rhetorical work and I will be taking this with me as
I go forward. The ideas presented of being more open-minded with rhetoric and developing a
voice is a nice break from the seemingly cookie-cutter ideas presented in other writing based
courses. I have also reserved a spot on my desk for the Graff book as his simplistic way of
outlining writing strategies was also interesting and helpful and I will be using them in courses
going forward. Thank you for your time this semester Mr. Kimbrell and despite my words here, I
will take a lot of this course with me going forward.