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1. HYBRID DRIVE IN CARD
ELECTRONIC CAPSTONE EXAMPLE
INTRODUCTION
Throughout history, man seeks to facilitate and improve transport, primarily
himself and then raw materials and other necessary things. The 19th century represents a
milestone in the development of modern transport by the invention of an internal
combustion engine (ICE). With this invention, a new automotive industry is emerging, which
is rapidly an essential economic factor of virtually all developed countries. However, in spite
of the opinion of most people that electric and hybrid vehicles are a thing of the past, or
something that has just been a forerunner in our industry and everyday life, that thought is
not entirely correct. Electric vehicles appeared in parallel with vehicles with internal
combustion. Namely, one of the main means of transport of that time were trams which
were by themselves electric vehicles and the inventors in the past wanted to use such an
electric drive to run the vehicle as the electric tram technology was highly developed. At the
beginning of the 20th century, the internal combustion engines almost discharged electric
vehicles from the scene. The biggest reasons for this are the speed and power of such
vehicles, and finally the introduction of the electric starter of such engines, which
contributes most to the enjoyment of driving with such vehicles. The energy crisis in the
second half of the 20th century leads to reinvestment and research into electric vehicles. The
main disadvantage of electric vehicles was the range of the vehicles themselves. As a kind of
compromise of these drawbacks comes the invention of a hybrid propulsion vehicle, which is
a compound of an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The hybrid drive of a
car is the name that indicates the launch of a car by several different energy sources,
primarily electric motors (accumulators) and internal combustion engines, and combine the
benefits of both sources depending on the type of driving or mode of operation. The
requirements can be varied, so the combination of two engines can meet the same
requirements, such as more economical fuel consumption, greater power requirements, or
even additional auxiliary power for electronic devices inside the car. One of the most
important differences between hybrid propulsion cars and electric cars themselves is in
their batteries and charging and discharging battery. In hybrid cars, it is more important to
have faster battery charging and discharge than to achieve high power, such as electric cars.
Battery capacity is lower in hybrid than in electric cars, although hybrid car technology is
almost entirely developed and could combine classic cars in the future with classic cars in
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2. HYBRID DRIVE IN CARD
ELECTRONIC CAPSTONE EXAMPLE
the future.
The complete propulsion of a hybrid car consists of internal combustion engine,
electric generator, electric motor, power split device (PSD), battery packs.
Electromotor - The electric motor represents the biggest difference between hybrid
and classic cars. Today's electric motors offer a number of benefits to customers such as
reduced fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, fast and quiet engine engagement,
braking power storage, improved driving dynamics thanks to acceleration regulation and the
like. The controller depends on the selected motor. The controller is a device that controls the
operation of the motor, without it the electric motor is practically unusable. The choice of
controllers is just as important as the choice of the engine. Even the best engine with a
poorly-adjusted controller will not yield good results. A circuit connecting a classic motor
with an electric motor and a car's transmission is known as power split device (PSD). PSD is
actually a device that separates and unites drive aggregates. The internal combustion engine
is connected with planetary gear lever. Turning to operation, the motor tends to rotate the
outer gear connected to the transmission and the center gear connected to the MG1
generator (motor / generator 1). The distribution of motor power on the vehicle and MG1
generator usually amounts to 72:28%. This relationship is solved by the number of teeth on
the outer gear. In other words, the engine will provide 72% of its power on the vehicle and
28% on the generator. This relationship may change depending on the driving mode. When
driving at a steady pace at no greater load, the engine will use less power to run the vehicle,
and more to generate electricity. The computer will always take into account the power of
the generated currents so that the engine load on the generator is balanced. While the vehicle
is idle, the engine still rotates the carrier with planets that are clamped on the outer gear and
rotate the sun (center) (or the generator). When the vehicle is powered by an electric motor
MG2 (motor / generator 2) connected directly to the outer gear, the planets rotate around
their shafts on a bracket connected to a gasoline or diesel engine that is not working at this
time. In this situation, the satellites will rotate the sun (center), and with it the generator will
turn off the sun-generator. This would mean that we have an electric motor drive situation
unrelated to the vehicles’ idle motor. Driving with an electric motor is more suitable for lesser
speeds, so by increasing the speed (at 60 km / h), the computer loads the generator and the
situation in the planetary gear changes. After charging the central gear of the sun, the
satellites will no longer be able to rotate it lightly, but will snap on the carrier that is
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3. HYBRID DRIVE IN CARD
ELECTRONIC CAPSTONE EXAMPLE
connected to the vehicle's engine. In the impossibility of turning the sun, the satellites will
rotate together with the big gear, launch the satellite carrier, and on the motor vehicle. The
motor vehicle will run the vehicle together with the electric motor or separately when
starting. Most hybrids are fitted with variable transmissions.
When driving a car using an electric motor, we do not use a classic gearbox (manual
or automatic). The large planetary gear wheel is directly connected to the differential and
the speed of the electric motor dictates the speed of the vehicle. Both generators / motors
are connected via an inverter. They regulate the current flow from MG1 directly to the MG2
or battery, as well as the current flow from the battery to the MG2 or from the battery in the
vehicle slowdown.
The inverter and converter combined as a whole control the power and charging of
electric circuits in hybrid cars. Batteries provide direct current (DC) and must be
transformed into AC power needed by the engine to operate with the car electronics itself. A
common hybrid and electric car is to use a relatively low AC voltage of around 210V to make
them smaller and thus provide greater space in the car. Hybrids generally use a high AC
voltage generator of about 650 V and it is precisely the task of the inverter and the converter
that these different types of voltage and current within the car are harmonized and that the
whole system works as a whole. The inverter has the task of inverting high-voltage DC power
from the battery into a three-phase alternating current of the required motor
We can say that the controller is the "brain" of a hybrid car. It is present in virtually all
automotive activities, from regenerative braking, charging, starting, etc. The process of
controller operation starts by collecting and processing the necessary data from other car
systems, then based on them deciding on further action and finally establishing connection
with the appropriate set of systems required to perform the desired activity. Likewise, the
controller monitors all the converter and inverter activity to balance the power requirements
of most fourteen volt electrical components and high voltages.
Energy storage systems (batteries) are essential for electric vehicles such as hybrid
cars (HEVs), plug-in hybrid cars (PHEVs) and all electric cars (EVs). Energy storage is the
main reason for the slow development of electric cars. At the beginning of the development
of electric cars, lead batteries were used, but because of the relatively poor characteristics
of such batteries, new lithium-based batteries appeared on the market. The principle of
battery operation is based on the fact that ionized elements of a chemical electrode are
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4. HYBRID DRIVE IN CARD
ELECTRONIC CAPSTONE EXAMPLE
easily attracted to combining with other molecules by emitting electrons (energy) in that
process. These elements are driven through the electrolyte and the separator against the
opposite electrodes. Anode ions (negative electrodes) release electrons; positive ions come
to the anode and receive electrons, the released electrons travel through the circuit,
generating a charge flow in the opposite direction from the ion ions. During charging, the
current has an opposite sign and goes back to the battery, reversing the whole process.
REFERENCES
Pesaran, A., Gonder, J., & Keyser, M. (2009). Ultracapacitor Applications and Evaluation for
Hybrid Electric Vehicles, In: 7th Annual Advanced Capacitor World Summit Conference,
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): Hotel Torrey Pines La Jolla, CA; 2009.
Tie, S. F., & Tan, C. W. (2013). A Review of Energy Sources and Energy Management System
in Electric Vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 82-102.
Emadi, A., Young, J. L., & Rajashekara, K. (2008). Power Electronics and Motor Drives in
Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Industrial Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on 2008, 55(6): 2237–45.
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