New Orleans implemented a pilot SEP. We
13. US Census Bureau. American Community Survey.
Available at: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/. Accessed examined the impact of this SEP on proper
1) The study examined disparities in access to supermarkets before and after Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. syringe disposal and community needlestick
2) It found that before Katrina, residents of predominantly African American neighborhoods had less access to injuries.
supermarkets compared to other neighborhoods. 3) After Katrina, this disparity worsened but began to improve by
2009, though access had not fully returned to pre-Katrina levels and disparities
The document announces a "Thank You Veterans" event being held at the Main Campus Library on November 11, 2013 from 10:00am to 11:00am to honor veterans. The event will feature guest speakers including a state senator, three mayors, and the keynote speaker will be the VFW District Commander Wayne 'Hutch' Hutchinson. The document then lists 30 names of veterans who will be recognized and thanked at the event.
The document contains announcements about upcoming events at Brown Mackie College like a nursing ceremony, food drive, turkey drawing, and holiday singing, as well as a list of expected November graduates from different programs. It also provides information about student health insurance, computer lab hours and policies, parking at the Norwood campus, and tips for communicating with department chairs.
The document contains announcements for Brown Mackie College Cincinnati regarding various upcoming events and deadlines, including a music video contest, flu shot clinic, shuttle schedule between campuses, signups for a holiday music CD, computer lab hours and policies, and an early childhood education bake sale. It encourages students to vote, provides grade access instructions, and advertises a sponsored free movie screening about food.
1) A study examined the relationship between fast food restaurant density and neighborhood demographics in New Orleans. Researchers mapped all fast food restaurants and calculated density within 0.5 and 1 mile buffers of census tracts.
2) The study found higher fast food restaurant densities in predominantly black neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with lower median incomes, even after controlling for commercial and highway factors. Predominantly black neighborhoods had 2.4 fast food restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 in white neighborhoods.
3) The results suggest that the geographic distribution of fast food restaurants may contribute to higher obesity rates in black and low-income populations by increasing their exposure to inexpensive, calorie-dense fast food options in their local areas.
1) The document analyzes food access in low-income neighborhoods in Greensboro, NC compared to higher-income neighborhoods. It finds that the low-income, predominantly Black neighborhoods have significantly fewer grocery stores and more fast food restaurants within walking distance.
2) The methodology section describes how the researchers identified two low-income census tracts in Greensboro with Black majorities and low vehicle access to study, and compared them to one higher-income, predominantly white tract. They counted food outlets like stores and restaurants within a quarter mile and analyzed the data.
3) The food desert index created ranks neighborhoods based on access to supermarkets, healthy/unhealthy convenience stores, and fast food restaurants to quantify differences in
This document summarizes a GIS analysis of food resources and their relationship to obesity and poverty in Los Angeles County. The analysis found correlations between areas with high poverty rates and high obesity rates, and a lack of access to healthy foods. Maps showed high densities of fast food restaurants in districts with high poverty and obesity. Areas with greater access to grocery stores tended to have lower obesity rates, even with high poverty. The analysis concluded that improving access to healthy foods could help reduce obesity levels.
1. The document discusses different types of spatial analysis that can be used to analyze health data, including exploring relationships between data points, identifying clusters, and predictive modeling.
2. Specific examples are provided of spatial analyses conducted in Virginia to identify disparities in conditions like infant mortality, prostate cancer rates, and breast cancer rates across census tracts and counties.
3. Identifying clusters of high rates and disparities can help public health officials develop targeted interventions and policies to improve health equity.
Conducted Poisson e count regression model assessing the relationship between racial composition and three food store varieties: healthy, unhealthy and provisional locations. I use ArcGIS to count the number of food locations per census tract and then regressed the numbers with the racial composition of the neighborhoods in Milwaukee.
The document announces a "Thank You Veterans" event being held at the Main Campus Library on November 11, 2013 from 10:00am to 11:00am to honor veterans. The event will feature guest speakers including a state senator, three mayors, and the keynote speaker will be the VFW District Commander Wayne 'Hutch' Hutchinson. The document then lists 30 names of veterans who will be recognized and thanked at the event.
The document contains announcements about upcoming events at Brown Mackie College like a nursing ceremony, food drive, turkey drawing, and holiday singing, as well as a list of expected November graduates from different programs. It also provides information about student health insurance, computer lab hours and policies, parking at the Norwood campus, and tips for communicating with department chairs.
The document contains announcements for Brown Mackie College Cincinnati regarding various upcoming events and deadlines, including a music video contest, flu shot clinic, shuttle schedule between campuses, signups for a holiday music CD, computer lab hours and policies, and an early childhood education bake sale. It encourages students to vote, provides grade access instructions, and advertises a sponsored free movie screening about food.
1) A study examined the relationship between fast food restaurant density and neighborhood demographics in New Orleans. Researchers mapped all fast food restaurants and calculated density within 0.5 and 1 mile buffers of census tracts.
2) The study found higher fast food restaurant densities in predominantly black neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with lower median incomes, even after controlling for commercial and highway factors. Predominantly black neighborhoods had 2.4 fast food restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 in white neighborhoods.
3) The results suggest that the geographic distribution of fast food restaurants may contribute to higher obesity rates in black and low-income populations by increasing their exposure to inexpensive, calorie-dense fast food options in their local areas.
1) The document analyzes food access in low-income neighborhoods in Greensboro, NC compared to higher-income neighborhoods. It finds that the low-income, predominantly Black neighborhoods have significantly fewer grocery stores and more fast food restaurants within walking distance.
2) The methodology section describes how the researchers identified two low-income census tracts in Greensboro with Black majorities and low vehicle access to study, and compared them to one higher-income, predominantly white tract. They counted food outlets like stores and restaurants within a quarter mile and analyzed the data.
3) The food desert index created ranks neighborhoods based on access to supermarkets, healthy/unhealthy convenience stores, and fast food restaurants to quantify differences in
This document summarizes a GIS analysis of food resources and their relationship to obesity and poverty in Los Angeles County. The analysis found correlations between areas with high poverty rates and high obesity rates, and a lack of access to healthy foods. Maps showed high densities of fast food restaurants in districts with high poverty and obesity. Areas with greater access to grocery stores tended to have lower obesity rates, even with high poverty. The analysis concluded that improving access to healthy foods could help reduce obesity levels.
1. The document discusses different types of spatial analysis that can be used to analyze health data, including exploring relationships between data points, identifying clusters, and predictive modeling.
2. Specific examples are provided of spatial analyses conducted in Virginia to identify disparities in conditions like infant mortality, prostate cancer rates, and breast cancer rates across census tracts and counties.
3. Identifying clusters of high rates and disparities can help public health officials develop targeted interventions and policies to improve health equity.
Conducted Poisson e count regression model assessing the relationship between racial composition and three food store varieties: healthy, unhealthy and provisional locations. I use ArcGIS to count the number of food locations per census tract and then regressed the numbers with the racial composition of the neighborhoods in Milwaukee.
COVID-19 Impacts on the Food System and Food Security in Los Angeles CountyData Con LA
Data Con LA 2020
Description
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a crisis in our food system and widespread food insecurity. In L.A. County (LAC), almost 1 million households experienced food insecurity in the first two months of the pandemic. This was documented by our research team, comprised of experts in public health, health policy, and spatial and data science, and our government partner - the LAC Emergency Food Security Branch. The causes of food insecurity during the pandemic are likely complex: there are failures in the "last mile" of food distribution (e.g., food supply shortages, closure of food outlets), and people are facing many challenging accessing food because they have lost jobs, incomes, school meals, and because it's difficult to safely visit food stores and food banks. We are using multiple novel sources of data, including population survey data and secondary data on food outlets and food assistance programs, to quickly monitor changes to population food access and security and changes to the "last mile" of the food distribution system in LAC. This research will identify the people and places most at risk for food insecurity, propose timely interventions and solutions, and advance the science of food systems and food justice.
*Food insecurity--meaning disruptions in regular eating due to a lack of money or other resources has spiked in L.A. County during COVID-19
*Lowering the risk for food insecurity is difficult, because it is caused by many complex and changing factors.
*Our team of multidisciplinary researchers and government and community partners are drawing on multiple streams of data that give us insight into changes in population food access and food security, and the "last mile" of the distribution of food goods via grocery stores, restaurants, and food banks.
*Our findings are being quickly translated to our government and community partners to inform interventions and policy to increase food security in L.A. County as the pandemic unfolds.
Speaker
Kayla Haye, University of Southern California, Assistant Professor
Population and demography are major areas of study for social scientists. A population is defined as a group of individuals occupying a particular place at a given time. Key factors in defining a population are group, place, and time. Population growth impacts issues like housing, food security, and the environment. Demography statistically analyzes population characteristics like size, composition by age and sex, birth and death rates, and immigration. Demographic data is important for policymaking and predicting future trends. Sources of demographic data include censuses, vital statistics like birth and death records, and surveys. Population change is influenced by fertility, mortality, and migration. Population pyramids display the age and sex structure of a population.
Urbanization and Global Biosecurity: A Dangerously Neglected Dimension in DOD Doctrine and National Security Policy. Mad Scientist 2016: Megacities and Dense Urban Areas in 2025 and Beyond. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Apr 21 2016 - Apr 22 2016)
1. This document outlines One Health and EcoHealth developments in Latin America, using rabies in Colombia as an example.
2. It describes how rabies control has been fragmented across different sectors, with weak intersectoral coordination between health, agriculture, and environment.
3. A One Health approach is needed to address diseases at the rural-urban interface, like rabies, and to better integrate data and cooperation between institutions.
This study examined the relationship between social determinants of health, spatial access to healthcare, and chronic diseases in Toronto and Chicago. The researchers found:
1) Neighborhoods and communities with higher poverty, unemployment, and lower education tended to have higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke.
2) Both potential spatial accessibility models identified disparities in access to primary care physicians and hospitals between urban cores and suburban areas of both cities.
3) However, spatial accessibility was not strongly correlated with health outcomes.
4) Statistical analyses found that lower education and certain ethnicities were significant predictors of higher rates of chronic diseases after controlling for other factors.
5) The findings support the role of
Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment in context of drought hazard; a case stud...John Kapoi Kapoi
This document summarizes a study that assessed population vulnerability to drought in Baringo County, Kenya. Socioeconomic data from 2009 on livelihoods, poverty rates, and population density were analyzed using geographic information systems and an analytical hierarchy process. The results showed that 27.87% of those with marginal livelihoods and 25.62% of pastoral livelihoods had high vulnerability. In general, marginal, pastoral, and agro-pastoral livelihoods were found to be highly vulnerable to drought due to high poverty rates and population pressures undermining resilience. The study concluded these groups would benefit from government poverty reduction and improved infrastructure projects.
The document discusses various characteristics of populations including size, density, growth, and dispersion. It describes population growth models as exponential or logistic depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited by the environment's carrying capacity. The strategies for population growth are also covered, distinguishing between r-selected and K-selected types that thrive in changing versus stable environments.
Abstract : The aim of this project has been to plot the locations of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) drop-off
sites in the Milwaukee Metro Area. Based on the eleven farm’s drop-off sites, a public Google Map has been created
showing these drop-off points and the appropriately linked farms. In the focus of socioeconomic interests, these sites
have been correlated with 2000 Census tract information dealing with percentages of White and Black neighborhoods,
rates of bachelor’s degrees and areas where median income is below $10,000 dollars. Results show that drop-off sites
are clustered in those areas where there is a higher concentration of White residents, in contrast to few or no drop-off
sites in predominantly Black tracts sites. As well, the majority of locations lie in areas where there are high rates of
Bachelor degrees, showing a potential connection with educational obtainment and dietary trends. Lastly,
neighborhoods that have significant proportions of the population living below the poverty line have little or no dropoff
sites in operation. Store front and traditional churches have been identified that may act as community sites for the
establishment of new CSA locations in these disaffected areas.
Environmental racism final project powerpointwallflower92
This document is a summary of a course on media, technology, and culture. It discusses the concepts of environmental racism and how minority groups have been disproportionately affected. It provides examples of how systems in communities like the water system, food system, and prison system have been negatively impacted by environmental racism. The summary focuses on a case study of the Central Valley region in California where high levels of water contamination have been found in areas serving larger Latino populations. It also discusses the environmental justice movement which fights against the targeting of communities of color for environmentally hazardous facilities and land uses.
Population and demography refer to the statistical study of human populations in terms of their size, structure, and changes over time. Key factors studied include birth rates, death rates, and migration. Population growth impacts issues like food supply, housing, employment and the environment. Demography analyzes population aggregates using vital statistics and census data on attributes like age, sex and location. Population pyramids and dependency ratios provide insights into a population's structure. Theories like Malthusian and demographic transition theory attempt to explain population growth and decline patterns over time. Demographic data is important for planning education, health and other social services to meet societal needs.
The document analyzes how market integration affects Tsimane Amerindians' use of wild animals for traditional medicine. It finds that on average, adults use only a few wild animal species and body parts to treat a few ailments. The effects of markets are unclear, as some proxies for markets (e.g. wages) correlate with lower use, while others (e.g. cash income) correlate with higher use. Animal abundance, income, and modern medicine prices also correlate with higher use of animals for traditional medicine. The study contributes to understanding of this topic among lowland tropical forest societies.
epidemiology in community health nursingNanduNandana3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The document outlines the main components of epidemiological investigation, which include establishing occurrence of a problem, verifying diagnoses, collecting related data, describing occurrences, formulating hypotheses, and testing hypotheses. It also describes epidemiological methods such as descriptive studies, analytical studies, experimental approaches, and observational approaches. The document provides examples of how rates, ratios, and distributions are used as basic tools for measurement in epidemiological studies.
Evaluating the impacts of the development of irrigation schemes in arid and s...ILRI
Poster by B. Bett, M. Said, I. Njeru, S. Kifugo, J. Gachohi, R. Sang, S. Bukachi and D. Grace presented at the Epidemics4 conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 19-22 November 2013.
This document discusses racial disparities in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. It provides an overview of health care disparities, noting they are differences in quality of care that are not due to access, clinical needs, or patient preferences. The document reviews literature finding racial minorities receive fewer cardiovascular procedures than whites. It also outlines federal programs and recommendations from the Institute of Medicine to address disparities through increased data collection, provider training, and health system changes. The role of perfusionists in efforts to eliminate disparities through education and data collection is discussed.
This document is a proposal by Kathryn Jacobs for an NSF grant to conduct research on the health effects of dairy farming on rural populations in California's San Joaquin Valley. Specifically, Jacobs aims to use ethnographic methods like interviews and observation to understand how the industrial structure of large dairy farms affects the physical and mental health of both farm workers and surrounding community members, with a focus on respiratory issues. Jacobs hypothesizes that the poor air quality linked to dairy farming contributes to high asthma rates in the region and unequally impacts low-income, immigrant farm laborers. The research has the goals of providing qualitative context to existing health disparity data and informing policy changes.
The document discusses Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth and checks. Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production increases arithmetically, leading to food shortages. He argued this imbalance would be corrected by positive checks like famine and disease or preventative checks like family planning. The document also provides population data for the Philippines, showing its population is projected to increase from around 105 million in 2017 to over 151 million in 2050.
This document summarizes Maria Fonte's presentation on food security from the perspective of civic food networks. It discusses how the context around food security has become more complex since 2008 due to interconnected crises. While dominant policy thinking still focuses on sustainable intensification, an emerging view calls for a radical reconfiguration of the food system based on new social and ecological relations. Civic food networks and local food markets can contribute by addressing omissions around issues in the global North like food deserts, considering issues of scale and place rather than just large numbers, and envisioning a spatially localized food system built on civic values and proximity through their strategies of transition.
TABLE 11-1Community Assessment using the Community-as Partnelisandrai1k
TABLE 11-1
Community Assessment using the Community-as Partner Model
OBSERVATIONS
DATA
I. Community Core- The people who reside in a geopolitical community or the population of a community. Criteria to evaluate when assessing the core include the community’s history, current demographics, and the values and beliefs of community residents.
II: Interrelated subsystems:
1. Physical Environment- Observations of the climate, terrain, natural boundaries, commercial systems, neighborhoods, religious symbols, planning studies, and so on.
2. Health and social services- Hospitals & clinics, home health care, extended care facilities, public health services, counseling & support services, clothing, food, shelter, and special needs services.
3. Economics- Household median income, percentage of persons living in poverty, employment status, occupational categories, and union activity.
4. Safety & transportation- Information about protection services (fire, police, water treatment, solid waste) and air quality. Information on public transportation.
TABLE 11-1 (continued)
5. Politics and government- Type of city government, political action groups, & political party affiliation.
6. Communication- Formal communication sources (e.g., newspapers) & informal communication sources (bulletin boards, posters)
7. Education- Educational status of community members & educational sources.
8. Recreation- Recreational facilities.
Stressors- Tension-producing situations within the community, such as increase in substance abuse among teens within the community.
Normal level of defense- Health statistics for the community (e.g., mortality & morbidity)
Flexible line of defense- Community responses to current stressors.
Lines of resistance- Established strengths within the community (e.g., shelters, food banks).
After analyzing the data write a community diagnosis. Please refer to your readings on how to write a community diagnosis.
1
Running Head: COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
Community Assessment: Westerly
Jane Smith
New England Institute of Technology
2
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
Introduction
I conducted my community assessment in the town of Westerly, Rhode Island
using the community-as partner model, which is based off Neuman’s systems theory. The
model was beneficial tool when collecting data, analyzing that data, and making
conclusion about the data, as it relates to health problems in the community of Westerly.
The latter in conjunction with my overall impression of the Westerly community
contributed to the creation of a community nursing diagnosis, which lead to the planning,
implementation and evaluation of health problems and needs within the community.
Community Core
In my quest to acquire knowledge about the people who reside in the geopolitical
community of Westerly, I needed to first examine the community’s history. According to
the State of Rhode Island Historical Preserva ...
Carlos Pellegrini: From Success to SignificanceNIHACS2015
Carlos Pellegrini, MD, is Past President of the American College of Surgeons and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he developed the Center for Videoendoscopic Surgery, the Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery, and the Institute for Simulation and Interprofessional Studies (ISIS).
He delivered a keynote presentation entitled, “From Success to Significance."
Behavioral signature of intraspecific competition anddensity.docxAASTHA76
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the movement patterns and foraging behavior of gray seals from a large breeding colony on Sable Island, Nova Scotia using satellite tracking data. The study found evidence that young-of-year juvenile seals were being displaced from foraging areas near the colony by adult female seals, especially in summer. This displacement was likely due to the juveniles' lesser diving abilities and intraspecific competition for resources with adults. Combined with data showing declining juvenile survival rates, this provides evidence that density-dependent population regulation is occurring in the form of compensatory competition between age classes.
The document announces the 14th annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration & Luncheon to take place on January 16, 2012 at DePaul University. The event will include a screening of the film "Food Deserts in a Land of Plenty" followed by comments from the filmmaker. After a buffet lunch, the keynote addresses will be given by Professor LaVonna Blair Lewis from USC and Professor Angela M. Odoms-Young from UIC. Following the addresses, there will be a discussion panel on the topic of "Food Deserts" and food insecurity featuring representatives from various Chicago organizations.
COVID-19 Impacts on the Food System and Food Security in Los Angeles CountyData Con LA
Data Con LA 2020
Description
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a crisis in our food system and widespread food insecurity. In L.A. County (LAC), almost 1 million households experienced food insecurity in the first two months of the pandemic. This was documented by our research team, comprised of experts in public health, health policy, and spatial and data science, and our government partner - the LAC Emergency Food Security Branch. The causes of food insecurity during the pandemic are likely complex: there are failures in the "last mile" of food distribution (e.g., food supply shortages, closure of food outlets), and people are facing many challenging accessing food because they have lost jobs, incomes, school meals, and because it's difficult to safely visit food stores and food banks. We are using multiple novel sources of data, including population survey data and secondary data on food outlets and food assistance programs, to quickly monitor changes to population food access and security and changes to the "last mile" of the food distribution system in LAC. This research will identify the people and places most at risk for food insecurity, propose timely interventions and solutions, and advance the science of food systems and food justice.
*Food insecurity--meaning disruptions in regular eating due to a lack of money or other resources has spiked in L.A. County during COVID-19
*Lowering the risk for food insecurity is difficult, because it is caused by many complex and changing factors.
*Our team of multidisciplinary researchers and government and community partners are drawing on multiple streams of data that give us insight into changes in population food access and food security, and the "last mile" of the distribution of food goods via grocery stores, restaurants, and food banks.
*Our findings are being quickly translated to our government and community partners to inform interventions and policy to increase food security in L.A. County as the pandemic unfolds.
Speaker
Kayla Haye, University of Southern California, Assistant Professor
Population and demography are major areas of study for social scientists. A population is defined as a group of individuals occupying a particular place at a given time. Key factors in defining a population are group, place, and time. Population growth impacts issues like housing, food security, and the environment. Demography statistically analyzes population characteristics like size, composition by age and sex, birth and death rates, and immigration. Demographic data is important for policymaking and predicting future trends. Sources of demographic data include censuses, vital statistics like birth and death records, and surveys. Population change is influenced by fertility, mortality, and migration. Population pyramids display the age and sex structure of a population.
Urbanization and Global Biosecurity: A Dangerously Neglected Dimension in DOD Doctrine and National Security Policy. Mad Scientist 2016: Megacities and Dense Urban Areas in 2025 and Beyond. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona (Apr 21 2016 - Apr 22 2016)
1. This document outlines One Health and EcoHealth developments in Latin America, using rabies in Colombia as an example.
2. It describes how rabies control has been fragmented across different sectors, with weak intersectoral coordination between health, agriculture, and environment.
3. A One Health approach is needed to address diseases at the rural-urban interface, like rabies, and to better integrate data and cooperation between institutions.
This study examined the relationship between social determinants of health, spatial access to healthcare, and chronic diseases in Toronto and Chicago. The researchers found:
1) Neighborhoods and communities with higher poverty, unemployment, and lower education tended to have higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke.
2) Both potential spatial accessibility models identified disparities in access to primary care physicians and hospitals between urban cores and suburban areas of both cities.
3) However, spatial accessibility was not strongly correlated with health outcomes.
4) Statistical analyses found that lower education and certain ethnicities were significant predictors of higher rates of chronic diseases after controlling for other factors.
5) The findings support the role of
Livelihood Vulnerability Assessment in context of drought hazard; a case stud...John Kapoi Kapoi
This document summarizes a study that assessed population vulnerability to drought in Baringo County, Kenya. Socioeconomic data from 2009 on livelihoods, poverty rates, and population density were analyzed using geographic information systems and an analytical hierarchy process. The results showed that 27.87% of those with marginal livelihoods and 25.62% of pastoral livelihoods had high vulnerability. In general, marginal, pastoral, and agro-pastoral livelihoods were found to be highly vulnerable to drought due to high poverty rates and population pressures undermining resilience. The study concluded these groups would benefit from government poverty reduction and improved infrastructure projects.
The document discusses various characteristics of populations including size, density, growth, and dispersion. It describes population growth models as exponential or logistic depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited by the environment's carrying capacity. The strategies for population growth are also covered, distinguishing between r-selected and K-selected types that thrive in changing versus stable environments.
Abstract : The aim of this project has been to plot the locations of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) drop-off
sites in the Milwaukee Metro Area. Based on the eleven farm’s drop-off sites, a public Google Map has been created
showing these drop-off points and the appropriately linked farms. In the focus of socioeconomic interests, these sites
have been correlated with 2000 Census tract information dealing with percentages of White and Black neighborhoods,
rates of bachelor’s degrees and areas where median income is below $10,000 dollars. Results show that drop-off sites
are clustered in those areas where there is a higher concentration of White residents, in contrast to few or no drop-off
sites in predominantly Black tracts sites. As well, the majority of locations lie in areas where there are high rates of
Bachelor degrees, showing a potential connection with educational obtainment and dietary trends. Lastly,
neighborhoods that have significant proportions of the population living below the poverty line have little or no dropoff
sites in operation. Store front and traditional churches have been identified that may act as community sites for the
establishment of new CSA locations in these disaffected areas.
Environmental racism final project powerpointwallflower92
This document is a summary of a course on media, technology, and culture. It discusses the concepts of environmental racism and how minority groups have been disproportionately affected. It provides examples of how systems in communities like the water system, food system, and prison system have been negatively impacted by environmental racism. The summary focuses on a case study of the Central Valley region in California where high levels of water contamination have been found in areas serving larger Latino populations. It also discusses the environmental justice movement which fights against the targeting of communities of color for environmentally hazardous facilities and land uses.
Population and demography refer to the statistical study of human populations in terms of their size, structure, and changes over time. Key factors studied include birth rates, death rates, and migration. Population growth impacts issues like food supply, housing, employment and the environment. Demography analyzes population aggregates using vital statistics and census data on attributes like age, sex and location. Population pyramids and dependency ratios provide insights into a population's structure. Theories like Malthusian and demographic transition theory attempt to explain population growth and decline patterns over time. Demographic data is important for planning education, health and other social services to meet societal needs.
The document analyzes how market integration affects Tsimane Amerindians' use of wild animals for traditional medicine. It finds that on average, adults use only a few wild animal species and body parts to treat a few ailments. The effects of markets are unclear, as some proxies for markets (e.g. wages) correlate with lower use, while others (e.g. cash income) correlate with higher use. Animal abundance, income, and modern medicine prices also correlate with higher use of animals for traditional medicine. The study contributes to understanding of this topic among lowland tropical forest societies.
epidemiology in community health nursingNanduNandana3
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The document outlines the main components of epidemiological investigation, which include establishing occurrence of a problem, verifying diagnoses, collecting related data, describing occurrences, formulating hypotheses, and testing hypotheses. It also describes epidemiological methods such as descriptive studies, analytical studies, experimental approaches, and observational approaches. The document provides examples of how rates, ratios, and distributions are used as basic tools for measurement in epidemiological studies.
Evaluating the impacts of the development of irrigation schemes in arid and s...ILRI
Poster by B. Bett, M. Said, I. Njeru, S. Kifugo, J. Gachohi, R. Sang, S. Bukachi and D. Grace presented at the Epidemics4 conference, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 19-22 November 2013.
This document discusses racial disparities in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. It provides an overview of health care disparities, noting they are differences in quality of care that are not due to access, clinical needs, or patient preferences. The document reviews literature finding racial minorities receive fewer cardiovascular procedures than whites. It also outlines federal programs and recommendations from the Institute of Medicine to address disparities through increased data collection, provider training, and health system changes. The role of perfusionists in efforts to eliminate disparities through education and data collection is discussed.
This document is a proposal by Kathryn Jacobs for an NSF grant to conduct research on the health effects of dairy farming on rural populations in California's San Joaquin Valley. Specifically, Jacobs aims to use ethnographic methods like interviews and observation to understand how the industrial structure of large dairy farms affects the physical and mental health of both farm workers and surrounding community members, with a focus on respiratory issues. Jacobs hypothesizes that the poor air quality linked to dairy farming contributes to high asthma rates in the region and unequally impacts low-income, immigrant farm laborers. The research has the goals of providing qualitative context to existing health disparity data and informing policy changes.
The document discusses Thomas Malthus' theory of population growth and checks. Malthus theorized that population grows exponentially while food production increases arithmetically, leading to food shortages. He argued this imbalance would be corrected by positive checks like famine and disease or preventative checks like family planning. The document also provides population data for the Philippines, showing its population is projected to increase from around 105 million in 2017 to over 151 million in 2050.
This document summarizes Maria Fonte's presentation on food security from the perspective of civic food networks. It discusses how the context around food security has become more complex since 2008 due to interconnected crises. While dominant policy thinking still focuses on sustainable intensification, an emerging view calls for a radical reconfiguration of the food system based on new social and ecological relations. Civic food networks and local food markets can contribute by addressing omissions around issues in the global North like food deserts, considering issues of scale and place rather than just large numbers, and envisioning a spatially localized food system built on civic values and proximity through their strategies of transition.
TABLE 11-1Community Assessment using the Community-as Partnelisandrai1k
TABLE 11-1
Community Assessment using the Community-as Partner Model
OBSERVATIONS
DATA
I. Community Core- The people who reside in a geopolitical community or the population of a community. Criteria to evaluate when assessing the core include the community’s history, current demographics, and the values and beliefs of community residents.
II: Interrelated subsystems:
1. Physical Environment- Observations of the climate, terrain, natural boundaries, commercial systems, neighborhoods, religious symbols, planning studies, and so on.
2. Health and social services- Hospitals & clinics, home health care, extended care facilities, public health services, counseling & support services, clothing, food, shelter, and special needs services.
3. Economics- Household median income, percentage of persons living in poverty, employment status, occupational categories, and union activity.
4. Safety & transportation- Information about protection services (fire, police, water treatment, solid waste) and air quality. Information on public transportation.
TABLE 11-1 (continued)
5. Politics and government- Type of city government, political action groups, & political party affiliation.
6. Communication- Formal communication sources (e.g., newspapers) & informal communication sources (bulletin boards, posters)
7. Education- Educational status of community members & educational sources.
8. Recreation- Recreational facilities.
Stressors- Tension-producing situations within the community, such as increase in substance abuse among teens within the community.
Normal level of defense- Health statistics for the community (e.g., mortality & morbidity)
Flexible line of defense- Community responses to current stressors.
Lines of resistance- Established strengths within the community (e.g., shelters, food banks).
After analyzing the data write a community diagnosis. Please refer to your readings on how to write a community diagnosis.
1
Running Head: COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
Community Assessment: Westerly
Jane Smith
New England Institute of Technology
2
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
Introduction
I conducted my community assessment in the town of Westerly, Rhode Island
using the community-as partner model, which is based off Neuman’s systems theory. The
model was beneficial tool when collecting data, analyzing that data, and making
conclusion about the data, as it relates to health problems in the community of Westerly.
The latter in conjunction with my overall impression of the Westerly community
contributed to the creation of a community nursing diagnosis, which lead to the planning,
implementation and evaluation of health problems and needs within the community.
Community Core
In my quest to acquire knowledge about the people who reside in the geopolitical
community of Westerly, I needed to first examine the community’s history. According to
the State of Rhode Island Historical Preserva ...
Carlos Pellegrini: From Success to SignificanceNIHACS2015
Carlos Pellegrini, MD, is Past President of the American College of Surgeons and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he developed the Center for Videoendoscopic Surgery, the Center for Esophageal and Gastric Surgery, and the Institute for Simulation and Interprofessional Studies (ISIS).
He delivered a keynote presentation entitled, “From Success to Significance."
Behavioral signature of intraspecific competition anddensity.docxAASTHA76
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the movement patterns and foraging behavior of gray seals from a large breeding colony on Sable Island, Nova Scotia using satellite tracking data. The study found evidence that young-of-year juvenile seals were being displaced from foraging areas near the colony by adult female seals, especially in summer. This displacement was likely due to the juveniles' lesser diving abilities and intraspecific competition for resources with adults. Combined with data showing declining juvenile survival rates, this provides evidence that density-dependent population regulation is occurring in the form of compensatory competition between age classes.
Similar to Effects of Hurrican Katrina on Food Access Disparities in New Orleans (20)
The document announces the 14th annual Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Commemoration & Luncheon to take place on January 16, 2012 at DePaul University. The event will include a screening of the film "Food Deserts in a Land of Plenty" followed by comments from the filmmaker. After a buffet lunch, the keynote addresses will be given by Professor LaVonna Blair Lewis from USC and Professor Angela M. Odoms-Young from UIC. Following the addresses, there will be a discussion panel on the topic of "Food Deserts" and food insecurity featuring representatives from various Chicago organizations.
Welcome Sustainable Food Systems: Building the Foundation for Prepared Communities Illinois Public Health Association 70th Annual Meeting, Lombard, Illinois
June 14, 2011 12:30 p.m. – 3:00 p.m.
This document discusses several effects of globalization on food systems and their sustainability. It explores how globalization has led to changes in agricultural practices, dietary patterns, and the food environment. Specifically, it examines how the integration of markets, trade liberalization, foreign direct investment and food marketing have impacted local farmers, biodiversity, food access and nutrition-related diseases. The document also analyzes the relationship between agricultural policies, production practices and national diets.
The international food supply system is highly complex, dynamic, and composed of interconnected systems. It involves direct consumables with short, domestic supply chains; moderately processed foods with potentially international but moderately complex chains; and highly processed foods with long, global supply chains incorporating multiple production, processing, warehousing, transportation and distribution networks. Protecting this complex global food system requires approaches that consider its adaptive and system-of-systems nature.
Obesity rates are very high among African American adults and children compared to other ethnic groups. Poor diets and social determinants of health significantly impact obesity in these communities. A study interviewed African American families in Chicago to understand how economic, transportation, and safety factors influence their food access and choices. Participants reported that limited income, lack of jobs, unreliable transportation, perceived racism in food marketing and retail, and community violence create significant barriers to accessing healthy and affordable food options.
This document provides an overview of the federal policy process, outlining the four main stages: authorization, appropriations, implementation, and evaluation. It aims to educate grassroots organizations and individuals about how they can engage in and influence federal policymaking. The handbook explains each stage of the process and provides examples of how community groups have successfully advocated for policies that support local food systems and food security. It encourages readers to get involved in shaping federal policies and programs.
The document summarizes a study on workplace conditions in Chicago's restaurant industry. Key findings include:
1) Most restaurant jobs are "bad jobs" with low wages, few benefits, and little opportunity for advancement. Over half of workers earn less than a living wage.
2) Workers report many health and safety violations. Over 90% lack health insurance and paid sick days from employers.
3) Low wages and lack of benefits have social costs, including increased reliance on public assistance programs.
The document provides information about a workshop on sustainable food systems and prepared communities to be held on June 14, 2011 in Lombard, Illinois. The objectives of the workshop are to educate participants about components of a sustainable food system and how they promote resilient communities, discuss inequities in the current food system experienced by different groups, and ways for participants to work together across sectors to promote policy supporting equal access to healthy food. The agenda includes a film screening, keynote speech by the president of the National Black Farmers Association, and panel discussion on various aspects of sustainable food systems with speakers from different backgrounds.
This document outlines the obesity epidemic in Illinois and supports increasing taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to help combat obesity. Some key points made include: nearly 1 in 4 Illinois adults are obese, costing the state $3.4 billion annually; 1 in 5 Illinois children are obese, the 4th highest rate nationally; regular SSB consumption increases risk of diseases like diabetes and heart disease; a 1 cent per ounce tax on SSBs could raise $600 million annually for obesity prevention programs. Over 30 organizations in Illinois support such a tax as a way to fund public health initiatives and improve health outcomes.
A Cook County Food Policy Council would convene stakeholders to develop a plan ensuring all residents have access to healthy foods. Many county residents, especially in the south and southwest, lack access to stores selling nutritious options, increasing risks for diet-related diseases. A council could coordinate efforts to address issues across the food system from farm to table. By engaging diverse groups, it could help governments ease the burden of coordinating food access programs. Over 100 food policy councils exist nationally to develop policy, link government to citizens, and address regional food issues.
The Cook County Department of Public Health and the Public Health Institute of Metropolitan Chicago were awarded $16 million to improve health and reduce obesity rates in suburban Cook County. They will use the funding to promote policy changes across schools, workplaces, and communities to support healthy, active lifestyles. This includes building partnerships across sectors, leading health campaigns, training communities to advocate for healthy policies, and providing grants to model communities. Obesity rates have doubled for adults and tripled for children in the area over the past 20 years, increasing risks for chronic diseases.
The document summarizes the state of obesity in Suburban Cook County (SCC). It finds that over half of adults and 40% of children in SCC are overweight or obese, which has doubled and tripled respectively in the last 20 years. Obesity rates in SCC are influenced by environments that promote unhealthy eating and sedentary lifestyles. Addressing obesity requires efforts at home, school, work and in communities to increase access to healthy foods and opportunities for physical activity. A multifaceted approach is needed to turn the tide on this growing public health crisis.
The document is a resolution by the Illinois Public Health Association supporting principles of a healthy, sustainable food system. The resolution cites numerous "whereas" clauses describing issues with the current food system such as inequitable access to healthy food, negative impacts on climate change, declining farmer incomes, and subsidies that make unhealthy foods more affordable. It resolves to support principles co-authored by other health organizations that define a healthy food system as one that is sustainable, resilient, diverse, fair, and economically balanced. The association will apply these principles to policy discussions and educate others on the importance of creating healthy, sustainable food systems.
More from Food & Nutrition Section, Illinois Public Health Association (17)
IPHA Resolution 12 Supporting Principles of a Healthy Sustainable Food System
Effects of Hurrican Katrina on Food Access Disparities in New Orleans
1. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
The Effects of Hurricane METHODS in racially mixed tracts. Mean population
density was higher in African American tracts
Katrina on Food Access We used census tract neighborhoods as the
unit of analysis, focusing on residents within
before the storm but not significantly dif-
ferent than racially mixed tracts after the storm.
Disparities in New Orleans a tract, but allowing for their food shopping in
a slightly larger area. Building on previous
Overall supermarket access declined after
Katrina, regardless of race; in 2007, residents
Donald Rose, PhD, MPH, J. Nicholas Bodor,
research in New Orleans,1,8 we defined tract were 42% less likely (incidence rate ratio
PhD, MPH, Janet C. Rice, PhD, MS, Chris neighborhoods as the area encompassing 2 km [IRR] = 0.58; 95% confidence interval
M. Swalm, MS, and Paul L. Hutchinson, PhD (1.2 miles) in all directions along the network [CI] = 0.44, 0.74) to have access to an addi-
of streets from the center point of a tract. We tional supermarket than before the storm
analyzed data on all 175 residential tracts in the (Table 2). By 2009, although access had
Disparities in neighborhood food City of New Orleans from 3 points in time: before improved, it had not returned to pre-Katrina
access are well documented, but Katrina (2004–2005), after Katrina I (2007), levels (IRR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64, 0.97).
little research exists on how shocks Our analyses confirmed a pre-Katrina dis-
and after Katrina II (2009). All supermarkets
influence such disparities. We ex-
in the city were identified and geocoded at the parity in supermarket access. When population
amined neighborhood food access
3 points. In each case, we began with an existing density was controlled, residents of African
in New Orleans at 3 time points:
before Hurricane Katrina (2004– directory and performed on-the-ground verifi- American tracts before Katrina were 40% less
2005), in 2007, and in 2009. We cation. Details about this approach are described likely (IRR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.86) to
combined existing directories with elsewhere.8–10 have an additional supermarket in their
on-the-ground verification and As in our previous research, we categorized neighborhood than were residents of other
geographic information system neighborhoods as predominantly African Ameri- neighborhoods (Table 2). Our analyses also
mapping to assess supermarket can if 80% or more of the tract population was indicated that this disparity increased after
counts in the entire city. Existing identified as such.1,5 Tract-level race/ethnicity Katrina. In 2007, residents of African
disparities for African American data for the pre-Katrina data came from the 2000 American tracts were 71% less likely than
neighborhoods worsened after the were other city residents to have access to an
US Census. Post-Katrina tract-level racial compo-
storm. Although improvements
sition data for 2007 and 2009 were obtained additional supermarket (IRR = 0.29; 95%
have been made, by 2009 dispar-
from the Environmental Systems Research In- CI = 0.17, 0.50). By 2009, the disparity
ities were no better than prestorm
levels. (Am J Public Health. 2011;101: stitute,11,12 which uses a complex demographic in access had returned to pre-Katrina levels.
482–484. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010. algorithm in its population estimates.13
196659) We used Poisson regression to estimate fac- DISCUSSION
tors associated with the number of supermarkets
within each 2-km neighborhood (dependent Residents of predominantly African Ameri-
variable). This count variable was neither over- can neighborhoods experienced a relative lack
Those who observed events in the after- nor underdispersed. Independent variables in- of access to supermarkets before Hurricane
math of Hurricane Katrina could have little cluded a dichotomous indicator for whether the Katrina. The storm and its aftermath worsened
doubt that racial disparities in living condi- tract was predominantly African American or this disparity. By 2009, the food retail land-
tions in New Orleans were dramatic. We not. We also used 2 dummy variables to indicate scape had improved from 2007 levels. More
documented that such disparities existed be- whether the observation was from 2007 or supermarkets were open throughout the city,
fore Katrina in access to food at the neigh- 2009, with 2004 to 2005 as the reference and residents of African American neighbor-
borhood level.1 Although such disparities category. We created 2 interaction terms by hoods experienced some gains in access. But
have been documented in many areas through- multiplying the race indicator with each year the improvement was a qualified one: dispar-
out the country,2–7 almost no research exists indicator. Tract population density, also obtained ities in access for African American neighbor-
on how such disparities change over time or from the Environmental Systems Research In- hoods remained and were no better than
how particular shocks, such as weather- stitute,11,12 was included as a predictor to control prestorm levels.
related or man-made disasters, affect them. for its potential influence on supermarket place- The New Orleans Food Policy Advisory
Retail access to food is a key aspect of health ment. We conducted all analyses with Stata/SE Committee—a group sanctioned by the city
promotion efforts and an essential compo- 9.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX).14 council and composed of leaders from public
nent of community development, including health agencies, the retail food sector, nonprofit
disaster recovery. We examined the extent RESULTS organizations, financial institutions, city gov-
to which racial/ethnic disparity in neighbor- ernment, and academia—developed a set of
hood access to supermarkets in New Orleans Table 1 provides descriptive information recommendations to address food access
was affected by the events surrounding on New Orleans census tracts. Incomes were problems in post-Katrina New Orleans.15 The
Katrina and recent poststorm developments. lower in predominantly African American than first recommendation targeted fresh food
482 | Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed | Rose et al. American Journal of Public Health | March 2011, Vol 101, No. 3
2. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
TABLE 1—Demographic Characteristics and Food Access in Census Tract Neighborhoods by Racial Composition: New Orleans,
LA, 2004–2005, 2007, and 2009
Before Katrina (October 2004–August 2005) After Katrina I (September–November 2007) After Katrina II (September–November 2007)
African American Racially Mixed African American Racially Mixed African American Racially Mixed
(n = 83), (n = 92), (n = 86), (n = 89), (n = 93), (n = 82),
Mean (SD) or % Mean (SD) or % Mean (SD) or % Mean (SD) or % Mean (SD) or % Mean (SD) or %
Demographic characteristics
Population size 2945 (1683) 2591 (1596) 1155 (796) 1 845* (1474) 1733 (1105) 2003 (1341)
Population density, 4555 (2587) 3168* (1625) 1877 (1422) 2 473 (1740) 2577 (1803) 2816 (1678)
no./km2
Household income, $ 19 255 (8043) 37 502* (21 447) 23 671 (9689) 40 177* (17 092) 24 891 (10 407) 41 538* (18 238)
African Americans,a 92.3 (5.6) 38.1 (26.3) 92.5 (6.0) 37.4 (25.8) 93.8 (5.1) 41.6 (26.9)
Supermarkets/neighborhood 1.3 (1.3) 1.6 (1.3) 0.2 (0.5) 1.0* (1.2) 0.6 (0.8) 1.2* (1.2)
Supermarkets/10 000 people 5.4 (6.0) 8.7* (8.6) 1.8 (4.5) 6.5* (8.3) 4.3 (5.5) 7.2* (7.3)
Frequency distributionb
No supermarkets 36.1 26.1 81.4 47.2 49.5 31.7
1 supermarket 27.7 23.9 14.0 25.8 40.9 32.9
> 1 supermarket 36.1 50.0 4.7 27.0 9.7 35.4
Note. For census tract neighborhoods, n = 175.
a
Percentage of African Americans in a tract, averaged across all tracts in a category. Statistical test not performed because differences were by design: a tract was designated African American if
more than 80% of residents were African Americans.
b
Percentage of neighborhoods in each supermarket access category. The distribution of neighborhoods by supermarket access category was significantly different (P < .05) between African American
neighborhoods and racially mixed neighborhoods in 2007 and 2009.
*P < .05
TABLE 2—Hierarchical Linear Modeling Poisson Regression Results on Disparities in Store retailing as a priority, particularly for under-
Access Over Time: New Orleans, Louisiana, 2004–2005, 2007, and 2009 served areas. By 2009, the City of New Orleans
had approved the Fresh Food Retail Incentive
Model 1,a IRR (95% CI) Model 2,b IRR (95% CI) Program to provide assistance, in the form of
Time
low-interest and forgivable loans, to increase
Before Katrina, 2004–2005 (Ref) 1.00 1.00
healthy food access in underserved areas. The
After Katrina I, 2007 0.58 (0.44, 0.74) 0.68 (0.52, 0.89)
city identified $7 million for the program, which
After Katrina II, 2009 0.78 (0.64, 0.97) 0.80 (0.62, 1.03)
is to come from Community Development Block
Neighborhood
Grant funding as part of the long-term recovery
Racially mixed (Ref) ... 1.00
efforts passed through Louisiana from the De-
African American ... 0.60 (0.43, 0.86)
partment of Housing and Urban Development.
Time · neighborhood interactions
As of this writing, the program is still in its
African American · after Katrina I ... 0.48 (0.27, 0.86)
development stage, but such efforts could accel-
African American · after Katrina II ... 0.95 (0.62, 1.46)
erate post-Katrina development and reduce
Summary of model 2 results: neighborhood disparity by timec
underlying disparities in access that existed
African American vs mixed, before Katrina 0.60 (0.43, 0.86)
before the storm. j
African American vs mixed, after Katrina I 0.29 (0.17, 0.50)
African American vs mixed, after Katrina II 0.58 (0.39, 0.85)
About the Authors
Note. CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence rate ratio. Ellipses indicate variable not included in model. Models controlled Donald Rose and J. Nicholas Bodor are with the De-
for population density (no./km2). partment of Community Health Sciences, Janet C. Rice is
a
Model 1 controlled only for the time, providing evidence of overall citywide changes in supermarket access between baseline with the Department of Biostatistics, Chris M. Swalm
(before Katrina) and follow-up times (after Katrina). It did not consider disparities in access. is with Academic Information Systems, and Paul L.
b
Model 2 was the complete model. It provided evidence of differences in supermarket access over time, by neighborhood Hutchinson is with the Department of International Health
racial makeup, and by interactions between the two. and Development, Tulane University School of Public
c
IRRs based on model 2 estimates for differences between African American and racially mixed neighborhoods for each time Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA.
period. Intercept and interaction effects were combined in 1 rate. Correspondence should be sent to Donald Rose, Dept of
Community Health Sciences, Tulane University School of
March 2011, Vol 101, No. 3 | American Journal of Public Health Rose et al. | Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 483
3. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, Suite Center/USDA Research Conference on Understanding Needlestick injuries resulting from injec-
2301, New Orleans, LA 70112 (e-mail: diego@tulane. the Economic Concepts and Characteristics of Food
tion drug users (IDUs) improperly disposing
edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://www.ajph.org by Access; February 2009; Washington, DC. Available at:
clicking the ‘‘Reprints/Eprints’’ link. http://www.npc.umich.edu/news/events/food-access/ of syringes present a potential risk of trans-
This article was accepted June 16, 2010. rose_et_al.pdf. Accessed March 14, 2010. mission of viral infections such as hepatitis
9. Farley TA, Rice J, Bodor JN, Cohen DA, Bluthenthal and HIV to community members, sanitation
Contributors RN, Rose D. Measuring the food environment: shelf space
workers, law enforcement officers, and hos-
D. Rose originated the study, led its implementation, of fruits, vegetables, and snack foods in stores. J Urban
Health. 2009;86(5):672–682. pital workers.1–8 There have been no reports of
helped interpret the analysis, and wrote the article. J. N.
Bodor supervised field implementation and conducted 10. Rose D, Hutchinson PL, Bodor JN, et al. Neighborhood HIV, HBV, or HCV seroconversion among
the analysis. J. C. Rice led the analysis. C. M. Swalm food environments and body mass index: the importance children who incurred accidental needle-
completed the geomapping procedures. P. L. Hutchinson of in-store contents. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37(3):214–219.
sticks.6,7,9–11 Among IDUs, syringe exchange
assisted with the study and analysis. All authors 11. 2007/2012 Demographic Data. Redlands, CA:
reviewed and approved the final version of the article. program (SEP) utilization is associated with
Environmental Systems Research Institute; 2007.
proper disposal of used syringes.12–16 In 2007,
12. 2009/2014 Demographic Data. Redlands, CA:
Acknowledgments Environmental Systems Research Institute; 2009. the San Francisco Chronicle published a series
This research was supported by the National Research 13. Demographic Update Methodology: 2007/2012. Red- of articles containing anecdotal reports of
Initiative, National Institute for Food and Agriculture, lands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute; 2007. widespread improper disposal of syringes on
US Department of Agriculture (grant 2006-55215-
16711), the Economics of Diet, Activity, and Energy 14. Stata/SE 9.0 [computer program]. College Station, city streets and in Golden Gate Park. The
Balance program, National Cancer Institute (grant TX: StataCorp LP; 2005.
reports implied that SEPs were responsible for
R21CA121167), and Cooperative Agreement Number 15. New Orleans Food Policy Advisory Committee.
improper disposal of syringes.17–19 Concerned
5U48DP001948-02 from the Centers for Disease Building Healthy Communities: Expanding Access to Fresh
Control and Prevention. Food Retail. New Orleans, LA: Prevention Research about public safety, the San Francisco Depart-
Note. The findings and conclusions in this article are Center, Tulane University; 2008. ment of Public Health worked with other re-
those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the
searchers to (1) determine the prevalence of
official position of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, US Department of Agriculture, or National improperly discarded syringes in San Francisco,
Cancer Institute.
Syringe Disposal Among and (2) examine syringe disposal practices of
IDUs.
Human Participant Protection
Institutional review board approval was not required be-
cause human participants were not involved in this study.
Injection Drug Users in METHODS
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484 | Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed | Wenger et al. American Journal of Public Health | March 2011, Vol 101, No. 3