This document discusses various educational methods, including traditional methods like lectures, group discussions, and one-on-one instruction as well as nontraditional methods such as gaming, simulation, role-playing, role modeling, and self-education activities. For each method, the document outlines the definition, domains of learning, learner and teacher roles, advantages, and disadvantages. The goal is for participants to understand different educational methods and how to select and evaluate methods to meet learners' needs.

1. EDUCATIONAL METHODS

3. OBJECTIVES:
 By the end of this lecture all participants should
be able to :
1-understand the educational methods
2-types of educational methods
A-traditional methods :
-lecture (advantages and disadvantages)
-Group discussion (advantages and disadvantages)
-One- to-one (advantages and dis advantages)

4. B-Nontraditional methods:
-Gaming (advantages and disadvantages)
-Simulation (advantages and disadvantages )
-Role playing (advantages and disadvantages)
-Role modeling (advantages and disadvantages)
-self-education activity (advantages and
disadvantages)
3 -Selection of educational methods
4-Evaluation of educational methods

5. INTRODUCTION :
:
There is no one perfect method for teaching all
learners in all settings .Whatever the method chosen, it
will usually be most effective if used in conjunction with
other Instructional techniques and tools to optimize
learning. The importance of selecting appropriate
methods to meet the needs of learners.

6. DEFINITION:
Educational approach for turning knowledge into
learning .
Teaching method comprises the principles and
methods used by teacher to enable student learning .
How to deliver information

7. METHODS :
A) Traditional methods
1-Lecture :
Lecture can be defined as a highly structured
method by which the teacher verbally transmits
information directly to groups of learners for the
purpose of instruction.
It is one of the oldest and most often used
approaches to teaching.
The lecture format allows for only minimal exchange
between the teacher and the learner. (learner passsive)
The lecture is an ideal way to provide foundational
background information as basis for subsequent group
discussion.
Domain: Cognitive

8. ADVANTAGES :
1-An effective means for transmitting large amount of
information to a large number of people at the same
time.
2-An effective approach for cognitive learning,
3- Develop listening abilities .
4- Easily supplemented with handout materials and
other audiovisual aids to enhance learning.

9. DISADVANTAGES:
 Ineffective in influencing psychomotor behavior.
 Don't provide for much stimulation or participatory
involvement of learners.(passive)
 All learners are exposed to the same information
regardless of their needs.
 Don't account for individual differences ( cognitive
abilities and attention span).
 It place little emphasis on analytic thinking , decision
making, problem solving.

10. B) Group discussion:
Definition:
It the method of teaching whereby learners get together to
exchange information, feelings and opinions with one another
and with the teacher. Group size can vary, but most group
discussion techniques can be used with as few as 3 people and
as many as 15-20people.
Domain: Affective and cognitive
Learner role: Active
Teacher role: Guide and focus the discussion

12. Disadvantages:
1. Shy learners may refuse to become involved or may need a
great deal of encouragement to participate.
2. It is expensive and time consuming.
3. It is effective only in small groups.
4. It will be frustrated if one person or few people monopolized
the discussion.
5. It is only valuable if the participants come prepared with the
necessary background information.

13. 3-ONE TO ONE EDUCATION :
 It is the method in which the teacher delivers the
individual education designed specifically for a
particular learner.
 This method should be a lecture delivered to an
audience of one based on learner’s needs.
 Domains: Cognitive, psychomotor and affective
 Learner role: Active( shred and immediate feedback)
 Teacher role: Presents information and facilitate
individualized learning.

14. ADVANTAGE
 The pace and content of teaching can be tailored to
meet individual need.
 Ideal as an intervention for initial assessment and
ongoing evaluation of the learner.
 Good for achieving all three domains of learning.
 Provide immediate feedback to be shared between the
teacher and the learner.

15. DISADVANTAGE :
 The learner is isolated from others who have similar
 Questioning and answering may be interpreted by the
learner ( one side) as a technique to test their
knowledge and skills
 Time consuming

16. 4. DEMONSTRATION AND RE- DEMONSTRATION:
It is imperative to begin by making a clear distinction
between the methods of demonstration and return
demonstration.
Demonstration is a method by which the learner is
shown by the teacher how to perform a particular skill.
Return demonstration is the method by which the learner
attempts to perform the skill with cues from the teacher as
needed.
 Domains: Psychomotor
 Lerner role: Demonstration: Passive
Return demonstration: Active
 Teacher role:
Demonstration: Models skills or behavior
Return demonstration: Individualizes
feedback to refine performance.

17. ADVANTAGES:
1-Especially effective for learning in the psychomotor
domain through repeated movement and reinforcement
of practice.
2-Provide opportunity for over learning to achieve the
teaching goal and increase performance level.
3-Actively engages the learner through stimulations of
visual, auditory , tactile senses.

18. DISADVANTAGES:
1-Time consuming.
2-Equipment can be expensive to purchase
3-Extra equipment is needed for practicing certain
skills.
4- size of learners must kept small to ensure
opportunity for practice and close supervision.

20. :
B)NONTRADITIONAL METHODS
Gaming:
Is an instructional method requiring the learner to
participate in competitive activities with rules.
- These have reality but they are designed to
accomplish educational objectives.
- It is used by learner to apply knowledge and
rehearsing skills previously learned.
- It increase learner involvement and influence
affective behavior through social interaction and it is
effective for improving cognitive functioning also
enhance skills in psychomotor domain .

21. ADVANTAGES :
1-Increase learner involvement.
2-Promote retention of knowledge
4-Adds variety of learning domains
5-Games are fun with a purpose
6- Games is method practically attractive to
children.

22. DISADVANTAGES:
1-Creates a competitive environment that may be
threatening to some learners
2-Reqires more flexible space for teamwork than a
traditional classroom
3-Some learners may not be able to participate if they
are restricted by a disability
4-When people play games, winning (primary
consideration) is upper most in their minds, with
learning is a secondary consideration.

23. SIMULATION :
 It is a method for teaching by using artificial
materials / models.
 That engage the learner in an activity that reflects
real life conditions but without the risk taking
consequences of an actual situation.
 Domains: Cognitive and psychomotor

24. It promote psychomotor skills, there is over
lapping between games ,simulation and role playing
because all of them are teaching method require
active participation of learners .it is used in solving
problems and attitudes changes.

25. There are many types of simulation
including the following:
1-Written simulation:
use case studies about real situations / problem
ex; personnel communication problem of nursing staff on a
unit .
2-Clinical simulation:
A) Low fidelity: for example, exercise like practicing giving a
bed bath to a non-responsive doll.
B) Medium fidelity: for example, manikins that have heart
and lung sounds but no movements.
C) High fidelity: for example, new manikins like Sim Man
that are attached to a computer and produce vital signs and
physiological reactivity.

26. ADVANTAGES:
1-Excellent for psychomotor skills development
2-Enhances higher level problem –solving and
interactive abilities in the cognitive .
3-Provides for active learner involvement in a real life
situation .
4-guanerate safe ,non threating environment for
learning
Disadvantages:
1. Can be expensive
2. Not readily available to all learners yet
3. Time consuming

27. ROLE-PLAYING:
Is a method by which learners participate in an
unrehearsed dramatization .
They are asked to play a part of character as they
think this character would act in reality .
This method arouse feelings and elicit emotional
responses in the learners and it is used to achieve
behavioral objectives .

28.  Ex1 :
patient in diabetes self-management education
program will do need to Behaviors as selecting food from
restaurant's menu and setting their insulin pumps for
the correct bolus of insulin as these are self-management
skills
 Domain: Affective( behaviors), cognitive

29. ADVANTAGES:
1-Opportunity to explore feelings and attitudes .
2-Narrows the role distance between clients and
professionals( Patient plays the professionals 'roles)
3-Matching between understanding ,feelings and
practice

30. :
ISADVANTAGES
D
1-Limited to small group
2-some participants may be uncomfortable in their role
3-Tendency by some participants to overly exaggerate
their role .
4- It depend on learner imagination and willing to
participate

31. :
MODELING
OLE
R
The use of self as a role model is often over-looked as
an instructional method.
Learning from role model is called identification and
emanates from learning and developmental theories
such as Erickson of psychosocial stages of development
which explain how people acquire behaviors and social
role.
This method primarily achieves behavior change in
the affective domain

32. Advantages :
1- Influence attitudes to achieve behavior changes in
the affective domain.
2-Positive role models have the potential to instill
socially desired behaviors
Disadvantages :
1-Require rapport( build role models ideas and behavior
in learner) between the role model and the learner
2-Negative role models have the potential to instill un
acceptable behavior.

33. SELF-EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES:
Self -instruction is a method used by the teacher to
provide or design instructional activities that guide the
learner in independently achieving the objectives of
learning .
The self –instruction method is effective for learning
in the cognitive and psychomotor domain where the
goal is master information and apply it to practice.
 Examples: workbook

34. This method contain the following elements :
 1. Introduction and instructions: In this part tell
the learner how to work through the module
( ICDL modules).
 2. Behavioral objectives: Expression in clear
language what the learner will be able to do on the
completion of the module.
 3. Pretest: To help the learners which section of the
module they might skip and which ones they need to
study in depth.

35.  4. Learning activities:
It is the activities that help the learner to achieve the
objectives. It may be:
-Reading textbook chapter
-Answering study question and getting feedback.
 5. Self-evaluation:
It is usually included at the end of every lesson .
If the learner doesn't achieve a perfect score, he
should reenter the module for the appropriate lesson.
 6. Posttest:
To determine whether the learner has mastered the
module objectives.

36. Advantages :
 Allows for self-pacing
 Stimulates active learning
 Frequent feedback is built in
Disadvantages:
 Limited with learners who have low literacy skills
 Not appropriate for learners with visual and hearing
impairments
 Require high level of motivation