1) The editorial discusses the physicochemical and toxicological properties of graphene and its derivatives in the context of their potential presence in mRNA vaccine manufacturing and implications for regulatory approval.
2) It reviews literature on the uses of graphene in biotechnology, including as carriers for vaccines, and notes their reported effects on immune response.
3) The authors call for vaccine manufacturers to provide proof of the absence of graphene and its derivatives in final vaccines and more transparency about manufacturing processes.
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The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
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Specifically for regulatory affairs student of MPharm
Choosing Chemicals for Precautionary Regulation: A Filter Series Approach (2005)morosini1952
Ulrich Müller-Herold, Marco Morosini, Olivier Schucht
Abstract
The present case study develops and applies a systematic
approach to the precautionary pre-screening of xenobiotic
organic chemicals with respect to large-scale environmental
threats. It starts from scenarios for uncontrollable harm
and identifies conditions for their occurrence that then are
related to a set of amplifying factors, such as characteristic
isotropic spatial range F. The amplifying factors related
to a particular scenario are combined in a pre-screening
filter. It is the amplifying factors that can transform a potential
local damage into a large-scale threat. Controlling the
amplifying factors means controlling the scope and range
of the potential for damage. The threshold levels for the
amplifying factors of each filter are fixed through recourse
to historical and present-day reference chemicals so as
to filter out as many as possible of the currently regulated
environmental chemicals and to allow the economically
important compounds that pose no large-scale environmental
concern. The totality of filters, with each filter corresponding
to a particular threat scenario, provides the filter series
to be used in precautionary regulation. As a demonstration,
the filter series is then applied to a group of nonreferential
chemicals. The case study suggests that the filter
series approach may serve as a starting point for
precautionary assessment as a scientific method of its
own.
tecovirimat as a Potential Bioavailable inhibitor against MPXVgp158 establish...Dr Varruchi Sharma
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The invention consists of a nanofunctionalized device that enables the quantitative determination of a specific biomarker, the FKBP12 protein, involved in many diseases.
David Glass BIO World Congress Synthetic Biology Regulation july 2015David Glass
Presentation from July 2015 BIO World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology, assessing the adequacy of government regulatory frameworks to assess the risks of commercial uses of synthetic biology.
Case Study: Peptides-based Plant Protection Product (harpin proteins*) by Ros...OECD Environment
The seminar on Problem Formulation for the Risk Assessment of Biopesticides stemmed from a previous CRP-sponsored event on Innovating Microbial Pesticide Testing that identified the need for an overarching guidance document to determine when in vivo tests are necessary. Problem Formulation, a common practice in pesticide risk assessment, was highlighted as a useful approach for addressing uncertainties in data requirements for biopesticides.
The seminar featured presentations from various perspectives, including industry, regulatory bodies, and academia. Topics included the history and principles of Problem Formulation, industry perspectives on Problem Formulation and how it is applied internally for microbial pesticides, regulatory approaches, and specific case studies. The seminar provided an overview of the challenges, considerations, and potential solutions in harmonising Problem Formulation for biopesticide risk assessment. It emphasised the need for collaboration and discussion to develop Problem Formulation guidance for biopesticides.
Key importance of ICH guideline, a brief summary on the international guidelines for new drug development.
Specifically for regulatory affairs student of MPharm
Choosing Chemicals for Precautionary Regulation: A Filter Series Approach (2005)morosini1952
Ulrich Müller-Herold, Marco Morosini, Olivier Schucht
Abstract
The present case study develops and applies a systematic
approach to the precautionary pre-screening of xenobiotic
organic chemicals with respect to large-scale environmental
threats. It starts from scenarios for uncontrollable harm
and identifies conditions for their occurrence that then are
related to a set of amplifying factors, such as characteristic
isotropic spatial range F. The amplifying factors related
to a particular scenario are combined in a pre-screening
filter. It is the amplifying factors that can transform a potential
local damage into a large-scale threat. Controlling the
amplifying factors means controlling the scope and range
of the potential for damage. The threshold levels for the
amplifying factors of each filter are fixed through recourse
to historical and present-day reference chemicals so as
to filter out as many as possible of the currently regulated
environmental chemicals and to allow the economically
important compounds that pose no large-scale environmental
concern. The totality of filters, with each filter corresponding
to a particular threat scenario, provides the filter series
to be used in precautionary regulation. As a demonstration,
the filter series is then applied to a group of nonreferential
chemicals. The case study suggests that the filter
series approach may serve as a starting point for
precautionary assessment as a scientific method of its
own.
tecovirimat as a Potential Bioavailable inhibitor against MPXVgp158 establish...Dr Varruchi Sharma
Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral infection caused by monkeypox virus which belongs to the Poxviridae family of genus Orthopoxvirus. Usually the virus transmission happens when the individual comes in contact with the infected person through body fluids, animal lesions, respiratory droplets or through virus contaminated materials. Clinical presentation of the monkeypox has shown significant resemblance to that of smallpox and chickenpox, belonging to the same orthopoxvirus genus but were eradicated during 1980s globally. Monkeypox may lead to a range of medical complications including clinical symptoms like fever, rashes, headaches, back pain, myodynia and swollen lymph nodes. As far as the treatment modalities are concerned,the antiviral therapeutic agents developed for the smallpox treatment, were also permitted to be used for the monkeypox treatment. However, there is no proven treatment for human monkeypox. in the current study, we have focused on designing of a best probable ligand against the target MPXVgp158 (Monkeypox virus protein). Since tecovirimat is an FDA approved compound known as an antipoxviral drug, the study aimed to develop a Monkeypox virus protein MPXVgp158 inhibitor which is bioavailable and biocompatible as well through drug designing using computational tools. Molecular docking (MD) analysis displayed tecovirimat with lesser binding energy, higher non-bonded interaction capability, and more stability against MPXVgp158, with efficient binding mode of interactions. Hence, tecovirimat was adjudged to be the potential candidate against MPXVgp158 inhibition.
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
EDITORIAL GRAPHENE and DERIVATES CHEMICO-PHYSICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IN m RNA vaccine MANIFACTURING STRATEGY - STATE OF EVIDENCE
1. EDITORIAL
GRAPHENEand DERIVATES : PHYSICO- CHEMICAL and TOXICOLOGY properties in
the m- Rna VACCINE MANIFACTURING STRATEGY
Needed specific proof of absence for the regulatory aspects
AUTHORS
1)Luisetto M IMA academy Marijnskaya , professorship toxicology , pharmacology
natural science branch italy
2) Tarro G ,President of the T & L de Beaumont Bonelli Foundation for Cancer
Research, Naples Italy
3) Edbey K, Professor, Departmentof Chemistry, Libya PhysicalChemistry,
University of Benghazi, Libya
Keywords : Graphene, covid -19 , m RNA, vaccine, side effects ,
toxicology,chemistry manifacturing tecnhnology and materials, contaminations,
impurity
Corresponding author :luisetto M maurolu65@gmail.com +393402479620 italy PC
29121
Abstract
Observing thefact that every year various registerd and authorized drugs are
recalled by the public regulatory agency ( in example last Ranitidin cases due by the
possibility of impurity presence of a cancerogenic sustantia ) it is interesting to
observethe innovative production strategy of somem RNA vaccine .
2. Also for the bio- technological drugs product the regulatory agency ask quality
stantard for impurity for the obiously safety implications.
The biotechnological drugs , as the classic chemical drugs , due by the complex
manifacturing process useraw material and industrialprocedurethat require
Great quality monitoring according the GMP normativerules.
So it is no to strange to discuss of impurities in this new kind of products
And also for the covid-19 vaccine.
Introduction
This work startby recent and really interesting new evicence ( DISINFECTIONad
Natura Docet Darkfield microscopeanalysis n 1/ 2022 ) and other research works
published also by university professors and other professionals . ( CAMPRA P
univerisy of ALMEIRA , YOUNG R O , YOUNG Mi LEE et al , GIOVANNINI F et al) .
Before of all it was done a review of interesting article related the chemico- physical
and toxicological property of graphene derivates ( also woks published before the
Covid-19 Pandemia) as well as distribution profile related the way of
subministration.
Itwas also analyzed ADR charactheristics that somerecent Covid-19 vaccinehave
reported in the pharmacovigilance center ( national and international ) .
Great attention was done towards the verify of the manifacturing technology used
in field od
m RNA vaccine since formthe research in oncology.
Fromliterature Grapheneand Grafene Oxide GO and other derivates are subjectof
many use in bio- technological research : in diagnostic field but also in production
and expecially in last decades.
Itis possibleto report Carrier or adiuvant or extractive property ( there are study
that show increase in immune responceafter their use) , and objectof research for
INTRA NASAL covid-19 vaccine.
3. Properties to improve RNA extraction- purification in manifacturing field.
( absrobtion property, increase RNA stability )
In someliterature are described use of pegylated nanolipids whit graphene oxide
In m RNA Vaccineresearch development. ( some producers can providethis raw
material and the technical and security sheet are easy available on internet ) .
On literature as well as by bio-technological producers there are variuos products
made of MAGNETIC MICROBEAS used for extraction of RNA derivates.
This are all use Knowed at today and easily verifible in biomedical database since
not suspicious times .
Interesting also to note as there is also a PREPRINT written by the CEO of a great
pharmaceutical industry that produces innovative covid-19 vaccineand other
researcher of the same indutry reportamong the reagent for production of a covid-
vaccine per non human primates magnetic micro beads . ( see reference on article
under publication as reported ).
(And on literature are reported article works about grapheneGO - magnetic
microbeads.).
Materials andmethods
With an observationalpoin of view some relevant literature is analyzed in order to
producea global conclusion related the topics of this work .
Results
Fromliterature :
Results
Are reported reference ( 1-46)
4. Discussion
So related to all of this , matching the evidence of sometest on vials of vaccine as
well as reseacth on dark filed miscrosocpy and related the fact that the toxicological
profile of this particles seem to correlate with the ADRreported ( rare thrombosys
, pericarditis and other ).
Also the chemico-phyicalproperties of this particles are so peculiar and make
possibleto give explanation of somephenomena.
According the authors it is clear that it is needed to deeply investigate this evidence
verifying the manifacturing technological process in order to clear if are presence
or not possible pollutants residues of production even if this are not declared and
reported on official techincal sheet and registered by public health authorities.
(In the raw materials , reagents of final product).
The pharmaceutical producers useoften to buy raw materials form other producers
The same author submitto the researcher to analyzea more wider and significative
number of vials of the various vaccinefor covid-19 , trought various and certified
independet laboratory and using the blind technique.
To confirm this proposalthere are the evidence collected in some university as in
some research study reported ( TURIN UNIVERSITY- CHEMISTRYfaculty ,
CAMPRA P. - UNIVERSITYOF ALMERIA professor CHEMICAL SCIENCE).
Regarding the contaminants it is of interest to report thay in 26 August2021 BBC
news Coronavirus pandemic Japan suspends 1.6 million Moderna doses over
contamination fears A staff of Japan"s supermarketgroup Aeon receives a doseof
the Moderna vaccine“Japan has suspended the use of about 1.63 million doses of
the Moderna vaccine due to contamination.
A metallic substantia the react with magnete finded in some lots .
5. Of interest finally to remember two recent italian judgesententia : PISA EFIRENZE
2022 it was recognized in one cause- effect relationship between a covid-19
vaccination and a Thromobocitopenia reaction in an 16 years old ,and in the other
case the judge written that this vaccine are experimental , Dna invasive, potentially
of irreversibleeffect and not prevedile at today .
Even if this drugs areofficially registered by regulatory agency during the last years
In example somecountries restricted uses of some covid-19 vaccinein determinate
subpopulation even initially not done .
The same some technical sheet was recomded to be updated by EMA PRAC
introducing some Rare ADR not presentin the first approved VACCINE oneor also
changed the name of the vaccinein order To update registrativedocuments
reporting new controindications.
Conclusion
As global concusion it is possibleto ask to the innovative vaccine producers to
provideofficial written proof of chemico-analytical absence of graphene and
derivates in the final vaccine product.( the same by the international regulatory
agency ).
The same to providefull clarification of the bio-technological manifacturing process
Even if there are patent of industrialsecret
6. REFERENCES
1)Campra, P. (2021, June28). Grapheneoxide detection in aqueous suspension:
Observationalstudy in optical and electron
microscopy.https://www.docdroid.net/rNgtxyh/microscopia-de-vial-corminaty-dr-
campra-firma-e-1-fusionado-pdf
2) Young, R. O. (2021, February 5). Scanning & Transmission Electron Microscopy
Reveals GrapheneOxide in CoV-19 Vaccines. Dr. Robert
Young. https://www.drrobertyoung.com/post/transmission-electron-microscopy-
reveals-graphene-oxide-in-cov-19-vaccines
3) Foreign Materials in Blood Samples of Recipients of COVID19 Vaccines
Young Mi Lee MD1, Sunyoung Park MD, PhD, IBCLC2, and Ki-Yeob Jeon MD, PhD,
ScD3
1 Hanna GynecologistClinic Doryeong-ro 7, KumgSung Building, 2nd Fl., Jeju, Jejudo,
63098, Republic of Korea (SouthKorea), Tel: +82-64-711-7717, E-mail:
youngmil95@gmail.com(ORCID ID: 0000-0002-1210-4726)
4) disinfection 1/ 2022 organo diA.T.T.A. (AssociazioneTossicologie Tecnici
Ambientali) Analisi al microsopio in campo scuro sulsanguedi 1006 soggetti
sintomatici dopo vaccinazionecon due tipi di vaccino a M rna
5)J. Phys. Mater. 3 (2020) 034009https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ab9317
Journalof Physics: Materials
Graphene, other carbon nano-materials and the immune system:
toward nanoimmunity-by-design
7. Arianna Gazzi, Laura Fusco, Marco Orecchioni, Silvia Ferrari5, Giulia Franzoni
,J Stephen Yan, Matthias Rieckher, Guotao Peng, Matteo Andrea Lucherelli, Isabella
Anna Vacchi
,Ngoc Do Quyen Chau, Alejandro Criado, Akcan Istif, Donato Mancino, Antonio
Dominguez,Hagen Eckert, Ester V´azquez, Tatiana Da Ros, Paola Nicolussi6, Vincenzo
Palermo, Björn
Schumacher, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Yiyong Mai, Cecilia Clementi, Matteo Pasquali
,Xinliang Feng, Kostas Kostarelos, Acelya Yilmazer, Davide Bedognetti
, Bengt Fadeel ,Maurizio Prato Alberto Bia
6) Nanoscale. 2016 Feb 14;8(6):3785-95. doi: 10.1039/c5nr09208f. Epub 2016 Jan
27.
Functionalized grapheneoxide serves as a novelvaccine nano-adjuvantfor robust
stimulation of cellular immunity
Ligeng Xu , Jian Xiang, Ye Liu, Jun Xu, Yinchan Luo, Liangzhu Feng, Zhuang Liu, Rui
Peng DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09208f
7) ChemistryOpen. 2021 Jul;10(7):666-671. doi: 10.1002/open.202000200. Epub
2021 Apr 7.
A Novel Graphene Quantum Dot-Based mRNA Delivery Platform
Ya Liu , Changhong Zhao , Alan Sabirsh , Lilei Ye , Xiaoqiu Wu , Hongbin Lu , Johan Liu
DOI: 10.1002/open.202000200
8) The new era of vaccines: the “nanovaccinology
A. FACCIOLÀ, G. VISALLI, P. LAGANÀ, V. LA FAUCI, R. SQUERI,
G.F. PELLICANÒ, G. NUNNARI, M. TROVATO, A. DI PIETRO
8. European Review for Medical and PharmacologicalSciences 2019; 23: 7163-7182
9) Journal List FrontMed (Lausanne) v.8; 2021 PMC8211875
FrontMed (Lausanne). 2021; 8: 648005.
Large-Sized GrapheneOxide Nanosheets IncreaseDC–T-Cell Synaptic Contact and
the Efficacy of DC Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
Qianqian Zhou,Hongjing Gu,Sujing Sun,Yulong Zhang,Yangyang Hou,Chenyan Li,Yan
Zhao,Ping Ma … See all authors
Firstpublished: 16 August2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202102528
10) 2021 Jun 4. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.648005
Nanomedicine: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to COVID-19
Arjun Sharma,KonstantinosKontodimas, and Markus Bosmann
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