The document discusses concepts related to carrying capacity and ecotourism. It provides information on calculating carrying capacity based on environmental factors like area size and fragility, as well as social factors such as viewing patterns. It also discusses ways to increase carrying capacity, such as designing viewing areas and providing interpretive services. Specific examples are given of calculating carrying capacity for different areas based on available space per visitor. The document also discusses issues related to the development of ecotourism in the Philippines like long gestation periods, lack of existing programs, and shortage of skilled personnel.

2. The Carrying Capacity

3. Environmental Factors:
Size of area and usable space
Fragility of environment
Wildlife resources
Fragility of environment

4. Social Factors:
Viewing Pattern
Tourists’ viewing choices
Visitors’ opinions
Availability of facilities

5. To increase carrying capacity
Design viewing tracks, trails etc.
Reduce conflict between competing uses
Provide information and interpretation services
Increase durability of resources
Encourage off-season use

6. Carrying capacity = Area used by tourists
Average individual standard
Total of Daily Visits = Carrying capacity X Rotation Coefficient
Rotation coefficient = No. of daily hours
Average time of visit
Carrying Capacity = Specific area used by tourists
Average individual standard per area

7. 5 ha
4 ha .1 ha
7 ha
8 ha Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
Carrying capacity
Carrying
7.5 ha 100,000sqm ///5,000
70,000 sqm /5,000
75,000 sqm /20,00
84,000 sqm 500
50,000 sqm 200
80,000
40,000
1,000 20
500
10 ha sqm/pax ==100pax
sqm/pax = 14 pax
sqm/pax = 15 pax
sqm/pax ==400pax
sqm/pax 20 pax
sqm/pax 4.2
50
80
8.4 ha
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation Coefficient
Rotation
24 hrs ///6 hrs = 2
12 hrs /24hrs = 2
12 hrs 2 hrs = 3
12 hrs 4 hrs = 1
12 hrs / 6 hrs = 3
6 4 3
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Total Daily Visit
Given: Size of the sample protected area = 50 hectares 100 pax X 2 = 28 pax
4.2 pax X 2 = 100pax
14 pax X 1 = 40 pax
20
50
80 3 12.6pax
400 pax X 32= 1,200 pax
15 30
150 pax
240 pax

8. Carrying Capacity of water in an island
Assumptions:
10% of rainfall (recharge), 5% to flush water
 5% effective recharge
125mm x 5%  6.25 mm
1,000 hectares (Total effective recharge area)
Recharge  6.25 mm x .001m/mm x 1,000 ha x 10,000m2/ha.
 62,500 m3/month or 2,083.3 m3/day
Resident use  3,000 pax x 0.25 m3/pax/day  750m3/day
Available water  2,083.3 m3/day – 750 m3/day  1,333.3 m3/day
Tourists that can be served  1,333.3 m3/day / 0.7 m3/tourist/day =
1,904 tourists

9. Nature for whom?

11. Issues Facing the Development of
Ecotourism in the Philippines

12. A. Environmental
B. Institutional
C. Policy
• 1. Long Gestation Period
2. Ecotourism is a niche market
3. No or little existing ecotourism programs
D. General Knowledge
E. Lack of Skilled Ecotourism Personnel

13. Ecotourism – The Activity

14. Mountaineering/Trekking

15. Mountaineering/Trekking Climbers’ Responsibilities
If there is an established trail, walk in a single line
Do not take anything from the forests as souvenir
Avoid disturbing wildlife
Never leave garbage along the trail or at the campsite
For human waste, each climber can dig his own “toilet”
Bring along camping equipment
Do not bathe or wash dishes along rivers
Be sensitive; learn the locals’ culture
Abandon the old practice of digging trenches
Do not buy
Find out the maximum capacity
Always register
Avoid giving money
Make sure that health measures are taken into account
Always hire a guide

16. Mountaineering/Trekking

17. Mountaineering/Trekking
Grading System
 Gradual trail
Easy 2-4 hours of  Clearly Marked
walking  Located in rolling terrain
 Trail with combination of
4-6 hours of few steeps ascents
Moderate
walking  rolling terrain
 Steep Trail
Strenuous 4-8 hours of  Obstacles, thick vegetation,
walking rivers crossings
 Water discipline

18. Birdwatching

19. Bird watching
PHILIPPINE EAGLE BLACK SHAMA
(Pithecophaga jefferyi) (Copysychus Cebuensis)

20. Bird watching
PALAWAN PEACOCK
PHEASANT
SERPENT EAGLE
(Spiloris Holospilus)
(Polypectron emphanum)

21. Bird watching
SLENDER-BILLED
PHILIPPINE FALCONET CUCKOO DOVE
(Microhierax erythrogonys)
(Macropygia phasianella tenuiostris)

22. Bird watching
YELLOW-BREASTED MARCHE’S FRUIT
FRUIT DOVE DOVE
(Ptilinopus occipitalis) (Ptilinopus Marchei)

23. Bird watching
LUZON BLEEDING HEART COLASISI/PHIL
(Gallicolumba Luzonica HANGING PARAKEET
Luzonica) (Loriculus Philipensis regulus)

24. Bird watching
MINDANAO LORIKEET PHILIPPINE COCKATOO
(Trichologossus Johnstoniae
(Kakatoe haematuropygia)
Johnstoniea)

25. Bird watching
BLUE-HEADED RACKET
TAILED PARROT
PHILIPPINE MALLARD
(Anas Luzonica)
(Prioniturus discurus)

26. Bird watching
SHINY DRONGO/
ELEGANT TITMOUSE
BALICASSIAO (Parus elegans visayanus)
(Discrurus balicassius Mirabilis)

27. Bird watching
PHIL GLOSSY STARLING BLACK-BACKED
(Aplonis panayensis COLETO
panayensis) (Sarcops calvus melanonotus)

28. Bird watching
PHIL FLOWER PECKER
(Dicareum australe haematosticum)
PHILIPPINE TROGON
(Harpactes ardens ardens)
PHIL COUCAL
(Centropus viridis viridis)

29. Bird watching
Possible sites for
birdwatching:
 Olango Island
 Philippine Eagle
Nature Research
Center
 Calauit Island
 Mt. Makiling

30. Scuba Diving

31. Issues affecting the diving community
Spearfishing
Feeding
Touching
Agitating
Playing

32. Scuba Diving
Dive sites:
ANILAO
 PUERTO
GALERA
 EL NIDO
 MOALBOAL
 BALICASAG
ISLAND

33. Whale Watching

34. Marine Mammals Species:
Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaengliae)
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps)
Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus)
Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)
Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Finless Porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides)
Melon-headed Whale (Pepeonocephala electra)
Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresca attenuata)

35. Marine Mammals Species:
Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macroryhnchus)
Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis)
Blainville’s Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon densirostris)
Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris)
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata)
Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidena)
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Stripped Dolphin (Stenella Coeruleoalba)
Dugong (Dugong Dugon)

36. Caving (Spelunking)

37. Safety Measures
Light is the most important tool.
Never enter a cave alone.
Never enter a cave without proper equipment.
Always tell somebody where the team will go and what time it is expected
to be back
Look for tell-tale signs of flash-flooding, like mud on the wall
Never enter a cave without a competent guide
Never touch any animal inside a cave
Never touch delicate limestone formations
Do not leave anything inside caves
Never write or vandalize the cave formations and walls
Never take anything as souvenir.

38. Caves
INDAY NELLY DELES MYSTICAL CAVE
SOHOTON CAVES NATIONAL PARK
SAGADA
HOYOP-HOYOPAN
PENABLANCA

39. Community Ecotourism