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Healthy Parks … 
Vibrant Communities 
Steve McCool 
WCPA Tourism and Protected Areas 
Specialist Group 
University of Montana, USA
Ecotourism and the health of communities 
and ecosystems
Ecotourism and the health of communities 
and ecosystems 
Understand the context
Ecotourism and the health of communities 
and ecosystems 
Understand the context 
Build resilient communities
Ecotourism and the health of communities 
and ecosystems 
Understand the context 
Build resilient communities 
Tourism as an intervention
Understand the Context: 
Global Forces Lead to 
Uncertainty and Anxiety
People hold an inherent desire to live 
within communities with 
Food and physical security 
Safe water, clean air 
Economic advancement 
Access to education and health 
Shared values and interests 
Connected to heritage
Technology 
Population 
Dynamics 
Governance 
Public 
Values 
Decision 
Making 
Economic 
Restructuring 
Climate 
Change
Technology 
Population 
Dynamics 
Governance 
Public 
Values 
Decision 
Making 
Economic 
Restructuring 
Increasing 
Conflict 
Climate 
Change
Technology 
Population 
Dynamics 
Governance 
Public 
Values 
Decision 
Making 
Economic 
Restructuring 
Accelerating 
Complexity 
Climate 
Change
Technology 
Population 
Dynamics 
Governance 
Public 
Values 
Decision 
Making 
Economic 
Restructuring 
Climate 
Change 
Changing 
Relationships
Technology 
Population 
Dynamics 
Governance 
Public 
Values 
Decision 
Making 
Economic 
Restructuring 
New Challenges 
and Opportunities 
Climate 
Change
Communities Unprepared 
for Change are Stressed
Growing and Diversifying 
Expectations for 
Protected Areas
Heritage 
Protection
Heritage 
Protection 
Governance
Heritage 
Protection 
Economic 
Development 
Governance
Heritage 
Protection 
Climate 
Change 
Economic 
Development 
Governance
Heritage 
Protection 
Climate 
Change 
Cauldrons of 
Evolution 
Economic 
Development 
Governance
Heritage 
Protection 
Climate 
Change 
Cauldrons of 
Evolution 
Economic 
Development 
Governance 
Buffers from 
Development
Expectations Partly 
Overlapping and Partly 
Competing
Resilient and Vibrant Communities: 
Invest in Nature and People
Resilience: “the sustained ability of a 
community to utilize available resources 
to respond to, withstand, and recover 
from adverse situations” 
Rand Corporation
Resilience 
Natural 
Capital 
Social 
Capital 
Technical 
Capacity
Connections
Protected 
Area
Community 
Protected 
Area
Community 
Protected 
Area 
Utilitarian
Community 
Protected 
Area 
Utilitarian 
Political
Community 
Protected 
Area 
Utilitarian 
Political 
Economic
Community 
Protected 
Area 
Utilitarian 
Political 
Economic 
Cultural/Spiritual
Tourism as Intervention 
Think of it as a 
transformational tool
Tourism … 
Enhances management
Tourism … 
Transforms communities
Tourism … 
Transforms protected areas
Tourism … 
Transforms Connections
Barriers
Barriers 
Social Financial 
Capital 
Managerial 
Capacity 
Vision/Leadership 
Mental Models
Barriers 
Social Financial 
Capital 
Managerial 
Capacity 
Vision/Leadership 
Mental Models
Barriers 
Social Financial 
Capital 
Managerial 
Capacity 
Vision/Leadership 
Mental Models
Barriers 
Social Financial 
Capital 
Managerial 
Capacity 
Vision/Leadership 
Mental Models
Some Concluding Observations 
•Framing the 
question 
•Who benefits from 
eco-tourism? 
•Role of science?
What should 
tourism sustain? 
Quality of life? 
Heritage? 
Economic 
opportunity?
What should 
tourism sustain? 
Quality of life? 
Heritage? 
Economic 
opportunity? 
What are the 
appropriate or 
acceptable 
conditions?
Who Gets to Make the Decisions? 
• Healthy Parks … 
Vibrant Communities 
leads to a 
redistribution of 
power 
• Who represents the 
future? 
• How to maintain 
options when 
preferences are 
unknown?
•Create new visitor opportunity products
•Create new visitor opportunity products 
•Build a community of practice
•Create new visitor opportunity products 
•Build a community of practice 
•Maintain connections
•Create new visitor opportunity products 
•Build a community of practice 
•Maintain connections 
•Monitor outcomes
•Create new visitor opportunity products 
•Build a community of practice 
•Maintain connections 
•Monitor outcomes 
•Adapt strategies, policies and management
Thank You 
Fresh Perspectives on 
Protected Area Stewardship @ 
Pasqueflowerparadigms.blogspot.com

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