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1. Nutrient Cycles
• Biogeochemical Cycles: Processes
by which elements are
transferred from one sphere to
another.
– Atmosphere
– Biosphere
– Hydrosphere
– Lithosphere

2. Water Cycle

3. Nitrogen Cycle
Bacteria
Plants
Bacteria are integral to the entire cycle. Animals
require plants to obtain useable Nitrogen.

4. Carbon Cycle
• To Atmosphere
• Burning
• Respiration
• Decomposition
• To Biosphere
• Photosynthesis
• Food web
• To Hydrosphere
• Dissolution
• Erosion
• To Lithosphere
• Decomposition
• Burial

5. 5
Energy
Energy is constantly transferred from one form to another and from
one type to another.
• electrical to light
• mechanical to sound
• chemical to heat
Relationship between (chemical) energy and mass: e=mc2
Remember: ENERGY IS STORED IN BONDS
ENERGY CAN NEVER BE
CREATED OR DESTROYED

6. Biological Energy Flow
Growth Growth
Sun Plants Animals
Heat

7. Photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

8. Step Location Goes in Comes out
Light dependent
reaction
Thylakoids (grana) Light and H2O
ADP+P
NADP+
O2
ATP
NADPH
Light independent
reaction
stroma CO2
ATP
NADPH
Sugar
ADP+P
NADP+
6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy
 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesis

9. C6H12O6 + 6O2
 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Cellular Respiration
Step Location Goes in Comes out
Glycolysis cytoplasm Sugar
ADP+P
NAD+
½ sugars
ATP
NADH
Kreb’s cycle mitochondrial matrix ½ sugars
NAD+
CO2
NADH
Electron transport
chain and ATP
synthase
mitochondrial membrane O2
ADP+P
NADH
H2O
ATP
NAD+

10. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
Cellular Respiration
•Only plants and algae photosynthesize.
•Animals and fungi only respire.
•BUT, plants and algae also respire.
SO, plants and algae do both…why?

11. Aerobic vs Anerobic Respiration
• Aerobic: Uses O2
– All 3 steps
– 30+ ATP/sugar
• Anaerobic: No O2
– Glycolysis only
– <5 ATP/sugar
– Types
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Alcohol fermentation

12. Trophic Levels
• Only ~10% of the energy in each level is
passed to the next.
• Never gets higher than 5 or 6 levels due
to limited energy availability.
Energy flow

13. Food Web

14. Decomposer Food Chain

15. Ecosystems
• The community plus the abiotic factors that influence it
or are influenced by it.
– Water
– Rock
– Nutrients
– Energy flow
• Ecosystem type depends on annual temperature and
precipitation patterns
– Tilt of Earth’s axis
– Ocean Circulation
– Atmospheric circulation cells
– Rainshadow
– Lake effect

16. Tilt of Earth’s Axis

17. Atmospheric Circulation Cells

18. Ocean Currents
•Ocean currents distribute heat throughout the planet.
•Detritus and minerals from land masses and productive areas of
the ocean sink to the bottom.
•These nutrients are collected and carried on the bottom currents
to regions of upwelling where they are returned to the surface.

19. Rainshadow and Lake Effect
Lake effect: similar
to rain shadow,
without the shadow

20. Plate Tectonics
•Heat from earth’s core causes
convection currents
•Movement of mantle moves crust
•Plate boundaries separate,
converge, or slide

21. Plate Boundaries

22. Other Geologic Theories
• Uniformitarianism: the
same principles that apply
now applied in the past.
• Superposition: Older rock
layers are on the bottom
• Contiguity: The same rock
layers can often be seen on
opposite sides of a rift or
canyon.

23. Rock Cycle
• Igneous rock
– melting and cooling
– Glass, pumice, lava
rock
• Metamorphic Rock
– heat and pressure
– Marble, granite, slate,
coal
• Sedimentary rock
– Erosion and
compaction
– Sandstone, shale,
limestone

24. Ecosystems
Biodiversity: The numbers and
types of organisms in an
ecosystem.
Productivity: The speed at
which nutrients are cycled
through the ecosystem.
Usually measured by plant
growth.

25. Ecosystems
Ecological Dominant: A species that is
characteristic of the habitat.
Keystone Species: A species that is
necessary for the healthy function
of the community.