ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS.pptx
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This document defines and provides examples of several economic and political concepts: - Trade is the exchange of goods or privileges between countries or organizations for mutual benefit. - Redistribution involves distributing resources or wealth in a way to achieve greater social equality, such as through taxation, welfare programs, or land reform. - Insider trading refers to stock trading by someone with access to non-public information. - Globalization involves the strategic and economic adaptation of countries to an interconnected world of human rights, weapons proliferation, and shared security threats.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
MEANING
DEFINITION
BASIC OF TAXATION
NATURE
IMPORTANCE
PURPOSE
MEANING OF TAXATION
TAXATION, IMPOSITION OF COMPULSORY LEVIES ON INDIVIDUALS OR ENTITIES BY GOVERNMENT.
TAXES ARE LEVIED IN ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD, PRIMARILY TO RAISE REVENUE FOR GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, ALTHOUGH THEY SERVE OTHER PURPOSE AS WELL.
DEFINITION OF TAXATION
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CONTRIBUTION LEVIED ON PERSONS, PROPERTY OR BUINESSS FOR THE SUPORT OF GOVERNMENT.
LAW CASES:
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IRB TAX GUIDE:
IS AN AMOUNT OF MONEY WHICH IS TAKEN FROM YOUR EARNINGS TO HELP TOWARDS SOME OF THE COST OF SERVICES ARE RECEIVED IN THIS COUNTRY.
BACKGROUND OF TAXATION:
INCOME TAX ORDINANCE 1947 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1948.
REPLACED BY INCOME TAX ACT 1967 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1968.
BASIS OF TAXATION:
NECESSITY:
“TAXATION IS THE LIFE BLOOD OR THE BREAD AND BUTTER OF THE GOVERNMENT AND EVERY CITIZEN MUST PAY HIS TAXES”
RECIPROCAL DUTIES.
NATURE OF TAXATION:
INHERENT POWER OF SOVEREIGHTY.
ESSENTIALLY A LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE.
THE STRONGEST OF ALL THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
TERRITORIAL IN OPERATION.
SUBJECT TO CONSTITUTIONAL AND INHERENTLIMITATIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXATION:
HELPS BUILDING THE NATION:
WITHOUT TAXES, IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO RUN THE COUNTRY.
WELFARE SCHEMES.
IMPROVED HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.
PURPOSE OF TAXATION:
GROWTH :
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REVENUE;
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REPRESENTATION:
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CONCEPT OF TAXATION:
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TABLE OF CONTENT
MEANING
DEFINITION
BASIC OF TAXATION
NATURE
IMPORTANCE
PURPOSE
MEANING OF TAXATION
TAXATION, IMPOSITION OF COMPULSORY LEVIES ON INDIVIDUALS OR ENTITIES BY GOVERNMENT.
TAXES ARE LEVIED IN ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD, PRIMARILY TO RAISE REVENUE FOR GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, ALTHOUGH THEY SERVE OTHER PURPOSE AS WELL.
DEFINITION OF TAXATION
OXFORD DICTIONARY:
CONTRIBUTION LEVIED ON PERSONS, PROPERTY OR BUINESSS FOR THE SUPORT OF GOVERNMENT.
LAW CASES:
A COMPULSORY EXACTION OF MONEY BY A PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES ENFORCABLE BY LAW (MATTHEWS V THE CHICORY MARKETING BOARD, 1938)
IRB TAX GUIDE:
IS AN AMOUNT OF MONEY WHICH IS TAKEN FROM YOUR EARNINGS TO HELP TOWARDS SOME OF THE COST OF SERVICES ARE RECEIVED IN THIS COUNTRY.
BACKGROUND OF TAXATION:
INCOME TAX ORDINANCE 1947 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1948.
REPLACED BY INCOME TAX ACT 1967 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1968.
BASIS OF TAXATION:
NECESSITY:
“TAXATION IS THE LIFE BLOOD OR THE BREAD AND BUTTER OF THE GOVERNMENT AND EVERY CITIZEN MUST PAY HIS TAXES”
RECIPROCAL DUTIES.
NATURE OF TAXATION:
INHERENT POWER OF SOVEREIGHTY.
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THE STRONGEST OF ALL THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
TERRITORIAL IN OPERATION.
SUBJECT TO CONSTITUTIONAL AND INHERENTLIMITATIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXATION:
HELPS BUILDING THE NATION:
WITHOUT TAXES, IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO RUN THE COUNTRY.
WELFARE SCHEMES.
IMPROVED HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.
PURPOSE OF TAXATION:
GROWTH :
PROVIDING INCENTIVES WIHEN THE TAX SYSTEM TO PROMOTE GROWTH, ESPECIALLY IN THE PRIVATE SECOR.
REVENUE;
TAXES RAISE MONEY TO SPEND ON ARMIES, ROADS, SCHOOL AND HOSPITALS AND ON MORE INDIRECT GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS LIKE MARKET REGULATION OR LEGAL SYSEMS.
REDISTRIBUTION:
NORMALLY, THIS MEANS TRSFERRING WEALTH FROM THE RICHER SECTION OF SOCIETY TO POWER SECTIONS..
RE - PRICING:
TAXES ARE LEVIED TO ADDRESS EXTERNILITIES.
FOR EXAMPLE: ALCOHOL IS TAXED TO DISCOURAGE ALCOHOLISM, AND A CARBON TAX DISCOURAGE USE OF CARBON BASED FUELS.
REPRESENTATION:
THE GOVERNMENT TAX CITIZENS, AND CITIZENS DEMAND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THEIR RULERS AS THE OTHER PART OF THIS BARGAIN.
CONCEPT OF TAXATION:
TAXATION IS THE INHERENT POWER OF THE STATE TO IMPOSE AND DEMAND CONTRIBUTION UPON PERRSONS, PROPERTISE OR RIGHTS FOR THE PERSONS OF GENERATING REVENUES FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES.
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THANK YOU
SEMINAR BY PRIYANKA SRINIVASULU REDDY
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This document discusses social and political stratification. It defines stratification as the division of society into unequal levels or positions that share resources differently. There are three types of reciprocity - generalized, balanced, and negative. Redistribution involves collecting and distributing resources. Social mobility refers to one's ability to change social positions and depends on whether a society has an open or closed stratification system.
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The document discusses how money carries symbolic meaning and emotional value beyond its rational economic value. It can represent responsibility, sympathy, community obligations, and express societal norms. Mediators should be aware of these deeper meanings when parties assign monetary values to harms and how narratives around money can shift to resolve disputes or prevent impasse. The mediator's goal is to interrupt cycles of blame and change the conflict narrative to one with alternative interpretations that recognize common ground.
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This document discusses the concepts of redistribution and economic growth, and the relationship between the two. It defines redistribution as the transfer of economic resources from wealthier to poorer individuals through policies like taxation and welfare. Economic growth is defined as the increase in production of goods and services over time, often measured by GDP. The document explores the debate around whether redistribution promotes or hinders growth, noting arguments on both sides. It also outlines different forms redistribution can take, such as progressive taxation, education/health investments, land reform, and public goods provision. The conclusion is that while scholars disagree on the impact, certain types of redistributive policies like education spending and public finance can potentially increase both social justice and economic growth.
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 6
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 6
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Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdf
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Skeleton Culture Code
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PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
Getting into the tech field. what next
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
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basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
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ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS.pptx
- 2. THE PRACTICE OF EXCHANGING THINGS WITH OTHERS FOR MUTUAL BENEFIT,ESPECIALLY PRIVILEGES GRANTED BY ONE COUNTRY OR ORGANIZATION TO ANTOHER EXAMPLE:WHEN ONE PERSON DOES SOMETHING FOR OTHER, THAT OTHER PERSON SENSES THAT A DEPT IS OWED AND IS COMPELLED TO REPAY.
- 3. CONVEYANCE OF RIGTH,TITLE,OR INTEREST IN REAL OR PERSONAL PROPERTY FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER. EXAMPLE: PAYMENTS INCLUDE WELFARE,FINANCIAL AID,SOCIAL SECURITY, AND GOVERNMENT MAKING SUBSIDIES FOR CERTAIN BUSINESSES (FIRMS).
- 4. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOMETHING IN A DIFFERENT WAY, TYPICALLY TO ACHIEVE GREATER SOCIAL EQUALITY EXAMPLE: INCOME AND redistribution OF WEALTH ARE RESPECTIVELY THE TRANSFER OF INCOME AND OF WEALTH (INCLUDING PHYSICAL PROPERTY) FROM SOME INDIVIDUAL TO OTHERS BY MEANS OF A SOCIAL MECHANISM SUCH AS TAXATION,CHARITY,WELFARE,PUBLIC SERVICES,LAND REFORM,MONETARY POLICIES,CONFISCATION,DIVORCE OR TORT LAW.
- 5. IS AN ORDER PLACED BY AN INSIDER, AFTER ALL APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTATION HAS BEEN FILED, TO BUY OR SELL RESTRICTED SECURITIES OPENLY ON AN EXCHANGE. EXAMLPE: IN ACTION INCLUDE HOME SHOPPING CHANNELS LIKE QVC AND HSN AND ONLINE VENDOR MALLS SUCH AS GROUPON.
- 6. COMPARISON, IS DEFINED BY CONSTITUTIONAL, ECONOMIC AND STRATEGIC ADAPTATION TO A WORLD IN WHICH THE CLAIMS OF HUMAN RIGTHS, THE REACH WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION, THE PROLIFERATION OF TRANSNATIONAL THREATS TO SECURITY AND WELL-BEING.