This document provides an overview of the history and development of electronic commerce. It discusses three waves of electronic commerce, characterized by rapid growth and adoption in the late 1990s, expanding international use from 2004-2009, and the current wave driven by mobile commerce and social media. The document also categorizes different types of electronic commerce transactions and business models. It analyzes the suitability of various products and business processes for electronic commerce implementation and identifies opportunities as well as barriers.
The E-commerce Revolution: How the Industry is Evolving and What the Future H...e27
The Tipping Point for the shift from physical to digital retail is occurring due to significant advantages e-commerce has over brick-and-mortar retail. But which e-commerce model will win in the long run? Ebay /Alibaba / Rakuten type marketplaces or a more controlled retail platform like Amazon, which also has a marketplace? Will the emerging “asset light” models, such as Instacart, PostMates, eBay Now, Uber(?), and Google Shopping Express, enable physical retailers to team up and provide instant gratification to beat the e-commerce giants? Let’s discuss the evolution and future of e-commerce – exciting times!
Stay up to date on Asia's tech scene:
Read the latest news: http://e27.co
Sign up for our Weekly Digest that curates the Top news in Asia: http://bit.ly/subscribe-to-e27
What is E-BUSINESS?
Benefits and Limitations of E-Business
Types of E-business
Online Transactions And Security Of E- Transactions
Applications of E-commerce
Why Are E-commerce Trends so Important?
This document defines and describes different types of e-commerce. E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. The main types discussed are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-government (B2G), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), government-to-consumer (G2C), and government-to-business (G2B). Examples of each type are provided. The advantages of e-commerce include faster transactions, ability to shop 24/7 from anywhere, and access to a wide range of products. Disadvantages include the inability to examine products in person and security/connectivity issues
This document discusses firms and their classification, growth, and economics of scale. It begins by classifying firms by industry, sector, ownership, and size. Small firms exist for several reasons like market size, consumer preferences, and flexibility. Firms can grow internally or externally through mergers. Mergers can be horizontal, vertical, or conglomerate, and are often done to achieve rationalization. Economics of scale refer to lower costs from increased production, while diseconomies refer to higher costs. Both internal and external scales can impact firms and industries.
The document discusses various types of e-commerce. It describes e-commerce as encompassing the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, and paying for products and services. It then classifies e-commerce into seven main types: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, consumer-to-consumer, peer-to-peer, mobile commerce, and business-to-employee. Each type is defined and examples are provided to illustrate the key participants and transactions involved.
1. Definition & introduction to the PL market
environment - Key trends
2. Online sales in relation to company’s key
business processes
- Understanding changes in buying process
- Introducing online in offline company
3. Operational Techniques of selling in e-commerce
- Understanding the customer
- Online merchandising
- Customer service
The document summarizes the key concepts of perfect competition in the short run and long run. In the short run, firms take the market price as given and produce where marginal cost equals marginal revenue to maximize profits. In the long run, if firms earn profits, more will enter the industry, increasing supply and driving prices down until profits are zero and the industry reaches long run equilibrium.
The E-commerce Revolution: How the Industry is Evolving and What the Future H...e27
The Tipping Point for the shift from physical to digital retail is occurring due to significant advantages e-commerce has over brick-and-mortar retail. But which e-commerce model will win in the long run? Ebay /Alibaba / Rakuten type marketplaces or a more controlled retail platform like Amazon, which also has a marketplace? Will the emerging “asset light” models, such as Instacart, PostMates, eBay Now, Uber(?), and Google Shopping Express, enable physical retailers to team up and provide instant gratification to beat the e-commerce giants? Let’s discuss the evolution and future of e-commerce – exciting times!
Stay up to date on Asia's tech scene:
Read the latest news: http://e27.co
Sign up for our Weekly Digest that curates the Top news in Asia: http://bit.ly/subscribe-to-e27
What is E-BUSINESS?
Benefits and Limitations of E-Business
Types of E-business
Online Transactions And Security Of E- Transactions
Applications of E-commerce
Why Are E-commerce Trends so Important?
This document defines and describes different types of e-commerce. E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. The main types discussed are business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-government (B2G), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), government-to-consumer (G2C), and government-to-business (G2B). Examples of each type are provided. The advantages of e-commerce include faster transactions, ability to shop 24/7 from anywhere, and access to a wide range of products. Disadvantages include the inability to examine products in person and security/connectivity issues
This document discusses firms and their classification, growth, and economics of scale. It begins by classifying firms by industry, sector, ownership, and size. Small firms exist for several reasons like market size, consumer preferences, and flexibility. Firms can grow internally or externally through mergers. Mergers can be horizontal, vertical, or conglomerate, and are often done to achieve rationalization. Economics of scale refer to lower costs from increased production, while diseconomies refer to higher costs. Both internal and external scales can impact firms and industries.
The document discusses various types of e-commerce. It describes e-commerce as encompassing the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, and paying for products and services. It then classifies e-commerce into seven main types: business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-business, consumer-to-consumer, peer-to-peer, mobile commerce, and business-to-employee. Each type is defined and examples are provided to illustrate the key participants and transactions involved.
1. Definition & introduction to the PL market
environment - Key trends
2. Online sales in relation to company’s key
business processes
- Understanding changes in buying process
- Introducing online in offline company
3. Operational Techniques of selling in e-commerce
- Understanding the customer
- Online merchandising
- Customer service
The document summarizes the key concepts of perfect competition in the short run and long run. In the short run, firms take the market price as given and produce where marginal cost equals marginal revenue to maximize profits. In the long run, if firms earn profits, more will enter the industry, increasing supply and driving prices down until profits are zero and the industry reaches long run equilibrium.
Introduction to Digital e-marketing managementVIRUPAKSHA GOUD
This document provides an introduction to e-marketing, including definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1) E-business is conducting business operations over the internet, both internally and externally, through technologies like websites, email, and e-commerce. E-marketing is one part of an organization's e-business activities.
2) E-marketing encompasses more than just websites - it also includes tools like search engine marketing, email, online newsletters, and social media. The internet gives marketers opportunities to engage with customers, partners, and other stakeholders.
3) As technologies evolve from Web 1.0 to 2.0 to 3.0, the focus shifts from simply connecting people to networks,
The document discusses various topics related to e-commerce including definitions of e-commerce and e-business, differences between buy-side and sell-side e-commerce, types of e-business models, drivers and barriers to adoption of sell-side e-commerce, examples of digital information, and what the semantic web is. It also provides a bibliography of sources for the information presented.
The document discusses the key concepts of digital business and e-commerce. It defines digital business as how technology can benefit all internal business processes and interactions with third parties, including both buy-side and sell-side e-commerce. Sell-side e-commerce involves electronic transactions between an organization and its customers, while buy-side involves transactions between an organization and suppliers. Digital marketing involves investment across six key digital media channels to influence consumers. The document also examines how the strategic assumptions around customers, competition, data, innovation and value have shifted from the analog to digital age.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including its definition, key concepts, models, and benefits/limitations. It defines e-commerce as business transactions conducted electronically and notes it initially started in 1948. The models of e-commerce discussed include B2B, B2C, B2G, C2C, C2G, and C2B. Benefits listed are operational cost savings, international marketplaces, and mass customization. Limitations include security/reliability issues, technology evolution, and lack of trust in online interactions. Intranets and extranets are also summarized.
Top Technology Trends to Watch Out for in 2021Neil Johnson
The document discusses 5 top technology trends to watch for in 2021:
1. Hyperautomation, which uses tools like AI and machine learning to automate business processes.
2. Distributed cloud, which allows running computing infrastructure across multiple physical locations from a single control plane.
3. Digital twins, which are virtual representations of real-world systems that are growing in use and complexity.
4. Technology stacks, as companies will increasingly compete based on their technology investments.
5. Remote workforces, as the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the transition to long-term remote work arrangements.
This document summarizes key technology trends for 2014, including the Internet of Things, Big Data, 3D Printing, and Wearable Technology. It notes that by 2025, 75% of the world's population will have internet access and 6 billion devices will be connected. Regarding Big Data, it states that data storage capacity increases 40-50% annually and will be 50 times larger by 2020. It also provides examples of opportunities for 3D printing in areas like manufacturing tools and toys. The document concludes by highlighting several Scottish technology startups that are poised for growth.
The document discusses digital transformation and its impact. It covers topics like drivers of digital transformation, how it is affecting industries, IT, stakeholders, and the benefits and challenges of adoption. Digital transformation is redefining industries through convergence of social, local and mobile technologies, leading to superior customer experiences. It is driving fundamental shifts in business models and cost structures across media, telecom, financial services, education, healthcare and other industries.
The document discusses the digital economy, which refers to economic activity that is enabled by digital technologies and conducted via the internet. It provides examples like Netflix and Uber, and explains the importance of the digital economy in creating new business models and allowing companies to reach global markets. The advantages are outlined as greater accessibility, transparency and faster transactions. Potential drawbacks include the digital divide, environmental impacts, unemployment, and security issues. The impacts globally are innovation, improved efficiency, and increased GDP. The future of the digital economy is predicted to be increasingly technology-based and represent an even larger share of the global economy.
This document discusses assessing the digital transformation maturity of Taiwan's motherboard industry. It begins with an introduction to digital transformation and how the motherboard industry is facing challenges that require remodeling through digital transformation.
It then reviews literature on digital transformation maturity models and their application in manufacturing. The document develops a framework to assess the motherboard industry's digital transformation maturity, including dimensions of procurement, R&D, manufacturing, logistics, customer service, and relationships.
An expert interview and fuzzy AHP method are used to analyze the weights of dimensions and criteria to understand their relationships. This provides an objective assessment scale to evaluate the industry's current operations and guide its digital transformation path.
This document discusses electronic and mobile commerce. It begins by wrapping up a discussion of information systems in organizations and how they progress from cost reduction to competitive advantage to performance-based management. It then defines electronic commerce as conducting business electronically over computer networks. The document outlines different types of electronic commerce including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer. It also defines mobile commerce and provides examples of popular mobile commerce applications. Advantages of electronic and mobile commerce discussed include improved infrastructure, electronic payment systems, and increased access to information.
Open Data … Open Wallonia. The road toOpen Government in Wallonia. Présentation de l'AWT à l'occasion du Séminaire "données publiques" à l'Université de Namur (7 mai 2014)
4BU017 Lecture Slides - Definition and Scope of Digital Business - 2021-22-1....Dibyesh1
Digital business is broader than e-commerce and involves transforming key business processes like R&D, marketing, manufacturing through internet technologies. E-commerce refers more narrowly to electronic transactions, while digital marketing uses online channels. Web 2.0 enabled user-generated content and social sharing, and Web 3.0 will incorporate artificial intelligence and semantic processing of data. Digital transactions can occur between consumers, businesses, and governments through various models like B2C, C2C, and B2B.
Digital transformation - the imperative to change: Presentation for Smart Di...Roger Christiansen
The document discusses digital transformation in various industries and for businesses. It notes that while digital transformation was a big topic in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the rise of e-business, the current context is different due to factors like the fourth industrial revolution. The document also examines how industries like publishing and printing have undergone transformation, with publishers responding to ebooks and digital printing becoming more mainstream. It emphasizes that digital transformation requires more than just digital marketing and that business process transformation provides long-lasting benefits. Quality content is important across all communication channels.
Digital Transformation : Buzzword or Real TransformationMatthew W. Bowers
Digital transformation involves more than just implementing new technologies. It requires realigning an organization's business models, processes, and strategies to fully leverage digital technologies and compete in an increasingly digital economy. While digital transformation is often confusing due to the many technologies, decisions, and voices involved, it ultimately aims to reshape how an organization operates and delivers value at its core.
Clive Gardiner is the Head of Digital at NSPCC and Childline. He has over 15 years of experience leading digital transformations at various organizations. In his presentation, he discusses embracing risk to gain digital buy-in. He assesses the risks of not transforming digitally fast enough, including losing stakeholder engagement and brand equity. He then defines controls like building skills through training programs and knowledge sharing. The goal is to improve NSPCC's digital performance and meet high user expectations.
DIGITAL & IoT: A TALE OF THE HAVES AND HAVE-MORES- McKinsey & CompanyTiE Seattle
The document discusses how digital technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) are transforming business across sectors. It notes that digitization is having different impacts based on a sector's level of asset digitization, use of digital tools, and labor digitization. While IoT potential is large, value will vary by industry vertical. Infrastructure, public sector, and utilities could see the greatest economic benefits from IoT, while its impact will be smaller for industries like aerospace and defense.
1. Section II of the final paper should fix any problems with Section I and include a focus on a business leader.
2. Students must complete the assignment individually.
3. The document provides instructions for completing Sections II and the final paper for an assignment. Students are told to resubmit Section I along with Section II as the final paper, and that Section II should emphasize a business leader. They are also reminded to complete the assignment individually.
eyefortransport 17th Annual Logistics CIO Forum - Opening addressFrits de Vroet
Brief presentation on digital transformation in the logistics industry given as the opening address for the 17th Annual Logistics CIO Forum in Amsterdam on 16 and 17 February 2016
Digital Transformation : Just a Buzzword or Real TransformationMatthew W. Bowers
Digital Transformation : Just a Buzzword or Real Transformation. A presentation to the St Louis Chapter of AITP to highlight, define and discuss digital transformation as well as business innovation and related topics. What IS Digital Transformation, why is it confusing, who does it, who leads, what is the maturity model?
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Introduction to Digital e-marketing managementVIRUPAKSHA GOUD
This document provides an introduction to e-marketing, including definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1) E-business is conducting business operations over the internet, both internally and externally, through technologies like websites, email, and e-commerce. E-marketing is one part of an organization's e-business activities.
2) E-marketing encompasses more than just websites - it also includes tools like search engine marketing, email, online newsletters, and social media. The internet gives marketers opportunities to engage with customers, partners, and other stakeholders.
3) As technologies evolve from Web 1.0 to 2.0 to 3.0, the focus shifts from simply connecting people to networks,
The document discusses various topics related to e-commerce including definitions of e-commerce and e-business, differences between buy-side and sell-side e-commerce, types of e-business models, drivers and barriers to adoption of sell-side e-commerce, examples of digital information, and what the semantic web is. It also provides a bibliography of sources for the information presented.
The document discusses the key concepts of digital business and e-commerce. It defines digital business as how technology can benefit all internal business processes and interactions with third parties, including both buy-side and sell-side e-commerce. Sell-side e-commerce involves electronic transactions between an organization and its customers, while buy-side involves transactions between an organization and suppliers. Digital marketing involves investment across six key digital media channels to influence consumers. The document also examines how the strategic assumptions around customers, competition, data, innovation and value have shifted from the analog to digital age.
This document provides an overview of e-commerce, including its definition, key concepts, models, and benefits/limitations. It defines e-commerce as business transactions conducted electronically and notes it initially started in 1948. The models of e-commerce discussed include B2B, B2C, B2G, C2C, C2G, and C2B. Benefits listed are operational cost savings, international marketplaces, and mass customization. Limitations include security/reliability issues, technology evolution, and lack of trust in online interactions. Intranets and extranets are also summarized.
Top Technology Trends to Watch Out for in 2021Neil Johnson
The document discusses 5 top technology trends to watch for in 2021:
1. Hyperautomation, which uses tools like AI and machine learning to automate business processes.
2. Distributed cloud, which allows running computing infrastructure across multiple physical locations from a single control plane.
3. Digital twins, which are virtual representations of real-world systems that are growing in use and complexity.
4. Technology stacks, as companies will increasingly compete based on their technology investments.
5. Remote workforces, as the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the transition to long-term remote work arrangements.
This document summarizes key technology trends for 2014, including the Internet of Things, Big Data, 3D Printing, and Wearable Technology. It notes that by 2025, 75% of the world's population will have internet access and 6 billion devices will be connected. Regarding Big Data, it states that data storage capacity increases 40-50% annually and will be 50 times larger by 2020. It also provides examples of opportunities for 3D printing in areas like manufacturing tools and toys. The document concludes by highlighting several Scottish technology startups that are poised for growth.
The document discusses digital transformation and its impact. It covers topics like drivers of digital transformation, how it is affecting industries, IT, stakeholders, and the benefits and challenges of adoption. Digital transformation is redefining industries through convergence of social, local and mobile technologies, leading to superior customer experiences. It is driving fundamental shifts in business models and cost structures across media, telecom, financial services, education, healthcare and other industries.
The document discusses the digital economy, which refers to economic activity that is enabled by digital technologies and conducted via the internet. It provides examples like Netflix and Uber, and explains the importance of the digital economy in creating new business models and allowing companies to reach global markets. The advantages are outlined as greater accessibility, transparency and faster transactions. Potential drawbacks include the digital divide, environmental impacts, unemployment, and security issues. The impacts globally are innovation, improved efficiency, and increased GDP. The future of the digital economy is predicted to be increasingly technology-based and represent an even larger share of the global economy.
This document discusses assessing the digital transformation maturity of Taiwan's motherboard industry. It begins with an introduction to digital transformation and how the motherboard industry is facing challenges that require remodeling through digital transformation.
It then reviews literature on digital transformation maturity models and their application in manufacturing. The document develops a framework to assess the motherboard industry's digital transformation maturity, including dimensions of procurement, R&D, manufacturing, logistics, customer service, and relationships.
An expert interview and fuzzy AHP method are used to analyze the weights of dimensions and criteria to understand their relationships. This provides an objective assessment scale to evaluate the industry's current operations and guide its digital transformation path.
This document discusses electronic and mobile commerce. It begins by wrapping up a discussion of information systems in organizations and how they progress from cost reduction to competitive advantage to performance-based management. It then defines electronic commerce as conducting business electronically over computer networks. The document outlines different types of electronic commerce including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, and consumer-to-consumer. It also defines mobile commerce and provides examples of popular mobile commerce applications. Advantages of electronic and mobile commerce discussed include improved infrastructure, electronic payment systems, and increased access to information.
Open Data … Open Wallonia. The road toOpen Government in Wallonia. Présentation de l'AWT à l'occasion du Séminaire "données publiques" à l'Université de Namur (7 mai 2014)
4BU017 Lecture Slides - Definition and Scope of Digital Business - 2021-22-1....Dibyesh1
Digital business is broader than e-commerce and involves transforming key business processes like R&D, marketing, manufacturing through internet technologies. E-commerce refers more narrowly to electronic transactions, while digital marketing uses online channels. Web 2.0 enabled user-generated content and social sharing, and Web 3.0 will incorporate artificial intelligence and semantic processing of data. Digital transactions can occur between consumers, businesses, and governments through various models like B2C, C2C, and B2B.
Digital transformation - the imperative to change: Presentation for Smart Di...Roger Christiansen
The document discusses digital transformation in various industries and for businesses. It notes that while digital transformation was a big topic in the late 1990s and early 2000s during the rise of e-business, the current context is different due to factors like the fourth industrial revolution. The document also examines how industries like publishing and printing have undergone transformation, with publishers responding to ebooks and digital printing becoming more mainstream. It emphasizes that digital transformation requires more than just digital marketing and that business process transformation provides long-lasting benefits. Quality content is important across all communication channels.
Digital Transformation : Buzzword or Real TransformationMatthew W. Bowers
Digital transformation involves more than just implementing new technologies. It requires realigning an organization's business models, processes, and strategies to fully leverage digital technologies and compete in an increasingly digital economy. While digital transformation is often confusing due to the many technologies, decisions, and voices involved, it ultimately aims to reshape how an organization operates and delivers value at its core.
Clive Gardiner is the Head of Digital at NSPCC and Childline. He has over 15 years of experience leading digital transformations at various organizations. In his presentation, he discusses embracing risk to gain digital buy-in. He assesses the risks of not transforming digitally fast enough, including losing stakeholder engagement and brand equity. He then defines controls like building skills through training programs and knowledge sharing. The goal is to improve NSPCC's digital performance and meet high user expectations.
DIGITAL & IoT: A TALE OF THE HAVES AND HAVE-MORES- McKinsey & CompanyTiE Seattle
The document discusses how digital technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) are transforming business across sectors. It notes that digitization is having different impacts based on a sector's level of asset digitization, use of digital tools, and labor digitization. While IoT potential is large, value will vary by industry vertical. Infrastructure, public sector, and utilities could see the greatest economic benefits from IoT, while its impact will be smaller for industries like aerospace and defense.
1. Section II of the final paper should fix any problems with Section I and include a focus on a business leader.
2. Students must complete the assignment individually.
3. The document provides instructions for completing Sections II and the final paper for an assignment. Students are told to resubmit Section I along with Section II as the final paper, and that Section II should emphasize a business leader. They are also reminded to complete the assignment individually.
eyefortransport 17th Annual Logistics CIO Forum - Opening addressFrits de Vroet
Brief presentation on digital transformation in the logistics industry given as the opening address for the 17th Annual Logistics CIO Forum in Amsterdam on 16 and 17 February 2016
Digital Transformation : Just a Buzzword or Real TransformationMatthew W. Bowers
Digital Transformation : Just a Buzzword or Real Transformation. A presentation to the St Louis Chapter of AITP to highlight, define and discuss digital transformation as well as business innovation and related topics. What IS Digital Transformation, why is it confusing, who does it, who leads, what is the maturity model?
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Zodiac Signs and Food Preferences_ What Your Sign Says About Your Tastemy Pandit
Know what your zodiac sign says about your taste in food! Explore how the 12 zodiac signs influence your culinary preferences with insights from MyPandit. Dive into astrology and flavors!
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
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During the budget session of 2024-25, the finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman, introduced the “solar Rooftop scheme,” also known as “PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana.” It is a subsidy offered to those who wish to put up solar panels in their homes using domestic power systems. Additionally, adopting photovoltaic technology at home allows you to lower your monthly electricity expenses. Today in this blog we will talk all about what is the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana. How does it work? Who is eligible for this yojana and all the other things related to this scheme?
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
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Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
56. LanguageIssues
•Businessmustadapttolocalcultures
–“Think globally, act locally”
–Providelocal language versionsof Website
•Customersmore likelyto buy fromsites inownlanguage
[Researchersestimatedin2013]
–25-55percent ofInternetcontent inEnglish
–HalfofcurrentInternetusersdonotread English
–By2015: 70%ofe-commercetransactionswill involve at least one partyoutsideof theUnitedStates
–By2016: Chinesewill equalEnglishasthemost-used
languageonline
•Languagesmay requiremultipletranslations
–Separatedialects(),e.g.Chinesehastwo main
systemsof writing: simplifiedandtraditionalChinese
75
57. LanguageIssues(cont’d.)
•Large sitetranslationmaybecost-prohibitive()
–Certainpagesmaybetranslated
–Homepageshouldbetranslated into allsupported languages
–Allfirst-level linksto home page
•Highprioritypagestotranslate
–Marketing,productinformation,establishingbrand
•Usetranslationservicesandsoftware
–Humantranslation:key marketing messages
–Software (or machinetranslation):usedfortranslating routinetransaction-processingfunctions, translationis
notperfectbut may be an acceptablealternative
76
59. Case :ComplaintsfromCustomers in Japan
59
•VirtualVineyardssold mostof its wineincase(12bottles) or half-casequantities.Thus,tosaveonoperatingcosts, itstockedshippingmaterialsonlyin case,half-case, and two-bottlesizes. Afteran investigation,the company determinedthatmanyof itsJapanesecustomersordered onlyone bottleofwine,whichwas shippedin a two-bottle container.Tothese Japanesecustomers,whoconsider packagingto be animportantelementof ahigh-quality productsuch as wine,itwas inconceivable() that anyonewouldshipone bottle ofwineina two-bottle container.Theyweree-mailingto askwherethe other bottlewas, notwithstandingthe factthatthey had ordered onlyone bottle.
60. CulturalIssues (cont’d.)
•Selecticonscarefully
–Shoppingcart,baskets
andtrolleys
–Handsignalfor“OK”: obscene() gesture inBrazil
•Dramaticculturalovertones
–India:inappropriateto use cow imageincartoon
–Muslimcountries:offended ()by humanarmsor legsuncovered
–Whitecolor(purityversus death)
–Japan:numberfour symbolizesdeath.
•A Web pagethatisdividedinto foursegmentscan beoffensive toa Japanese visitor
79
65. International
84
transaction (典型的國際貿易與交易流程 )
@CengageLearning 2015
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FIGURE1-14Partiesinvolvedinatypicalinternationaltrade
84. RoutingPackets(cont’d.)
84
•IndividualLANs and WANscanuseavarietyof
•rulesand standardsforcreatingpackets
•Hubs(集線器),switches(交換器),and bridges(路由 器)
–Devicesthatmove packetsfromonepart of anetwork to another
•Routers
–Usedto connectnetworksto othernetworks
–Translatepacketsintostandard format
–Routersare an important partof theinfrastructure of the Internet
138. OnlineMusic (cont’d.)
–Firsttime in14 years
16
•Complications
–Nosinglestoreoffersallmusic
–Individualstorespromote their ownmusicfileformats
•DigitalRightsManagement(DRM,數位版權管理) software
–Onlinemusicsellersrequiredbuyers todownloadand
install
–Usedto limit the number ofcopiesthatcouldbe made of each audiofile
•Musicindustry
–Reportsincreasedsalesin2013(afteryears of sufferingdeclinesduetoillegalcopying)
154. Fee-for-TransactionRevenueModels (cont’d.)
salaries,overhead,andprintingor mailingcost)
15
4
•Stockbrokeragefirms(股票經紀公司)
–Originalfull-linebrokerschargedrelativelyhigh commissions(therates were set by a government agency)
•Theydid not chargefortheadvices
•Theycould not competeonprice, the best wayto
competewas tooffermoreand betterinvestmentadvice
–1990s:disintermediationdueto brokers faced competitionfromonlinefirms
•Firmscan offerinvestmentadvice postedontheirWeb
pages orsent ine-mailednewsletters
•Without manyof thecostsof distributing theadvicethat traditional brokershadincurred(such asstockbroker
159. Fee-for-TransactionRevenueModels (cont’d.)
•Onlinebankingand financial services (cont’d.)
–Growingparticipationas servicesbecome more
widelyavailable
–Billpresentmentservice()
•Providesanelectronicversionof an invoice orbilling statement(creditcardormobile phoneservicesstatement)withall of thedetails
•Allowsto viewall ofthebills and payeach of themwith a single click
–Accountaggregationtools()
•Toobtain bank, investment,loan,andother financial accountinformationfrommultiple Websites and
display it all in one location atthebank’sWebsite
37
184. TheNatureofCommunicationon the Web
•Communicationmodes()
–Personal contact (prospecting)model
•Individually searchfor,qualify,andcontactpotential customers
•Thisapproachis calledprospecting
–Massmedia()
•Prepareadvertisingandpromotionalmaterialsaboutthefirm
anditsproductsorservices
•Delivermessagesbybroadcastingontelevisionorradio, printingin newspapersormagazines,postingonhighway billboards
•Internetmedium
–CompaniesviewtheirWebsites as broadcasts
–Provideindividualstheconvenienceof makingpersonal
contacts
62
185. Seller
Massmedia
One-to-many
Sendsafewcarefullycraftedmessagestoall
Thousandsormillionsofviewers,listeners,orreaders
Seller
VJ
m
m
仔
b
m
劃Mα
w 仔
ev
wd
h
剖 叫 別
TM 剖 m
Personalcontact
One-to-one
Salesperson
Information-seeking
Websitevisitors
Customerorprospect
@CengageLearning2015
O,j
FIGURE3-9Businesscommunicationmodes