Ecological importance of vultures final
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Vultures play a key role in ecosystems by scavenging up to 70% of carrion in Africa. They have specialized physical traits like broad wings for soaring and keen eyesight to detect carcasses from miles away. Vultures are also highly resistant to diseases. However, in the 1990s the population of vultures in India declined by 99% due to the anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac, which was commonly administered to livestock. This massive vulture loss led to a rise in feral dog populations, increased disease transmission, and contaminated water sources, costing India an estimated $34 billion.
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Ecological importance of vultures final
- 1. The ecological importance of vultures
- 2. What role do vultures play within the ecosystem? • Scavengers! • Vultures consume 70% of carrion in Africa • They are able to eat up to 20% of their own body weight • Vultures are found through out the old and the new world • Convergent evolution • Different vulture species are specialised to specific rolls Lappet-Faced Vulture (Torgos tracheliotos) Hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
- 3. What enables them to perform this roll? • Cape vultures foraging range - 38,327 km2 (Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:331–339.) • Large broad wings for soaring on thermals 1) Travel 2) Detection • Spot a 3ft carcass from 4 miles away • Turkey vultures detect ethy mercaptan by smell 3) Resistance • 10x more corrosive stomach then ours • Unique genes directed at immune response pathways • Immunity to diseases such as anthrax and botulism • Use of bacteria as competitors of other pathogens
- 4. Loss of vultures in India During the 1990’s a reduction in vulture populations throughout India and other neighboruing countries became apparent. This turned out to be due to mass renal failure. • Cause wasn’t identified until 2003 • It was Diclofenac • An anti inflammatory drug • Commonly known as voltaran • Banned for veterinary use in India in 2006 • 3 species critically endangered • 99.4% decline in white back vultures • 40 million vultures in India in 1993
- 5. Impacts of loss of vultures in India Feral dogs • 7 million increase in feral dog numbers • 1992 to 2006, nearly 40 million additional dog bites • Increases risk of rabies • Increase in mammal to mammal contact -Increases risk of disease spread contamination • Cow carcasses no longer disposed of properly without vultures • Results in contamination of water • In addition to the dead vultures economy • Estimated cost of 34 billion US dollars: -Feral dog removal -New infrastructure for carcass removal -rabies treatment and other diseases