Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, MA
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay
COMPLETENESS OF REVIEW
All points from outline have been addressed
CRITIQUE OF ARTICLE
Shows a deep understanding of the breadth of the
subject by adding comments beyond merely
answering the assigned questions
SYNTHESIS OF SOURCE
Presents an insightful and thorough rhetorical analysis
of reading by making connections to other sources or
experiences
Utilizes quotes, paraphrases, and/or summaries
STYLE / ORGANIZATION
Writing clear
Contains an intro, body, and conclusion
Transitions within paragraphs
Transitions between paragraphs
MECHANICS
Punctuation, spelling, and capitalization are correct
MLA formatted correctly
Cites correct in text
Contains a Works Cited page formatted correctly
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A. 2012 Total Points: /100
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A
Composition 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Definition
Definition:
rhetorical analysis, n. analysis of the use of rhetorical figures and patterns in a composition
“When you identify a writer’s purpose for responding to a situation by composing an essay that
puts forth claims meant to sway a particular audience, are performing rhetorical analysis—
separating out the parts of an argument to better understand how the argument works as a whole”
(Greene and Lidinsky 29).
Greene, Stuart, and April Lidinsky, eds. From Inquiry to Academic Writing, Second Edition.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print.
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A.
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment
Objective:
To write a 3-5 page Rhetorical Analysis Essay in MLA style about the article you signed up for
located on the class web site under Readings and Discussions.
To add a creative title.
To cite quotes, summaries, and/or paraphrases.
To analyze findings.
To avoid making judgment statements such as: “The author did a good job.”
To attach a Works Cited page.
Process:
Use the outline posted in the Rhetorical Analysis Module to organize your writing for this
assignment.
Answer each bulleted question in the order of the outline.
Conclusio ...
Eastern Washington University Kathy L. Rowley, M.A. Co.docxjacksnathalie
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A.
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment
Objective:
To write a 3-5 page Rhetorical Analysis Essay in MLA style about the article you signed up for
located on the class web site under Readings and Discussions.
To add a creative title.
To cite quotes, summaries, and/or paraphrases.
To analyze findings.
To avoid making judgment statements such as: “The author did a good job.”
To attach a Works Cited page.
Process:
Use the outline posted in the Rhetorical Analysis Module to organize your writing for this
assignment.
Answer each bulleted question in the order of the outline.
Conclusion:
By the end of your Rhetorical Analysis Essay, you should have a strong sense about the person
who wrote your article, why they wrote it, their audience, and what techniques they used to argue
their position.
Due: See Calendar.
From Believing Is Seeing: Biology as Ideology
Judith Lorber is an internationally renowned scholar and one of the most
widely read gender theorists writing today. She is a professor emerita
of sociology and women’s studies at Brooklyn College and the Graduate
School, City University of New York. Her acclaimed book Gender Inequality:
Feminist Theories and Politics is currently in its fourth edition (2009).
This essay is reprinted from a 1992 lecture, and in it she explains an idea
central to her research: that the behaviors we think of as “natural” to men
and women, and that often make men and women seem like opposites to
each other, are actually cultural inventions. Lorber, along with other sociologists
of gender, argues that most of the ideas we hold about men’s and
women’s “oppositional” attributes are not traceable to biological differences
but are the result of a social need to justify divisions of labor and
activity. Further, she notes that this division of assumptions about men
and women most often favors traits perceived to be masculine over those
perceived to be feminine. In this essay, she uses examples from sports and
technology and what she calls the “bathroom problem” (think about where
the lines are longest!) to help us reconsider our assumptions about gender.
In all her writing, Lorber is interested in helping her readers see with
fresh eyes the many small cultural activities we engage in every day that
reproduce these oppositional gender categories so that they come to seem
natural. She argues, “It is the taken-for-grantedness of such everyday
gendered behavior that gives credence to the belief that the widespread
differences in what women and men do must come from biology” (para.
9). Here, she opens with some historical background on changing understandings
of biological differences between male and female humans, noting
that as those understandings changed, we can see culture stepping in
torejustify gender differences, even if they do not make sense biologically.
So, for example, Lorber asks us to reth ...
This document discusses research methods used to study gender and society. It describes quantitative methods like descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments that gather measurable data. It also discusses qualitative methods like textual analysis and ethnography that aim to understand experiences. Critical research methods identify inequalities to motivate change, and mixed methods combine approaches. Gender studies draw from various disciplines like sociology, anthropology, history, and more. Studying gender enhances appreciation of diversity, awareness of cultural expectations, and ability to engage with others in society.
This document provides an analysis and comparison of John Stuart Mill's work "The Subjection of Women" and Joan Scott's work "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis" regarding their perspectives on liberal feminism. Mill argued that gender roles formed due to physical differences but are now socially constructed, so women should have equal opportunities. Scott also acknowledges liberal feminism but pushes further to question gender roles and their intersection with other forms of inequality like class and race. The document introduces standpoint theory as the framework to analyze different perspectives on the nature versus nurture debate regarding gender roles and their social construction.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The author seeks a more nuanced understanding of the powerful yet interconnected influences of biological and social forces.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The paper seeks a more nuanced understanding of the biological and its interaction with the powerful and complex social world.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The author aims to navigate a middle way in approaching the biological and its relationship to the social in understanding sex differences in behavior.
This document discusses theories around the stability of categories of sex, gender, and sexuality. It compares essentialist views that see these categories as innate and stable to social constructionist and queer theories that see them as changing based on social and cultural influences. The document analyzes several key studies and cases like Bruce/Brenda that have informed this debate. It examines perspectives from evolutionary psychology, social identity theory, psychoanalysis, and queer theory on how these categories are developed and maintained over time.
This document is a dissertation written by Jessica Smith examining how female artists provoke "subversity" through their artwork by subverting notions of femininity. The dissertation will analyze works by artists such as Louise Bourgeois, Hannah Wilke, Yayoi Kusama and Polly Norton to question if their work challenges commonly held notions of femininity and how expressions of sexuality relate to concepts of gender. It will explore different strategies used by artists to challenge ideologies of gender and examine the relationship between female sexuality and shock. The dissertation provides context on debates around gender identity and the social construction of femininity. It discusses how crafts like embroidery have historically been associated with notions of femininity while also providing an outlet for female creativity and
Eastern Washington University Kathy L. Rowley, M.A. Co.docxjacksnathalie
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A.
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment
Objective:
To write a 3-5 page Rhetorical Analysis Essay in MLA style about the article you signed up for
located on the class web site under Readings and Discussions.
To add a creative title.
To cite quotes, summaries, and/or paraphrases.
To analyze findings.
To avoid making judgment statements such as: “The author did a good job.”
To attach a Works Cited page.
Process:
Use the outline posted in the Rhetorical Analysis Module to organize your writing for this
assignment.
Answer each bulleted question in the order of the outline.
Conclusion:
By the end of your Rhetorical Analysis Essay, you should have a strong sense about the person
who wrote your article, why they wrote it, their audience, and what techniques they used to argue
their position.
Due: See Calendar.
From Believing Is Seeing: Biology as Ideology
Judith Lorber is an internationally renowned scholar and one of the most
widely read gender theorists writing today. She is a professor emerita
of sociology and women’s studies at Brooklyn College and the Graduate
School, City University of New York. Her acclaimed book Gender Inequality:
Feminist Theories and Politics is currently in its fourth edition (2009).
This essay is reprinted from a 1992 lecture, and in it she explains an idea
central to her research: that the behaviors we think of as “natural” to men
and women, and that often make men and women seem like opposites to
each other, are actually cultural inventions. Lorber, along with other sociologists
of gender, argues that most of the ideas we hold about men’s and
women’s “oppositional” attributes are not traceable to biological differences
but are the result of a social need to justify divisions of labor and
activity. Further, she notes that this division of assumptions about men
and women most often favors traits perceived to be masculine over those
perceived to be feminine. In this essay, she uses examples from sports and
technology and what she calls the “bathroom problem” (think about where
the lines are longest!) to help us reconsider our assumptions about gender.
In all her writing, Lorber is interested in helping her readers see with
fresh eyes the many small cultural activities we engage in every day that
reproduce these oppositional gender categories so that they come to seem
natural. She argues, “It is the taken-for-grantedness of such everyday
gendered behavior that gives credence to the belief that the widespread
differences in what women and men do must come from biology” (para.
9). Here, she opens with some historical background on changing understandings
of biological differences between male and female humans, noting
that as those understandings changed, we can see culture stepping in
torejustify gender differences, even if they do not make sense biologically.
So, for example, Lorber asks us to reth ...
This document discusses research methods used to study gender and society. It describes quantitative methods like descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments that gather measurable data. It also discusses qualitative methods like textual analysis and ethnography that aim to understand experiences. Critical research methods identify inequalities to motivate change, and mixed methods combine approaches. Gender studies draw from various disciplines like sociology, anthropology, history, and more. Studying gender enhances appreciation of diversity, awareness of cultural expectations, and ability to engage with others in society.
This document provides an analysis and comparison of John Stuart Mill's work "The Subjection of Women" and Joan Scott's work "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis" regarding their perspectives on liberal feminism. Mill argued that gender roles formed due to physical differences but are now socially constructed, so women should have equal opportunities. Scott also acknowledges liberal feminism but pushes further to question gender roles and their intersection with other forms of inequality like class and race. The document introduces standpoint theory as the framework to analyze different perspectives on the nature versus nurture debate regarding gender roles and their social construction.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The author seeks a more nuanced understanding of the powerful yet interconnected influences of biological and social forces.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The paper seeks a more nuanced understanding of the biological and its interaction with the powerful and complex social world.
This article examines claims made by behavioral endocrinology and biological psychology about the role of sex hormones in producing sex differences in human and animal behaviors. While critiques of biological determinism are common in feminist thought, the author argues that more attention needs to be paid to how scientists attempt to account for social factors and the interrelationship between biology and the social. Dismissing the role of biology entirely remains an inadequate approach for feminism. The author aims to navigate a middle way in approaching the biological and its relationship to the social in understanding sex differences in behavior.
This document discusses theories around the stability of categories of sex, gender, and sexuality. It compares essentialist views that see these categories as innate and stable to social constructionist and queer theories that see them as changing based on social and cultural influences. The document analyzes several key studies and cases like Bruce/Brenda that have informed this debate. It examines perspectives from evolutionary psychology, social identity theory, psychoanalysis, and queer theory on how these categories are developed and maintained over time.
This document is a dissertation written by Jessica Smith examining how female artists provoke "subversity" through their artwork by subverting notions of femininity. The dissertation will analyze works by artists such as Louise Bourgeois, Hannah Wilke, Yayoi Kusama and Polly Norton to question if their work challenges commonly held notions of femininity and how expressions of sexuality relate to concepts of gender. It will explore different strategies used by artists to challenge ideologies of gender and examine the relationship between female sexuality and shock. The dissertation provides context on debates around gender identity and the social construction of femininity. It discusses how crafts like embroidery have historically been associated with notions of femininity while also providing an outlet for female creativity and
Feminist gerontology aims to understand gender as a relational and dynamic concept that shapes social organizations and identities. It views gender relations as embedded power structures that have consequences for life chances. Feminist gerontology studies both women and men, and explores their linked experiences within webs of intersecting social forces like age, class, race and ethnicity. It provides a framework for a more inclusive understanding of aging that considers how privilege and oppression differ for various groups of older people. Critics argue the field has oversimplified aging experiences by focusing on supposed "double jeopardy" or ignoring how power structures uniquely impact individuals who actively shape their own lives through intersecting social categories.
The document discusses queer theory, which examines normative and deviant sexual behaviors and identities as social constructs rather than essential categories. Queer theory looks at gender norms and non-normative sexualities, rejecting the idea that sexuality is determined by biology. It defines individual sexuality as fluid and dynamic, exceeding definitions of gender roles and biological sex.
This document discusses the history and development of the sociology of gender and sexualities. It describes how early sociological research ignored women's experiences and viewed gender roles as biological and natural. In the 1970s, feminist scholars challenged this view and argued that gender and sexuality are socially constructed. They emphasized exploring the experiences of all women and examining power structures like patriarchy. This transformed the sociology of gender into a field that critically examines the social forces that shape gender and sexuality.
This document provides a history of feminist anthropology from the late 19th century to the 1970s. It describes three waves of feminism that influenced the development of feminist anthropology. The first wave in the late 19th/early 20th century sought to include women's voices and perspectives in ethnographic research. Significant figures like Elsie Clews Parsons and Phyllis Kayberry conducted early research with a focus on gender. The second wave from the 1920s-1980s separated the concepts of sex and gender and figures like Margaret Mead examined how culture influences gender roles. The third wave began in the 1970s and questioned androcentric biases in anthropological theories and highlighted gender inequality.
Questions On Gender Identity And Gender Essay
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Gender, Gender And Gender
Gender Equality Essay
Sociology Of Sex And Gender Essay
Gender : Culture And Gender Essay
Gender Roles Essay
Gender And Gender Issues
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Sex and Gender Essay
Gender Identity
gender Essays
Gender And Gender Essay
Gender and Sexuality Essay
Gender and Relationships Essay
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Gender Theory Essay
This document summarizes the argument that sex, gender, and sexuality are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. It discusses how non-conforming identities like intersex, transgender, and homosexual people were historically pathologized. It also explores how feminist and social movements have advocated for understanding gender and sexual diversity as natural variations. The document specifically examines how the existence of intersex people challenges the idea of only two fixed sexes determined at birth, and how transgender people's experiences question the view of sex as an immutable biological category.
Gender studies analyzes theories that problematize heterosexuality and normalize alternative sexualities. It examines how gender is a fluid, socially constructed identity that does not necessarily align with biological sex. Gender studies scholars challenge essentialist notions of fixed gender identities and sexualities, arguing instead that they exist on a continuum that is historically and culturally contingent.
Biological determinism and homosexualityTeresa Levy
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how the article examines recent claims that certain brain structures provide biological evidence for differences in sexual orientation. However, the summary critiques several aspects of the studies cited, including small sample sizes, lack of controls, flawed explanatory frameworks, and cultural biases influencing the interpretation of results. It argues that closer analysis of original research is needed to properly evaluate claims of biological determinism.
The document provides a summary of a study analyzing differences in storytelling styles between cisgender men, transgender men, and how gender is constructed. It discusses how the study examines narratives told by two cisgender men and two transgender men who have transitioned hormonally but not surgically. The study aims to determine if socialization or hormones have a greater influence on masculine and feminine speech patterns. The document analyzes characteristics of the narratives like topics, settings, inclusion of male/female characters, and use of swear words. It finds some differences between cisgender and transgender participants but also influence from other factors like age and life stage.
We are reading "Gender and Sexuality" by Chris Beasley, a very ambitious complex book as the subject itself.- Here is a sort of summary for Unit 1.- Not terribly acurate.-
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how claims of biological bases for differences in gender and sexuality have historically been used to justify social hierarchies. The document then analyzes a specific study on differences in the corpus callosum between men and women, arguing it was based on a small sample size and its findings were contradicted by later studies with better methodologies. Finally, it closely examines and critiques a study on brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual men, identifying flaws in its premises, sample size, and conclusions.
Chapter Sex Gender and Sexuality Essay.docxstudywriters
This document provides commentary on key concepts from Chapter 12 on sex, gender, and sexuality. It discusses:
1) The distinction between sex (biological) and gender (socially constructed), and how words like "sex" and "gender" have changed meanings over time.
2) Gender roles and how they vary widely across cultures but are strongly socialized in each culture.
3) Gender identity and how it is an important part of personal identity that emerges from social interpretations of gender.
4) Sexuality and the challenges of studying it given societal hypocrisy and the gap between official rules and actual behavior.
Reflective Sociology Essay
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Sociology and Social Norms Essay examples
Sociology: The Study of Culture Essay
Sociology Major Essay
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Sociological Theories Essay
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Sociology In Sociology
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Social Conflict Theory Essay
Queer theory emerged from gay and lesbian studies to examine normative and deviant sexual behaviors as social constructs rather than essential categories. It looks at anything that challenges norms, including non-normative sexualities and gender-bending behaviors. Queer theory rejects defining sexuality by simple categories like homosexual/heterosexual and sees it as a fluid, dynamic range of possibilities influenced by other identities. It also views texts through this lens, seeing cues that suggest queer readings when taken together rather than in isolation. The document discusses applying queer theory to analyze gender roles and sexualities depicted in Blood Red Road.
International Advances in Engineering and Technology (IAET) .docxnormanibarber20063
International Advances in Engineering and Technology (IAET)
ISSN: 2305-8285 Vol.13 January 2013
www.scholarism.net International Scientific Researchers (ISR)
58
Gender Differences in Religious Practice and Significance
Linda Woodhead
For reasons which merit separate analysis, the Sociology of Religion has lagged
behind many other fields in taking gender seriously. Whilst small-scale, ethnographic
studies have been most likely to recognise the significance of gender, dominant
theoretical frameworks within the Sociology of Religion often remain gender-blind.
Although there has been some debate about why women, in the West at least, are
more religious than men,
1
this has largely taken place in isolation from what are still
considered to be the „big‟ issues in the sociological analysis of religion, most notably
issues concerning the growth and decline of religion in modern societies.
This inattention to gender contrasts with the liveliness of gender studies within the
academy in recent decades. There have been a number of significant advances in
theorising gender, most notably in three related areas. First, the idea that a distinction
can be drawn between a biologically-given „sex‟ and a socially-constructed „gender‟
has been widely discredited. Historical studies like Laqueur (1990) demonstrate that
sex is historically and culturally variable, with the modern idea of two separate sexes
representing a shift away from the longer-established western view that there is a
single male sex, of which the female is an inferior manifestation. The „sex and
gender‟ model has also been undermined by a model of sex/gender as produced in and
by social processes and performances (Butler, 1999), or as a form of „social
embodiment‟ (Connell, 2002). The latter view stresses the mutual constitution of
bodies and social processes, such that it is impossible to prise them apart, whilst the
former tends to reduce the bodily to the social. Second, rejection of the „sex and
gender‟ model is bound up with a rejection of the idea that there are „two spheres‟ of
masculinity and femininity or male and female. Psychological research on sex
difference has failed to find any large or universal differences between men and
women (for a summary see Kimmel, 2000), and there is a growing awareness that in
different cultural contexts gender can be viewed as one or as many, rather than as
binary. Finally, these developments have rendered talk about „sex roles‟ – a term
which implies a sex and gender model – problematic. The idea that individuals are
socialised into sex roles in childhood has been supplemented by the idea that
sex/gender differences are continually negotiated throughout the life-course, in a
process which is active as well as passive. Thus investigation into „femininities‟ and
„masculinities‟ is replacing study of „sex roles‟, on.
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1 Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.
Part 2: What are some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of intrusion detection systems logs and other technology tools as evidence in criminal and legal matters?
Part 3: Write a 2 - 3 page APA style paper summarizing the background, description, and purpose of NIST Special Publication 800-94,
Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
. The last section of your paper should be titled "Author Reflection" and should reflect your critique of the publication examined. You are not expected to read the entire guide, you should be mainly concerned with section two of the report, titled "Intrusion Detection and Prevention Principles" and section three of the report, titled "IDPS Technologies."
Part 4:
Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 5: Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 6:
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below thenPart 2-1000 .docxMARRY7
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below then
Part 2-1000 word assignment
Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling.
What is the cultural phenomenon at play here (what is it called/ term)?
How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication and interaction?
What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together?
What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries?
You are concerned about some of the language barriers as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present.
How will this affect the presentation?
What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for this group?
What strategy would you use to begin to have everyone develop a relationship with each other that will help ease future negotiations, development, and implementation?
.
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Feminist gerontology aims to understand gender as a relational and dynamic concept that shapes social organizations and identities. It views gender relations as embedded power structures that have consequences for life chances. Feminist gerontology studies both women and men, and explores their linked experiences within webs of intersecting social forces like age, class, race and ethnicity. It provides a framework for a more inclusive understanding of aging that considers how privilege and oppression differ for various groups of older people. Critics argue the field has oversimplified aging experiences by focusing on supposed "double jeopardy" or ignoring how power structures uniquely impact individuals who actively shape their own lives through intersecting social categories.
The document discusses queer theory, which examines normative and deviant sexual behaviors and identities as social constructs rather than essential categories. Queer theory looks at gender norms and non-normative sexualities, rejecting the idea that sexuality is determined by biology. It defines individual sexuality as fluid and dynamic, exceeding definitions of gender roles and biological sex.
This document discusses the history and development of the sociology of gender and sexualities. It describes how early sociological research ignored women's experiences and viewed gender roles as biological and natural. In the 1970s, feminist scholars challenged this view and argued that gender and sexuality are socially constructed. They emphasized exploring the experiences of all women and examining power structures like patriarchy. This transformed the sociology of gender into a field that critically examines the social forces that shape gender and sexuality.
This document provides a history of feminist anthropology from the late 19th century to the 1970s. It describes three waves of feminism that influenced the development of feminist anthropology. The first wave in the late 19th/early 20th century sought to include women's voices and perspectives in ethnographic research. Significant figures like Elsie Clews Parsons and Phyllis Kayberry conducted early research with a focus on gender. The second wave from the 1920s-1980s separated the concepts of sex and gender and figures like Margaret Mead examined how culture influences gender roles. The third wave began in the 1970s and questioned androcentric biases in anthropological theories and highlighted gender inequality.
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This document summarizes the argument that sex, gender, and sexuality are socially constructed rather than biologically determined. It discusses how non-conforming identities like intersex, transgender, and homosexual people were historically pathologized. It also explores how feminist and social movements have advocated for understanding gender and sexual diversity as natural variations. The document specifically examines how the existence of intersex people challenges the idea of only two fixed sexes determined at birth, and how transgender people's experiences question the view of sex as an immutable biological category.
Gender studies analyzes theories that problematize heterosexuality and normalize alternative sexualities. It examines how gender is a fluid, socially constructed identity that does not necessarily align with biological sex. Gender studies scholars challenge essentialist notions of fixed gender identities and sexualities, arguing instead that they exist on a continuum that is historically and culturally contingent.
Biological determinism and homosexualityTeresa Levy
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how the article examines recent claims that certain brain structures provide biological evidence for differences in sexual orientation. However, the summary critiques several aspects of the studies cited, including small sample sizes, lack of controls, flawed explanatory frameworks, and cultural biases influencing the interpretation of results. It argues that closer analysis of original research is needed to properly evaluate claims of biological determinism.
The document provides a summary of a study analyzing differences in storytelling styles between cisgender men, transgender men, and how gender is constructed. It discusses how the study examines narratives told by two cisgender men and two transgender men who have transitioned hormonally but not surgically. The study aims to determine if socialization or hormones have a greater influence on masculine and feminine speech patterns. The document analyzes characteristics of the narratives like topics, settings, inclusion of male/female characters, and use of swear words. It finds some differences between cisgender and transgender participants but also influence from other factors like age and life stage.
We are reading "Gender and Sexuality" by Chris Beasley, a very ambitious complex book as the subject itself.- Here is a sort of summary for Unit 1.- Not terribly acurate.-
This document summarizes and critiques a scientific journal article on biological determinism and homosexuality. It discusses how claims of biological bases for differences in gender and sexuality have historically been used to justify social hierarchies. The document then analyzes a specific study on differences in the corpus callosum between men and women, arguing it was based on a small sample size and its findings were contradicted by later studies with better methodologies. Finally, it closely examines and critiques a study on brain differences between heterosexual and homosexual men, identifying flaws in its premises, sample size, and conclusions.
Chapter Sex Gender and Sexuality Essay.docxstudywriters
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2) Gender roles and how they vary widely across cultures but are strongly socialized in each culture.
3) Gender identity and how it is an important part of personal identity that emerges from social interpretations of gender.
4) Sexuality and the challenges of studying it given societal hypocrisy and the gap between official rules and actual behavior.
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International Advances in Engineering and Technology (IAET) .docxnormanibarber20063
International Advances in Engineering and Technology (IAET)
ISSN: 2305-8285 Vol.13 January 2013
www.scholarism.net International Scientific Researchers (ISR)
58
Gender Differences in Religious Practice and Significance
Linda Woodhead
For reasons which merit separate analysis, the Sociology of Religion has lagged
behind many other fields in taking gender seriously. Whilst small-scale, ethnographic
studies have been most likely to recognise the significance of gender, dominant
theoretical frameworks within the Sociology of Religion often remain gender-blind.
Although there has been some debate about why women, in the West at least, are
more religious than men,
1
this has largely taken place in isolation from what are still
considered to be the „big‟ issues in the sociological analysis of religion, most notably
issues concerning the growth and decline of religion in modern societies.
This inattention to gender contrasts with the liveliness of gender studies within the
academy in recent decades. There have been a number of significant advances in
theorising gender, most notably in three related areas. First, the idea that a distinction
can be drawn between a biologically-given „sex‟ and a socially-constructed „gender‟
has been widely discredited. Historical studies like Laqueur (1990) demonstrate that
sex is historically and culturally variable, with the modern idea of two separate sexes
representing a shift away from the longer-established western view that there is a
single male sex, of which the female is an inferior manifestation. The „sex and
gender‟ model has also been undermined by a model of sex/gender as produced in and
by social processes and performances (Butler, 1999), or as a form of „social
embodiment‟ (Connell, 2002). The latter view stresses the mutual constitution of
bodies and social processes, such that it is impossible to prise them apart, whilst the
former tends to reduce the bodily to the social. Second, rejection of the „sex and
gender‟ model is bound up with a rejection of the idea that there are „two spheres‟ of
masculinity and femininity or male and female. Psychological research on sex
difference has failed to find any large or universal differences between men and
women (for a summary see Kimmel, 2000), and there is a growing awareness that in
different cultural contexts gender can be viewed as one or as many, rather than as
binary. Finally, these developments have rendered talk about „sex roles‟ – a term
which implies a sex and gender model – problematic. The idea that individuals are
socialised into sex roles in childhood has been supplemented by the idea that
sex/gender differences are continually negotiated throughout the life-course, in a
process which is active as well as passive. Thus investigation into „femininities‟ and
„masculinities‟ is replacing study of „sex roles‟, on.
Similar to Eastern Washington University Kathy L. Rowley, MA .docx (16)
Part 1.....InstructionsSelect one of the age groups disc.docxMARRY7
Part 1.....
Instructions
Select one of the age groups discussed in this unit (adolescent, adult, or elderly). Create a community health strategy for dealing with intentional and unintentional injuries (motor vehicle accidents, suicide, or violence).Your response should include information on the morbidity and mortality rates and the key factors associated with the injuries.Your APA-Style essay must be at least two pages in length (not counting the title and reference pages). All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
Part 2....... Need To Be 1 Paragraph Long
According to the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS), the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was designed to give U.S. citizens improved flexibility and control, allowing them to make more informed decisions about their own health plans and healthcare providers.
Now that the ACA has been in place for several years, do you feel that in fact happened? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the ACA today.
.
Part 1 – Add to Website PlanList at least three .docxMARRY7
Part 1 – Add to Website Plan
List
at least three interactive features that could be added to your
site and what purpose each would serve for your site and its visitors.
The form created in Part Two of this assignment can be included as
one of the interactive features.
Part 2 – Refine and finalize your website
Refine
and finalize your website by doing the following:
•
Add a simple web form—such as an order form, a subscription
to a newsletter, or a request for contact.
•
Use division or a table to structure the form elements.
•
Apply JavaScript
®
to validate the form.
•
Finalize a navigation system.
•
Use metadata to increase accessibility and search engine
optimization.
15
WEB/240 Version 1
8
•
Test for functionality and usability.
As in the prior assignment, use only Adobe
®
Dreamweaver
®
or
another HTML editor to refine the homepage developed in Week
Three.
Check
your HTML code using the Markup Validation Service on the
W3C
®
website, (www.w3.org) prior to submitting your web page(s).
A link to this site may be found in the Materials tab on your student
website.
Submit
all website files in a compressed folder.
.
Part 1 True or False Questions. (10 questions at 1 point each).docxMARRY7
Part 1: True or False Questions.
(10 questions at 1 point each)
T
F
A hash algorithm uses a one-way cryptographic function, whereas both secret-key and public-key systems use two-way (i.e., reversible) cryptographic functions.
Answer: _____
T
F
The strongest 3DES (Triple DES) requires the use of three independent keys.
Answer: _____
T
F
When it comes to the ethics of a particular situation, there is only one right answer.
Answer: _____
T
F
Packet filters protect networks by blocking packets based on the packets’ contents.
Answer: _____
T
F
The biggest advantage of
public-key
cryptography over
secret-key
cryptography is in the area of key management/key distribution.
Answer: _____
T
F
In terms of privacy laws, companies have no advantage over the government in terms of the types of data that a company can collect.
Answer: _____
T
F
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) provide no protection from internal threats.
Answer: _____
T
F
A Denial-of-Service attack does not require the attacker to penetrate the target's security defenses.
Answer: _____
T
F
AES uses the Rijndael algorithm.
Answer: _____
T
F
A one-time pad is a safe house used only once by an undercover agent.
Answer: _____
Part 2: Multiple Choice Questions. Print
all
the correct answers in the blank following the question; in some cases a fully correct answer may require more than one lettered choice to be selected. (
Each question is worth 2 points.
There is no guarantee of partial credit for partially correct answers.)
If person A uses AES to transmit an encrypted message to person B, which key or keys will A have to use:
a.
A’s private key
b.
A’s public key
c.
B’s private key
d.
B’s public key
e.
None of the keys listed above
Answer(s): ____
From the perspective of
entropy
:
Plaintext will have a higher entropy than the ciphertext
The unequal frequency of characters in human languages tends to reduce the entropy of plaintext messages in that language
Encrypted messages appear to be noise-like
Plaintext requires more transmission bandwidth than ciphertext
None of the above
Answer(s): _____
Protection of a software program that uses a unique, novel algorithm could be legally protected by:
a.
A patent
b.
A copyright
c.
A patent and copyright
d.
Ethical standards
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Security
threats
include which of the following:
a.
Unlocked doors
b.
Disgruntled employees
c.
Hurricanes
d.
Un-patched software programs
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Denial of service attacks include:
a.
DNS poisoning
b.
Smurf attack
c.
Ping of death
d.
SYN flood
e.
All of the above
Answer(s): _____
Part 3: Short Answer Questions.
(10 questions at 5 points each)
Alan and Beatrice are both users of PKI. Explain how they use their keys to communicate when Alan sends a private message to Beatrice, and provides proof that he sent the message.
Answer:
Briefly describe the purpose of firewalls and how .
Part 11. Why is it so important in system engineering to become .docxMARRY7
Part 1
1. Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
2. Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
3. How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
4. How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
5. What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
6. What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 2
Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 3
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1 Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Using the internet, search for commercial IDPS systems. What classification systems and descriptions are used and how can these be used to compare the features and components of each IDPS? Create a comparison spreadsheet identifying the classification systems you find.
Part 2: What are some of the legal and ethical issues surrounding the use of intrusion detection systems logs and other technology tools as evidence in criminal and legal matters?
Part 3: Write a 2 - 3 page APA style paper summarizing the background, description, and purpose of NIST Special Publication 800-94,
Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
. The last section of your paper should be titled "Author Reflection" and should reflect your critique of the publication examined. You are not expected to read the entire guide, you should be mainly concerned with section two of the report, titled "Intrusion Detection and Prevention Principles" and section three of the report, titled "IDPS Technologies."
Part 4:
Why is it so important in system engineering to become familiar with some of the analytical methods?
Identify and describe some of the technologies that are being applied in the design process. Provide some examples of typical applications, and describe some of the benefits associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process.
How does CAM and CAS relate to system engineering? Describe some possible impacts.
How is design review and evaluation accomplished? Why is it important relative to meeting system engineering objectives? Describe some of the checks and balances in the design process.
What is included in the establishment of a "functional” baseline, Allocated baseline, and Product baseline? Why is baseline management important?
What is configuration management (CM) and how does it relate to system engineering? Define Configuration Identification (CI) and Configuration Status Accounting (CSA).
Part 5: Select a system of your choice, and construct a sequential flow diagram of the overall system development process. Identify the major tasks in system development, and develop a plan/schedule of formal design review. Briefly describe what is covered in each.
Part 6:
Discuss some of the problems associated with the application of computerized methods in the design process. Provide examples. What cautions must be observed?
.
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below thenPart 2-1000 .docxMARRY7
Part 1- Create an outline of the assignment below then
Part 2-1000 word assignment
Your fast-food franchise has been cleared for business in all 4 countries (United Arab Emirates, Israel, Mexico, and China). You now have to start construction on your restaurants. The financing is coming from the United Arab Emirates, the materials are coming from Mexico and China, the engineering and technology are coming from Israel , and the labor will be hired locally within these countries by your management team from the United States. You invite all of the players to the headquarters in the United States for a big meeting to explain the project and get to know one another. The people seem to be staying with their own groups and not mingling.
What is the cultural phenomenon at play here (what is it called/ term)?
How do you explain the lack of intercultural communication and interaction?
What do you know about these cultures—specifically their economic, political, educational, and social systems—that could help you in getting them together?
What are some of the contrasting cultural values of these countries?
You are concerned about some of the language barriers as you start the meeting, particularly the fact that the United States is a low-context country, and some of the countries present are high-context countries. Furthermore, you only speak English, and you do not have an interpreter present.
How will this affect the presentation?
What are some of the issues you should be concerned about regarding verbal and nonverbal language for this group?
What strategy would you use to begin to have everyone develop a relationship with each other that will help ease future negotiations, development, and implementation?
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between criminal la.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the difference between criminal law and civil law?
What is privacy, in the context of information security?
What is intellectual property? Is it offered the same protection in every country of the world? What laws currently protect it in the U.S. and Europe?
What are the three general categories of unethical and illegal behavior?
Part 2: Module Practice
What does CISSP stand for? Using the Internet, find out what continuing education is required in order for the holder of a CISSP to remain current and in good standing.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the difference between authenticat.docxMARRY7
The document contains two parts. Part 1 lists review questions about authentication vs authorization, network security relationships, network vs host intrusion detection systems, and VPNs. Part 2 instructs the reader to create a spreadsheet that encrypts values using a transposition cipher, then further encrypts the results using a substitution cipher.
Part 1 SQLDatabase workScenarioDevelopment of a relationa.docxMARRY7
Part 1: SQL/Database work
Scenario
Development of a relational database system for a food producing company
FoodRU is a Leicester-based food producing company. The company wants to keep details regarding both past and present employees and their assignment to shifts over time. At present, there are three defined shift patterns; the morning shift starts at 6am and finishes at 2pm, the day shift starts at 9am and finishes at 5pm, and the evening shift starts at 4pm and finishes at 12am (midnight). However, management have already indicated that they may need to add further shift patterns in the future (e.g., by adding a night shift to the existing ones so that the company can meet a high user demand for their foods). They therefore require shift details to be stored within a separate Shift table, with attributes that allow the storage of a shift name with its associated start and finish times (use the 24 hour clock for these times).
Past and present employee details are to be kept in the same Employee table, and the details to be kept are the employee’s unique 6 digit reference number, the first name, surname and any other names (if there are any) of the employee, the employee’s gender, contact address and contact telephone, the date on which the employee started his/her employment at the company and the date on which the employee finished his/her employment at the company (should s/he be a past employee). Details regarding staff assignments to shifts include the date that an employee was allocated to work a particular shift, and the date that s/he was taken off the shift (if not still assigned to it). Employees can be assigned to different shifts over time and even to the same shift over different time periods, although they cannot be assigned to more than one shift at any one time. A new employee may not yet be assigned to a shift.
Tasks:
1. Provide the table specifications for the THREE tables that are required by FoodRU to store employee, shift and assignment details. That is, for each of the three tables, you should provide, in a suitable presentation format, the name of the table and a specification of each its attributes to include:
• Attribute name
• Attribute brief description as to its meaning
• a description of the attribute’s data type/integrity (e.g., date field, character field of length 20, number field <= 10, etc. – you can use the Oracle data types within these descriptions if you want to)
• An indication as to whether the attribute is a primary key attribute and/or foreign key attribute
• An indication as to whether the attribute can or cannot take null values
Make sure your design specifies the appropriate links between the three tables. Remember to write down any additional integrity you need to enforce either at a specific table level or across two or more tables, if this is required. Also, remember to write down any justifications for the data types/integrity or for any other design features that.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat functions constitute a complete infor.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What functions constitute a complete information security program?
What is the typical size of the security staff in a small organization? A medium-sized organization? A large organization? A very large organization?
Where can an organization place the information security unit? Where should (and shouldn’t) it be placed?
Into what four areas should the information security functions be divided?
Part 2: Module Practice
Design three security posters on various aspects of information security using a graphics presentation program and clip art. Describe the methods you used to develop your design.
.
Part 1A persons lifestyle has a significant influence on the p.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
A person's lifestyle has a significant influence on the person's health and development as he or she moves into middle age (and old age). Stability and change are also common factors in an adult's life.
Describe how middle adulthood provides stability in a person's life. Explain some of the factors that would lead to stability in a person's life as he or she moves through middle age.
Describe some of the more common lifestyle issues that have a negative impact on a person's continued development. Explain how a person may be able to reverse some of the lifestyle influences.
On the basis of your readings, describe what is meant by a midlife crisis. Explain why a midlife crisis may or may not be critical.
Part 2:
Erikson, Gould, Helson, and Levinson provide different perspectives on middle age in adulthood.
Describe each of these theories as it relates to middle adulthood.
On the basis of your readings, compare and contrast these theories. Which one gives a better explanation of middle adulthood?
Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is the definition of information secu.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is the definition of information security? What essential protections must be in place to protect information systems from danger?
Define the InfoSec processes of identification, authentication, authorization, and accountability.
Define project management. Why is project management of particular interest in the field of information security?
What are the five basic outcomes that should be achieved through information security governance?
What is a threat in the context of information security? How many categories of threats exist as presented in this chapter?
Part 2: Module Practice
Find an article that talks about relative risk either from inside the organization or form external sources. Once you locate and read it, compose a 1-2 page paper that summarizes your findings and critique the article. Use a word processor to complete your assignment and submit it as a .docx or .doc document.
.
Part 1 Review QuestionsWhat is a security modelWhat are the es.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Review Questions
What is a security model?
What are the essential processes of access control?
Identify at least two different approaches used to categorize access control methodologies. List the types of controls found in each.
What is COBIT? Who is its sponsor? What does it accomplish?
What is the standard of due care? How does it relate to due diligence?
What is baselining? How does it differ from benchmarking?
Part 2: Module Practice
Make a list of at least ten information security metrics that could be collected for a small internet commerce company with 10 employees. For this senario, the company uses an outside vendor for packaging and distribution. Whom should the metrics be reported?
.
Part 1 Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that .docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Listed below are several key Supreme Court decisions that resulted in a clarification of inmate rights.
Choose any one
of the cases listed below. Summarize the facts of the case, the issue that needed to be resolved, the court’s decision, and the reasoning behind the decision.
Helling v. McKinney
(1993)
Washington v. Harper
(1990)
Hudson v. Palmer
(1984)
Bell v. Wolfish
(1979)
Bounds v. Smith
(1977)
Estelle v. Gamble
(1976)
Wolff v. McDonnell
(1974)
.
Part 1 Infrastructure DesignCreate an 8–10-page infrastructur.docxMARRY7
Part 1: Infrastructure Design
Create an 8–10-page infrastructure design document in which you:
Identify the major hardware and software components of your hypothetical e-commerce company's information systems infrastructure.
Design your e-commerce company's hardware (database and proxy servers, network equipment) and software (analytics, big data, API, content management) from a size, scale, type, and interoperability standards perspective.
Document the potential security vulnerabilities and a security design for your e-commerce company.
Use graphical tools to create a data flow diagram (DFD) for your e-commerce company.
Use sources to support your writing.
Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate.
Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment.
Part 2: Updated Gantt Chart
Use Microsoft Project to update the previously created Gantt chart with the major and minor tasks identified in the infrastructure design document.
.
part 1 I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and .docxMARRY7
part 1: I attended an international conference on Biotechnology and one of the sessions I went to was on the subject of bio-engineering a "death gene" that could be introduced into the mosquito population and destroy every mosquito on earth. The discussion that ensued was about the ethics of such a thing. I want you to tell how you feel about introducing such a gene. Look up something about this. Your reference does not have to be about this particular gene, but can be about anything that relates to the discussion. Remember to cite your reference, and write at least 150 words
part 2:
Respond to another student
respond to this
I think that with regulation of the mosquito communities would be a good thing. Mosquitos carry many dangerous diseases and if we can lower the population we can slow the rate of transmission of these diseases. This could save many many lives around the world. I would be hesitant though to release the genetically engineered mosquitos into the environment. In the article I read they releases sterile male mosquitos into the environment. This I feel is a safer way to regulate because we are not altering any genes we are just regulating a naturally occurring issue in nature. Sterile males cannot pass on the genes and also male mosquitos are not the ones who would be likely to pass on the diseases. The article stated that only females bite and therefore males would not be capable of spreading the diseases. With sterile males being released there will be less mosquitos due to lack of repopulation. This will still allow organisms relying on mosquitos for food to still be able to survive with less risk to humans. They are an invasive species so it would help to eliminate the spread of mosquitos to different areas. This will keep the spread of disease throughout areas. I do not think it is right to alter the genes for human use though. It is not how nature had intended. If the gene pops up naturally in the population then it should not be taken out but we should not introduce it due to humans "playing God" with genetics. "Mosquitoes Engineered To Kill Their Own Kind." NPR. NPR, n.d. Web. 22 July 2014. .
.
Part 1 Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred.docxMARRY7
Part 1:
Chapter 7 Summary plus end of chapter discussion of Alfred Marshall, should be 100-250 words
Part 2: The discussion on the first 7 pages is a satire on the economists (known as the neoclassical economists).
List 4 passages that can be considered satire.
(You need not write the entire passage.
Simply show clearly where the passage begins and ends.)
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Parent Involvement Plan This week you will create a Parent Involve.docxMARRY7
Parent Involvement Plan
This week you will create a Parent Involvement Plan in response to the following scenario:
Imagine you are working with infant, toddler and preschool aged children in a child care center. The majority of the children has special needs and receives early intervention or are on an IEP. Many of the children’s parents work two jobs and have a difficult time participating in the center's activities. Whenever the center plans an event, the parental involvement is lower than desired. The center has tried to increase parental involvement through such methods as calling to remind parents and sending home notices, but is not having any luck.
Your assignment is to create a Parental Involvement Plan to encourage better participation from parents. Follow these steps to develop your plan:
Step 1:
Identify the issue, discuss your beliefs about the situation, and formulate conclusions and offer suggestions to the director of the child care center.
Step 2:
Create a Parent Involvement Plan that your director can copy and paste into the employee and parent handbook. Your plan should include:
The importance of early intervention and individual educational plans
Ways to assist students and their families
The importance of parent involvement
Please use the template provided and your rubric as your guide to completing this assignment.
.
Parenting Practices Over GenerationsGeneration 1 Years children.docxMARRY7
Parenting Practices Over Generations
Generation 1: Years children were raised (19XX-XXXX)
Generation 2: Years
Generation 3: Years
Parenting Practice 1: Education
Parenting Practice 2:
Parenting Practice 3:
Parenting Practice 4:
.
ParamsThe interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form wit.docxMARRY7
Params:
The interface must be pleasing to look at (a basic form with the four fields listed below, a playlist queue (checked listbox) and media player will suffice).
There must be a separate file that will contain information about each soundtrack in your system. That information will be:
Title;
Artist;
Note area;
Type; and
Anything else that you wish to include on each record.
There must be a way to add data to this file.
There must be a way to delete data from this file.
There must be at least one report using data from the file.
There must be a queue to allow you to play selected music tracks in sequence (like two in a row) without manual intervention.
There must be a way to show the data in at least two different sequences (by title, by artist, etc.).
There must be documentation explaining how your Jukebox works (how you add songs, play songs, etc.).
Currently there is a Text file that contains the information about the wav files to be played, several wav files that the text file references. I have also made an access database from the text file.
.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Eastern Washington University Kathy L. Rowley, MA .docx
1. Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, MA
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay
COMPLETENESS OF REVIEW
CRITIQUE OF ARTICLE
subject by adding comments beyond merely
answering the assigned questions
SYNTHESIS OF SOURCE
2. of reading by making connections to other sources or
experiences
hrases, and/or summaries
STYLE / ORGANIZATION
MECHANICS
ect
3. Kathy L. Rowley, M.A. 2012
Total Points: /100
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A
Composition 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Definition
Definition:
rhetorical analysis, n. analysis of the use of rhetorical figures
and patterns in a composition
“When you identify a writer’s purpose for responding to a
situation by composing an essay that
puts forth claims meant to sway a particular audience, are
performing rhetorical analysis—
separating out the parts of an argument to better understand how
the argument works as a whole”
(Greene and Lidinsky 29).
4. Greene, Stuart, and April Lidinsky, eds. From Inquiry to
Academic Writing, Second Edition.
Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2012. Print.
Eastern Washington University
Kathy L. Rowley, M.A.
Comp 201
Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment
Objective:
To write a 3-5 page Rhetorical Analysis Essay in MLA style
about the article you signed up for
located on the class web site under Readings and Discussions.
To add a creative title.
5. To cite quotes, summaries, and/or paraphrases.
To analyze findings.
To avoid making judgment statements such as: “The author did
a good job.”
To attach a Works Cited page.
Process:
Use the outline posted in the Rhetorical Analysis Module to
organize your writing for this
assignment.
Answer each bulleted question in the order of the outline.
Conclusion:
By the end of your Rhetorical Analysis Essay, you should have
a strong sense about the person
6. who wrote your article, why they wrote it, their audience, and
what techniques they used to argue
their position.
Due: See Calendar.
From Believing Is Seeing: Biology as Ideology
Judith Lorber is an internationally renowned scholar and one of
the most
widely read gender theorists writing today. She is a professor
emerita
of sociology and women’s studies at Brooklyn College and the
Graduate
School, City University of New York. Her acclaimed book
Gender Inequality:
Feminist Theories and Politics is currently in its fourth edition
(2009).
This essay is reprinted from a 1992 lecture, and in it she
explains an idea
central to her research: that the behaviors we think of as
“natural” to men
and women, and that often make men and women seem like
opposites to
each other, are actually cultural inventions. Lorber, along with
other sociologists
of gender, argues that most of the ideas we hold about men’s
and
women’s “oppositional” attributes are not traceable to
biological differences
but are the result of a social need to justify divisions of labor
and
activity. Further, she notes that this division of assumptions
7. about men
and women most often favors traits perceived to be masculine
over those
perceived to be feminine. In this essay, she uses examples from
sports and
technology and what she calls the “bathroom problem” (think
about where
the lines are longest!) to help us reconsider our assumptions
about gender.
In all her writing, Lorber is interested in helping her readers see
with
fresh eyes the many small cultural activities we engage in every
day that
reproduce these oppositional gender categories so that they
come to seem
natural. She argues, “It is the taken-for-grantedness of such
everyday
gendered behavior that gives credence to the belief that the
widespread
differences in what women and men do must come from
biology” (para.
9). Here, she opens with some historical background on
changing understandings
of biological differences between male and female humans,
noting
that as those understandings changed, we can see culture
stepping in
torejustify gender differences, even if they do not make sense
biologically.
So, for example, Lorber asks us to rethink our assumptions
about who
should compete against whom in athletic competitions. (For
some sports,
weight class may be a better categorization method than sex
parts, for
example.) She also helps us revisit any assumptions we might
8. have about
who might be “naturally” better at technology, offering
historical examples
that reveal why certain gender myths are launched at particular
moments
in history, to open or close doors of opportunity to particular
groups.
As you read, pay attention to places where Lorber anticipates
skeptical
readers, as in paragraph 12, where she clarifies: “I am not
saying that physical
differences between male and female bodies don’t exist, but that
these
differences are socially meaningless until social practices
transform them
Judith Lorber
Lorber From Believing Is See ing 727
into social facts.” Lorber’s point is that gender assumptions are
so central
to our understanding of what is “normal” that it can be
confusing — even
downright frightening — to reimagine the world without these
limiting stereotypes
in our heads. In particular, if the male body is still the universal
standard, as she argues (para. 14), what might the world look
like if we free
ourselves from the assumption that masculine standards are
best? A world
of possibility might open up for both men and women to
imagine ourselves
as humans, instead of lumping ourselves into limiting categories
of “men”
and “women.” Lorber’s examples offer ways to think about what
such a
future could look like for all of us.
Until the eighteenth century, Western philosophers and
9. scientists
thought that there was one sex and that women’s internal
genitalia
were the inverse of men’s external genitalia: the womb and
vagina were
the penis and scrotum turned inside out (Laqueur 1990). Current
Western
thinking sees women and men as so different physically as to
sometimes
seem two species. The bodies, which have been mapped inside
and out for
hundreds of years, have not changed. What has changed are the
justifications
for gender inequality. When the social position of all human
beings
was believed to be set by natural law or was considered God-
given, biology
was irrelevant; women and men of different classes all had their
assigned
places. When scientists began to question the divine basis of
social order
and replaced faith with empirical knowledge, what they saw was
that
women were very different from men in that they had wombs
and menstruated.
Such anatomical differences destined them for an entirely
different
social life from men.
In actuality, the basic bodily material is the same for females
and
males, and except for procreative hormones and organs, female
and male
human beings have similar bodies (Naftolin and Butz 1981).
Furthermore,
as has been known since the middle of the nineteenth century,
male and
10. female genitalia develop from the same fetal tissue, and so
infants can be
born with ambiguous genitalia (Money and Ehrhardt 1972).
When they
are, biology is used quite arbitrarily in sex assignment. Suzanne
Kessler
(1990) interviewed six medical specialists in pediatric
intersexuality
and found that whether an infant with XY chromosomes and
anomalous
genitalia was categorized as a boy or a girl depended on the size
of the
penis — if a penis was very small, the child was categorized as
a girl, and
sex-change surgery was used to make an artificial vagina. In the
late nineteenth
century, the presence or absence of ovaries was the determining
criterion of gender assignment for hermaphrodites because a
woman who
could not procreate was not a complete woman (Kessler 1990,
20).
Yet in Western societies, we see two discrete sexes and two
distinguishable
genders because our society is built on two classes or people,
“women” and “men.” Once the gender category is given, the
attributes of
1
2
3
nnn
728 CHAPTER 16 Biology
the person are also gendered: Whatever a “woman” is has to be
“female”;
whatever a “man” is has to be “male.” Analyzing the social
processes that
construct the categories we call “female and male,” “woman and
11. men,” and
“homosexual and heterosexual” uncovers the ideology and
power differentials
congealed in these categories (Foucault 1978). This article will .
. .
show how myriad physiological differences are transformed into
similarappearing,
gendered social bodies. My perspective goes beyond accepted
feminist views that gender is a cultural overlay that modifies
physiological
sex differences. That perspective assumes either that there are
two fairly
similar sexes distorted by social practices into two genders with
purposefully
different characteristics or that there are two sexes whose
essential
differences are rendered unequal by social practices. I am
arguing that
bodies differ in many ways physiologically, but they are
completely transformed
by social practices to fit into the salient categories of a society,
the
most pervasive of which are “female” and “male” and “women”
and “men.”
Neither sex nor gender [is a] pure [category]. Combinations of
incongruous
genes, genitalia, and hormonal input are ignored in sex
categorization,
just as combinations of incongruous physiology, identity,
sexuality,
appearance, and behavior are ignored in the social construction
of gender
statuses. Menstruation, lactation, and gestation do not
demarcate
women from men. Only some women are pregnant and then only
some
12. of the time; some women do not have a uterus or ovaries. Some
women
have stopped menstruating temporarily, others have reached
menopause,
and some have had hysterectomies. Some women breastfeed
some of the
time, but some men lactate (Jaggar 1983, 165fn). Menstruation,
lactation,
and gestation are individual experiences of womanhood
(Levesque-
Lopman 1988), but not determinants of the social category
“woman,” or
even “female.” Similarly, “men are not always sperm-producers,
and in
fact, not all sperm-producers are men. A male-to-female
transsexual, prior
to surgery, can be socially a woman, though still potentially (or
actually)
capable of spermatogenesis” (Kessler and McKenna [1978]
1985, 2).
When gender assignment is contested in sports, where the
categories
of competitors are rigidly divided into women and men,
chromosomes are
now used to determine in which category the athlete is to
compete. However,
an anomaly common enough to be found in several women at
every
major international sports competition are XY chromosomes
that have
not produced male anatomy or physiology because of a genetic
defect.
Because these women are women in every way significant for
sports competition,
the prestigious International Amateur Athletic Federation has
urged that sex be determined by simple genital inspection
13. (Kolata 1992).
Transsexuals would pass this test, but it took a lawsuit for
Renée Richards,
a male-to-female transsexual, to be able to play tournament
tennis as a
woman, despite his male sex choromosomes (Richards 1983).
Oddly, neither
basis for gender categorization — chromosomes nor genitalia —
has
anything to do with sports prowess (Birrell and Cole 1990).
4
5
729
In the Olympics, in cases of chromosomal ambiguity, women
must
undergo “a battery of gynecological and physical exams to see
if she is
‘female enough’ to compete. Men are not tested” (Carlson 1991,
26). The
purpose is not to categorize women and men accurately, but to
make sure
men don’t enter women’s competitions, where, it is felt, they
will have the
advantage of size and strength. This practice sounds fair only
because it is
assumed that all men are similar in size and strength and
different from all
women. Yet in Olympics boxing and wrestling matches, men are
matched
within weight classes. Some women might similarly
successfully compete
with some men in many sports. Women did not run in marathons
until
about twenty years ago. In twenty years of marathon
competition, women
have reduced their finish times by more than one-and-one half
14. hours; they
are expected to run as fast as men in that race by 1998 and
might catch up
with men’s running times in races of other lengths within the
next 50 years
because they are increasing their fastest speeds more rapidly
than are men
(Fausto-Sterling 1985, 213–18).
The reliance on only two sex and gender categories in the
biological
and social sciences is as epistemologically spurious as the
reliance on
chromosomal or genital test to group athletes. Most research
designs do
not investigate whether physical skills or physical abilities are
really more
or less common in women and men (Epstein 1988). They start
out with
two social categories (“women,” “men”), assume they are
biologically different
(“female,” “male”), look for similarities among them and
differences
between them, and attribute what they have found for the social
categories
to sex differences (Gelman, Collman, and Maccoby 1986).
These designs
rarely question the categorization of their subjects into two and
only two
groups, even though they often find more significant within-
group differences
than between-group differences (Hyde 1990). The social
construction
perspective on sex and gender suggests that instead of starting
with
the two presumed dichotomies in each category — female, male;
woman,
15. man — it might be more useful in gender studies to group
patterns of
behavior and only then look for identifying markers of the
people likely to
enact such behaviors. . . .
Dirty Little Secrets
. . . Technology constructs gendered skills. Meta-analysis of
studies of gender
differences in spatial and mathematical ability have found that
men
have a large advantage in ability to mentally rotate an image, a
moderate
advantage in a visual perception of horizontality and vertically
and in mathematical
performance, and a small advantage in ability to pick a figure
out
of a field (Hyde 1990). It could be argued that these advantages
explain why,
within the short space of time that computers have become
ubiquitous
in offices, schools, and homes, work on them and with them has
become
6
7
8
Lorber From Believing Is See ing
730 CHAPTER 16 Biology
gendered: Men create, program, and market computers, make
war and
produce science and art with them; women microwire them in
computer
factories and enter data in computerized offices; boys play
games, socialize,
and commit crimes with computers; girls are rarely seen in
computer
clubs, camps, and classrooms. But women were hired as
16. computer programmers
in the 1940s because
the work seemed to resemble simple clerical tasks. In fact,
however, programming
demanded complex skills in abstract logic, mathermatics,
electrical circuitry,
and machinery, all of which . . . women used to perform in their
work.
Once programming was recognized as “intellectually
demanding,” it became
attractive to men. (Donato 1990, 170)
A woman mathematician and pioneer in data processing, Grace
M. Hopper,
was famous for her work on programming language (Perry and
Greber
1990, 86). By the 1960s, programming was split into more and
less
skilled specialties, and the entry of women into the computer
field in the
1970s and 1980s was confined to the lower-paid specialties. At
each stage,
employers invoked women’s and men’s purportedly natural
capabilities for
the jobs for which they were hired (Cockburn 1983, 1985;
Donato 1990;
Hartmann 1987; Hartmann, Kraut, and Tilly 1986; Kramer and
Lehman
1990; Wright et al. 1987; Zimmerman 1983).
It is the taken-for-grantedness of such everyday gendered
behavior
that gives credence to the belief that the widespread differences
in what
women and men do must come from biology. To take one
ordinarily unremarked
scenario: In modern societies, if a man and woman who are a
couple are in a car together, he is much more likely to take the
17. wheel than she
is, even if she is the more competent driver. Molly Haskell calls
this takenfor-
granted phenomenon “the dirty little secret of marriage: the
husbandlousy-
driver syndrome” (1989, 26). Men drive cars whether they are
good
drivers or not because men and machines are a “natural”
combination
(Scharff 1991). But the ability to drive gives one mobility; it is
form of
social power.
In the early days of the automobile, feminist co-opted the
symbolism
of mobility as emancipation: “Donning goggles and dusters,
wielding tire
irons and tool kits, taking the wheel, they announced their
intention to
move beyond the bounds of women’s place” (Scharff 1991, 68).
Driving
enabled them to campaign for women’s suffrage in parts of the
United
States not served by public transportation, and they effectively
used
motorcades and speaking from cars as campaign tactics (Scharff
1991,
67–88). Sandra Gilbert also notes that during World War I,
women’s ability
to drive was physically, mentally, and even sensually liberating:
For nurses and ambulance drivers, women doctors and women
messengers,
the phenomenon of modern battle was very different from that
experienced by
entrenched combatants. Finally given a change to take the
wheel, these post-
Victorian girls raced motorcars along foreign rods like
18. adventurers exploring
new lands, while their brothers dug deeper into the mud of
France. . . .
9
10
731
Retrieving the wounded and the dead from deadly positions,
these oncedecorous
daughters had at last been allowed to prove their valor, and they
swooped over the wastelands of the war with the energetic love
of Wagnerian
Valkyries, their mobility alone transporting countless
immobilized heroes to
safe havens. (1983, 438–39)
Not incidentally, women in the United States and England got
the vote for
their war efforts in World War I.
Social Bodies and the Bathroom Problem
People of the same racial ethnic group and social class are
roughly the
same size and shape — but there are many varieties of bodies.
People have
different genitalia, different secondary sex characteristics,
different contributions
to procreation, different orgasmic experiences, different
patterns
of illness and aging. Each of us experiences our bodies
differently, and
these experiences change as we grow, age, sicken, and die. The
bodies of
pregnant and nonpregnant women, short and tall people, those
with intact
and functioning limbs and those whose bodies are physically
challenged
are all different. But the salient categories of a society group
these attributes
19. in ways that ride roughshod over individual experiences and
more
meaningful clusters of people.
I am not saying that physical differences between male and
female
bodies don’t exist, but that these differences are socially
meaningless until
social practices transform them into social facts. West Point
Military Academy’s
curriculum is designed to produce leaders, and physical
competence
is used as a significant measure of leadership ability (Yoder
1989). When
women were accepted as West Point cadets, it became clear that
the tests
of physical competence, such as rapidly scaling an eight-foot
wall, had
been constructed for male physiques — pulling oneself up and
over using
upper-body strength. Rather than devise tests of physical
competence
for women, West Point provided boosters that mostly women
used — but
that lost them test points — in the case of the wall, a platform.
Finally, the
women themselves figured out how to use their bodies
successfully. Janice
Yoder describes this situation:
I was observing this obstacle one day, when a woman
approached the wall in
the old prescribed way, got her fingertips grip, and did an
unusual thing: she
walked her dangling legs up the wall until she was in a position
where both
her hands and feet were atop the wall. She then simply pulled
up her sagging
20. bottom and went over. She solved the problem by capitalizing
on one of women’s
physical assets: lower-body strength. (1989, 530)
In short, if West Point is going to measure leadership capability
by physical
strength, women’s pelvises will do just as well as men’s
shoulders.
The social transformation of female and male physiology into a
condition
of inequality is well illustrated by the bathroom problem. Most
11
12
13
Lorber From Believing Is See ing
732 CHAPTER 16 Biology
buildings that have gender-segregated bathrooms have an equal
number
for women and for men. Where there are crowds, there are
always long
lines in front of women’s bathrooms but rarely in front of men’s
bathrooms.
The cultural, physiological, and demographic combinations of
clothing, frequency of urination, menstruation, and child care
add up to
generally greater bathroom use by women than men. Thus,
although an
equal number of bathrooms seems fair, equity would mean more
women’s
bathrooms or allowing women to use men’s bathrooms for a
certain
amount of time (Molotch 1988).
The bathroom problem is the outcome of the way gendered
bodies are
differentially evaluated in Western cultures: Men’s social
bodies are the
measure of what is “human.” Gray’s Anatomy, in use for 100
21. years, well
into the twentieth century, presented the human body as male.
The female
body was shown only where it differed from the male (Laqueur
1990, 166–
67). Denise Riley says that if we envisage women’s bodies,
men’s bodies,
and human bodies “as a triangle of identifications, then it is
rarely an equilateral
triangle in which both sexes are pitched at matching distances
from
the apex of the human” (1988, 197). Catharine MacKinnon also
contends
that in Western society, universal “humanness” is male because
virtually every quality that distinguishes men from women is
already affirmatively
compensated in this society. Men’s physiology defines most
sports, their
needs define auto and health insurance coverage, their socially
defined biographies
define workplace expectations and successful career patterns,
their
perspectives and concerns define quality in scholarship, their
experiences and
obsessions define merit, their objectification of life defines art,
their military
service defines citizenship, their presence defines family, their
inability to get
along with each other — their wars and rulerships — define
history, their image
defines god, and their genitals define sex. For each of their
differences from
women, what amounts to an affirmative action plan is in effect,
otherwise
known as the structure and values of American society. (1987,
36)
22. The Paradox of Human Nature
Gendered people do not emerge from physiology or hormones
but from
the exigencies of the social order, mostly, from the need for a
reliable division
of the work of food production and the social (not physical)
reproduction
of new members. The moral imperatives of religion and cultural
representations reinforce the boundary lines among genders and
ensure
that what is demanded, what is permitted, and what is tabooed
for the
people in each gender is well-known and followed by most.
Political
power, control of scarce resources, and, if necessary, violence
uphold the
gendered social order in the face of resistance and rebellion.
Most people,
however, voluntarily go along with their society’s prescriptions
for those of
their gender status because the norms and expectations get built
into their
14
15
733
sense of worth and identity as a certain kind of human being
and because
they believe their society’s way is the natural way. These
beliefs emerge
from the imagery that pervades the way we think, the way we
see and hear
and speak, the way we fantasize, and the way we feel. There is
no core
or bedrock human nature below these endlessly looping
processes of the
social production of sex and gender, self and other, identity and
23. psyche,
each of which is a “complex cultural construction” (Butler
1990, 36). The
paradox of “human nature” is that it is always a manifestation
of cultural
meanings, social relationships, and power politics — “not
biology, but culture,
becomes destiny” (Butler 1990, 8).
Feminist inquiry has long questioned the conventional
categories of
social science, but much of the current work in feminist
sociology has not
gone beyond adding the universal category “women” to the
universal category
“men.” Our current debates over the global assumptions of only
two
categories and the insistence that they must be nuanced to
include race
and class are steps in the direction I would like to see feminist
research go,
but race and class are also global categories (Collins 1990;
Spelman 1988).
Deconstructing sex, sexuality, and gender reveals many possible
categories
embedded in the social experiences and social practices of what
Dorothy
Smith calls the “everyday/everynight world” (1990, 31–57).
These emergent
categories group some people together for comparison with
other
people without prior assumptions about who is like whom.
Categories
can be broken up and people regrouped differently into new
categories for
comparison. This process of discovering categories from
similarities and
24. differences in people’s behavior or responses can be more
meaningful for
feminist research than discovering similarities and differences
between
“females” and “males” or “women” and “men” because the
social construction
of the conventional sex and gender categories already assumes
differences
between them and similarities among them. When we rely only
on the conventional categories of sex and gender, we end up
finding what
we looked for — we see what we believe, whether it is that
“females” and
“males” are essentially different or that “women” and “men” are
essentially
the same.
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