This document proposes a prototype design for wildlife monitoring of tigers in Jim Corbett National Park using a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Specifically designed collars with sensor nodes would be placed on tigers to collect data like location, head orientation, and light levels. The sensor data would be transmitted via the MANET to a base station. The prototype design involves solar-powered collars that form a self-configuring MANET to transmit sensor data to the base station while minimizing power consumption through techniques like dynamic routing and duty cycling. The goal is to monitor tiger movements and habitats over long periods with minimal human intervention.

1. Copyright © IJCITE 2014. Author’s Subject Area: Computer Science & Engg.
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International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering
Volume -1 Issue 5, August 2014 PAPER ID: 2014/AT/IJCITE/V1-E5/11
86
PROTOTYPE DESIGN FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING OF TIGERS USING MANET
Reena Gangwar
Research Scholar,
Department of computer Science & Engineering
Mewar University, Rajasthan
Abstract-- The objective of this paper is to propose use of wireless sensor network using MANET protocols and to design a Mcollar for wildlife monitoring in Jim Corbett national park , Ramanagar (Uttarakhand) . In this paper we proposed, specially designed collars with sensor node attached would be put on wild animals like Tigers . These collars would collect data through sensors and transmitted via a Mobile adhoc Network (MANET) for the desired parameters from the vicinity of the animal and transmit it to the base station so that the information could be used by the researcher and wildlife officials for their studies. This paper also discusses the methodology and experiences of designing and implementing the functional model and also suggests use of solar powered devices , which would optimize the power related problems in proposed model when we scaled the proposed prototype
Keywords— MANET , Mcollar , Jim Corbett , Solar energy , Routing protocol , wild life.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sensor networks and Mobile Adhoc networks (MANET) have been identified as one of the most important key technologies of the 21st century [1]. Akyildiz et.al [2] describes sensor network to be composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside of the phenomenon or very close to it. The position of the sensor nodes need not be pre-determined and engineered. This allows random deployment in inaccessible terrains or disaster relief operations. On the other hand, this also means that sensor network protocols and algorithms must possess self- organizing capabilities. Wireless communications and these small sensor nodes are often combined to form wireless sensor networks (WSN).[6][7]
This paper is an attempt by the researcher to propose a model using MANET and sensor network to monitor the movements and habitat of Indian Tigers in Jim Corbett National park , Ramnagar (Uttarakhand in India) . The proposed model will collect the positional and some other relevant information of the animal and wildlife , the information further forwarded to a base station using mobile adhoc network (MANET) nodes and transmitters . The system would contain sensors namely position (Global Positioning System), head orientation and light sensors to observe the positional parameters for the animal. A microcontroller would drive the system to record the input from these sensors after specified intervals of time, and write it in the data base. We have proposed use of some solar energy based self-powered components to solve the power problem in MANET.
II. TIGERS HABITAT IN JIM CORBETT
Jim Corbett National Park is the haven of Tigers in India. [3] Here you will find out the maximum density of Tigers in comparison to the rest of the world. Now the conservation of Tiger has become a great matter of concern in the country as well as outside the country. The movements of tiger from one forest to another are creating a problem to save the Tigers in this park . In order to identify the correct positions of wild life animals specially tigers , use of wireless sensors network may help in this matter ..
III. RELATED WORK
Counting wild animals is essential to monitor their population. In Corbett a yearly census is carried out during summers to approximate the numbers of major animal variety to recognize trends and resolve the accomplishment of organization practices on wildlife. Dedicated counting of tigers is done every fourth year as part of an All India Tiger Census under Project Tiger. After the introduction of the Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972, a special conservation programmed focused on tiger defend subsequently, more protected areas were brought under the umbrella of Project Tiger. Project Tiger was launched on 1st April 1973 from Dhikala(Uttarakhand) in Corbett National Park with the pronouncement of 9 tiger reserves (including Corbett) including 268 tigers. For the first time in November 2010 , information and communication technology is being used for : linking significant tiger reserves in the GIS Domain for developing management support system together with crime detection, spreading of information through web and growing a National Tiger Monitoring and Habitat Evaluation System with provincial protocols.
Initiatives have been taken at various different institutes to use wireless sensor networks for wildlife/habitat monitoring. Some of these initiatives are done as a research projects like The Great Duck Island (GDI) [4] project addresses the

2. International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering
Volume 1(5), August 2014
Author’s Research Area: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Page No: 86-88
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Reena Gangwar : PROTOTYPE DESIGN FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING OF TIGERS USING MANET
requirements for habitat monitoring in general. It proposes architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior. The currently deployed network consists of 32 nodes on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. The Princeton’s ZebraNet Project [5] is an inter disciplinary effort with thrusts in both Biology and Computer Systems to track zebra behavior at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya. The goals are to develop, evaluate, implement, and test systems that integrate computing, wireless communication, and non‐volatile storage along with global positioning systems (GPS) and other sensors so that the systems can be used to perform novel studies of animal migrations and inter species interactions
IV. DESIGN GOALS & CHALLENGES
Wildlife movement and monitoring application need a good discussion with technical experts and wildlife officials , we collected some facts to design a region specific model of this proposed application with a good discussion . Following are the observation and end results :
a. To track the positional data of Tigers , we should keep the positional values on base station , the intermediate MANET nodes (Tigers , other wild animals ) will transfer that data to base station .
b. Tigers are difficult to trace and tranquilize, thus the human intervention should be minimum after the Mcollar( a Mobile collar in neck of animal) is fixed on them. This leads to a design goal that nodes remain powered for at least one year, and some alternate power source like solar powered cells may help in that situation .
c. Tigers generally tend to fight for their food , thus the physical design of the Mcollar should be strong enough .
d. The frequency of data collection from different mobile nodes and sensors should be configurable on runtime at base station and independent of other Mcollar ,so that the user of the system can check the frequency at which data is recorded from the Mcollar .
e. In future an image sensor can be fixed on the Mcollar , it is not included in this paper .
f. To efficiently utilize energy, it is desirable that the components of Mcollar which are not being used at a particular instance should be kept in power save or sleep mode.
g. The payload of data packet to be transmitted should be variable in size and data collected from the different sensors of Mcollar should recorded on a flash memory device .
A. Energy Constraints
As it has been observed and discussed that the nodes (Mcollar) should remain powered for at least one year, thus it is very important that energy should be spent in a very economical way. Some good methods of power savings on both software and hardware should applied . For that we suggested the operating voltage of the node at 3.0 -3.5 V, since this would lead to less power consumption for the same current flowing in the components. All the components are chosen such that they work on 3.0 -3.5 V range and easily recharged by solar panels .
B. Physical Design Constraints
The proposed Mcollar requires the GPS antenna and RF antenna to be at the top of the belt. It is also required that the belt should fit comfortably in the neck of the animal. The belt and the components of the node must be protected from physical damage by climatic conditions or fights or attacks. The node needs to be protected from dust, rain and heat . The solar film and light sensor need to be protected by a transparent covering. As a prototype the weight of the Mcollar to be less than 750 g in case of Tigers .
V. PROTOTYPE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
a. In our prototype design each Mcollar shall fitted with a sensor node which has a microcontroller, GPS antenna , RFID antenna , flash memory device , sensors and a solar panel film for charging the batteries.
b. The Mcollar is fitted with some Tigers to carry the sensor node.
c. The nodes mostly keep in sleep mode for energy saving . They are synchronized with global time scale by GPS, thus they all wake up simultaneously and then the MANET discovery protocol will start . After the nodes are able to discover each other, data exchange will start .
d. The Mcollar thus exchange each other’s data and keep on exchanging the data until they come in the range of a base station. The data of all the nodes is transferred to the base station. Base station instructs the node to initiate the deletion of that particular data after it has reached the base station.
e. The nodes go back to sleep mode and wake up again at a scheduled time and then node discovery protocol start again .
f. The Mcollar sensor nodes will use thin-film energy storage cells coupled with solar and thermal energy harvesting devices to provide truly perpetual power. Intelligent mesh networking management techniques lower power consumption by minimizing wireless communications and distributing data processing. SPAN uses dynamic reconfiguration of wireless communication pathways to reduce data re- transmission rates and save power. Real-time power monitoring and adaptive duty cycling enable optimal energy budgeting. These advances in energy management will enable troops to infiltrate areas with a covert, low-maintenance sensor net, capable of persistent surveillance and alert reporting.

3. International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering
Volume 1(5), August 2014
Author’s Research Area: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Page No: 86-88
88
Reena Gangwar : PROTOTYPE DESIGN FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING OF TIGERS USING MANET
Figure 1 : Prototype design for M-collar
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper is part of research carried by the researcher and only a theoretical proposal with a functional prototype of Mcollar that work as a node and transfer that information to a mobile base station discussed here . The use of recommended prototype would make a proper functional system to overcome the problems of proper monitoring of Tigers and other wild life animals in Jim Corbett National park .Another significant approach proposed in this papers to make the system self powered in terms of energy requirements using solar panel and films . Mounting the node on a Mcollar and its actual testing of the system with the help of Jim Corbett National park and Uttarakhand Forest Department in real environment is our future goal to save the Tigers .
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my committed PhD supervisor Dr. M .K. Sharma for their continuous support and guidance throughout this work.
REFERENCES
[1] “21 ideas for the 21st century,” Business Week, pp. 78–167, Aug. 30, 1999.
[2] I. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, “A Survey on Sensor Networks, ”, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 102‐‐114, August 2002.
[3] http://www.corbettnationalpark-india.com, accessed on 10 Jun,2013
[4]A. Mainwaring, D. Culler, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, J. Anderson, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring”, Proceedings of the First ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA ,02), Georgia, September 2002.
[5] P. Juang, H. Oki, Y. Wang, M. Martonosi, and L. P. D. Rubenstein, “Energy‐efficient computing for wildlife tracking: Design tradeoffs and early experiences with zebranet,” in Proceedings of the Tenth ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS), October 2002.
[6]A. McCabe, A. Cullen, M. Fredin, and L. Axelsson, “A Power Consumption Study of DSR and OLSR,” in Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference. MILCOM 2005., 2005, pp. 1–7.
[7]V. Paruchuri, A. Durresi, and L. Barolli, “Energy aware routing protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,” in Proceedings of Sixteenth International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2005, pp. 133–137.