Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It has several types and causes difficulties with handwriting, spelling, and writing composition. To address dysgraphia, remedial techniques focus on improving handwriting skills directly, while bypass strategies use technology or alternative assignments. Best practices include a "spell-study-spell" intervention showing short-term benefits, using assistive technology like laptops, and allowing alternative assignments by structuring options without extensive writing. Teachers can help by removing handwriting neatness from grading and permitting key words in place of full sentences.
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It can impact skills like handwriting, spelling, and putting thoughts onto paper. Children with dysgraphia may struggle with writing and find it difficult and slow. While there are no definitive tests to diagnose it, parents and teachers can look for signs like trouble holding a pencil correctly, inconsistent spacing, and difficulty organizing ideas in writing. The exact causes are unknown but it is thought to involve problems with how the brain processes and transfers information into written form. Treatment focuses on alternative learning methods tailored to the individual child, such as using different writing tools, graphic organizers, assistive technology, extra time, and recording lessons to improve writing skills.
Dyslexia is a neurological condition that impairs a person's ability to read, write, and spell. It is caused by genetic anomalies in areas of the brain related to language processing. There are several proposed models to explain dyslexia, including a phonological model which argues dyslexics have an impaired ability to connect letters to sounds, preventing word identification and comprehension. Dyslexia is diagnosed through tests that evaluate a person's reading ability compared to their intelligence. Treatments focus on strengthening weaknesses, such as using multisensory techniques to help connect letters to sounds. There is no cure for dyslexia, but treatment plans involving specialized instruction can help dyslexic individuals learn compensatory strategies.
One in 10 people have dyslexia. Often
undiagnosed, adult dyslexic students come to our
ESL classrooms only to be labelled as lazy,
distracted and disruptive. What are the tell-tale
signs, and what can we do to support these
students without singling them out or slowing
things down for the whole class?
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that causes problems with handwriting and writing skills. It can impact both motor skills and orthographic abilities. There are three main types - dyslexic dysgraphia impacts spelling and handwriting legibility, motor dysgraphia is caused by poor fine motor skills, and spatial dysgraphia impacts understanding of space and drawing abilities. Symptoms include poor handwriting, slow writing speed, and difficulty translating ideas to text. It is diagnosed through analyzing writing samples and motor skills tests. Treatment focuses on strengthening motor skills through exercises and sometimes using assistive technology like computers. In schools, individualized education plans and accommodations can help students with dysgraphia.
This document discusses various conditions that can hinder learning, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, dysgraphia, cluttering, stuttering, lisps, and color blindness. It provides details on the symptoms, characteristics, subtypes and classifications of each condition.
This document provides an overview of dyslexia, including its definition, causes, symptoms, characteristics, types, problems associated with it, diagnosis, treatment, strategies for parents/supervisors, dyslexia services in India, famous people with dyslexia, prevalence, and conclusion. Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking. It has various probable causes like hereditary factors, neurological differences in brain structure/functioning, problems with auditory processing, and brain injuries. Common symptoms include difficulties with spelling, writing numbers/letters backwards, math, following instructions, and reading comprehension.
1. Learning disorders affect how children learn and process information. They include dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and dyspraxia.
2. Diagnosis involves testing by specialists like psychologists or psychiatrists to assess cognitive abilities, reading, writing, and math skills.
3. Interventions focus on strengthening underlying skills and can include tutoring, accommodations at school, and training parents to support the child at home.
Learning Disabilities Class Presentation2clark0978
The document provides information about various learning disabilities including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. It defines each disability and describes common signs and symptoms. For dyslexia, it notes difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. For dyscalculia, it discusses challenges with math skills. For dysgraphia, it mentions problems with handwriting and writing mechanics. It also provides assessment strategies and accommodations teachers can use to support students with each disability.
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects writing abilities. It can impact skills like handwriting, spelling, and putting thoughts onto paper. Children with dysgraphia may struggle with writing and find it difficult and slow. While there are no definitive tests to diagnose it, parents and teachers can look for signs like trouble holding a pencil correctly, inconsistent spacing, and difficulty organizing ideas in writing. The exact causes are unknown but it is thought to involve problems with how the brain processes and transfers information into written form. Treatment focuses on alternative learning methods tailored to the individual child, such as using different writing tools, graphic organizers, assistive technology, extra time, and recording lessons to improve writing skills.
Dyslexia is a neurological condition that impairs a person's ability to read, write, and spell. It is caused by genetic anomalies in areas of the brain related to language processing. There are several proposed models to explain dyslexia, including a phonological model which argues dyslexics have an impaired ability to connect letters to sounds, preventing word identification and comprehension. Dyslexia is diagnosed through tests that evaluate a person's reading ability compared to their intelligence. Treatments focus on strengthening weaknesses, such as using multisensory techniques to help connect letters to sounds. There is no cure for dyslexia, but treatment plans involving specialized instruction can help dyslexic individuals learn compensatory strategies.
One in 10 people have dyslexia. Often
undiagnosed, adult dyslexic students come to our
ESL classrooms only to be labelled as lazy,
distracted and disruptive. What are the tell-tale
signs, and what can we do to support these
students without singling them out or slowing
things down for the whole class?
Dysgraphia is a learning disability that causes problems with handwriting and writing skills. It can impact both motor skills and orthographic abilities. There are three main types - dyslexic dysgraphia impacts spelling and handwriting legibility, motor dysgraphia is caused by poor fine motor skills, and spatial dysgraphia impacts understanding of space and drawing abilities. Symptoms include poor handwriting, slow writing speed, and difficulty translating ideas to text. It is diagnosed through analyzing writing samples and motor skills tests. Treatment focuses on strengthening motor skills through exercises and sometimes using assistive technology like computers. In schools, individualized education plans and accommodations can help students with dysgraphia.
This document discusses various conditions that can hinder learning, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, dysgraphia, cluttering, stuttering, lisps, and color blindness. It provides details on the symptoms, characteristics, subtypes and classifications of each condition.
This document provides an overview of dyslexia, including its definition, causes, symptoms, characteristics, types, problems associated with it, diagnosis, treatment, strategies for parents/supervisors, dyslexia services in India, famous people with dyslexia, prevalence, and conclusion. Dyslexia is a learning disability that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking. It has various probable causes like hereditary factors, neurological differences in brain structure/functioning, problems with auditory processing, and brain injuries. Common symptoms include difficulties with spelling, writing numbers/letters backwards, math, following instructions, and reading comprehension.
1. Learning disorders affect how children learn and process information. They include dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and dyspraxia.
2. Diagnosis involves testing by specialists like psychologists or psychiatrists to assess cognitive abilities, reading, writing, and math skills.
3. Interventions focus on strengthening underlying skills and can include tutoring, accommodations at school, and training parents to support the child at home.
Learning Disabilities Class Presentation2clark0978
The document provides information about various learning disabilities including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. It defines each disability and describes common signs and symptoms. For dyslexia, it notes difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. For dyscalculia, it discusses challenges with math skills. For dysgraphia, it mentions problems with handwriting and writing mechanics. It also provides assessment strategies and accommodations teachers can use to support students with each disability.
Diagnosing Dyslexia in Your Classroom MEXTESOLKLSagert
This document provides information about diagnosing and identifying dyslexia in the classroom. It begins by listing behaviors that could potentially indicate dyslexia, such as confusing letters, difficulty reading aloud, and taking longer than peers to complete written work. It then presents true/false questions about dyslexia to check understanding. Potential screening tools for dyslexia are also introduced. Finally, the document discusses considerations for teaching students with dyslexia, including varying manifestations across languages and avoiding misconceptions about the condition.
Laura and Joep's presentation (Mextesol Puebla, 2014) about what dyslexia is (and what it isn't), how to recognize the symptoms in your classroom, and how to help learners.
Making Public Libraries Accessible to People with Learning Disabilities (Dysl...Chittaranjan Nayak
This document discusses strategies for making public libraries more accessible to people with learning disabilities like dyslexia. It begins by defining learning disabilities and dyslexia, describing their causes, symptoms and prevalence. It then outlines the role public libraries can play in serving those with disabilities by providing inclusive services, collections, technologies and staff training. Challenges are noted like inadequate funding and awareness. The document concludes by recommending public libraries introduce special programs, ensure equal access to resources, provide assistive technologies and hire qualified staff to better meet the needs of those with learning disabilities.
Dyslexia and dysgraphia are learning disabilities that affect reading, writing, and language processing. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with phonological processing, word recognition, spelling, and fluency. It is often inherited and affects areas of the brain involved in language processing. Dysgraphia causes problems with handwriting and written expression due to visual-motor challenges. Both disabilities can be identified through assessments of language skills, reading, writing, and cognitive abilities. Interventions include targeted instruction in phonics, reading fluency, spelling, handwriting, and use of accommodations such as extra time or keyboards.
The Learning Disabilities Diagnostic Inventory (LDDI) is a diagnostic assessment tool used to identify learning disabilities in children ages 8-17. It consists of six scales that assess listening, speaking, reading, writing, mathematics, and reasoning abilities. Scores are given in stanines and percentiles to indicate the likelihood of processing disorders in these areas. The LDDI has high reliability and validity. It was designed to control for biases by including diverse participants in its norming sample and examining results across demographic groups. The LDDI provides a diagnostic profile that can be compared to known patterns associated with specific learning disabilities.
Learners with Intellectual and Learning disabilities Summary.docxJeo Huminis
The document discusses several intellectual and learning disabilities including cerebral palsy, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. It describes the symptoms and characteristics of each disability as well as potential causes and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development and can cause movement disorders. Trisomy 21 is caused by an extra chromosome 21 and is associated with distinctive facial features and intellectual disabilities. Dyslexia involves reading difficulties and is often hereditary. Dysgraphia impairs writing ability and fine motor skills. Dyscalculia impacts number concepts, calculations, reasoning and problem solving skills.
Specific learning disorders (SLD) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in areas such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or math. There are three main types - dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia. SLDs can be caused by genetic, neurodevelopmental or environmental factors. They are diagnosed through assessments and testing of academic skills. Interventions include specialized programs, assistive technologies and accommodations to help those with SLD overcome challenges and reduce impacts on learning.
D yselixa (reading ,writing and spell disability)LaibaJameel
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking abilities. It is caused by differences in how the brain processes written language and is often hereditary. Symptoms include difficulty reading aloud, slow reading speed, poor spelling and problems recalling words. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment such as specialized education programs and tutoring can help improve reading skills and allow those with dyslexia to succeed.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
Dyslexia is a learning disability that causes difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. It is caused by problems in how the brain processes language and is often inherited. People with dyslexia have strengths in other areas like art, creativity, problem solving, and entrepreneurship. With proper support like specialized teaching methods, dyslexic students can learn strategies to overcome their challenges and succeed academically.
The document provides an overview of learning disabilities including:
- A learning disability results from differences in brain wiring that affect how information is processed.
- Types of learning disabilities include dyslexia, dyscalculia, auditory processing disorder, nonverbal learning disabilities, and visual perceptual deficits.
- Causes may include genetics, brain injury, problems during pregnancy/birth.
- Diagnosis involves assessments by professionals to identify processing weaknesses.
- Treatments depend on the type of learning disability but aim to make information more accessible.
- Early diagnosis is important to help children succeed in school and life.
This document provides information about dyslexia, including:
- Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that affects how information is learned and processed neurologically. It can impact literacy skills and is often hereditary.
- The signs of dyslexia can be spotted in pre-school through difficulties with speech and in school through problems with reading, spelling, writing and sequencing.
- Strategies for supporting those with dyslexia include using multi-sensory teaching methods, providing structured guidance, recognizing words through whole-word learning techniques, and using assistive technology programs.
Specific Learning Disorder (Reading, Spelling)Dikshya upreti
Specific learning disorder in youth is a neurodevelopmental disorder produced by the interactions of genetic and environmental factors that influence the brain's ability to perceive or process verbal and nonverbal information efficiently.
Dysgraphia (“Dys” meaning “difficulty” and “graphia” meaning “writing”) is a neurological disorder seen in many children with fine motor or sensory-motor challenges making their handwriting unintelligible.
This document discusses learning disabilities and provides information on identifying, diagnosing, and supporting children with learning disabilities. It defines learning disabilities and lists common types including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. It outlines signs of learning disabilities at different ages and describes difficulties in specific academic areas like reading, writing, and math. The document also discusses the diagnosis process, tips for communicating with schools, identifying a child's learning style, and educational provisions to support learning disabled children.
Running Head: DYSLEXIA 1
DYSLEXIA 5
Dyslexia Psychological Assessment
Matthew Rosario
SNHU
Dyslexia Psychological Assessment
Dyslexia is a broad term for disorders that entail difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but it does not affect general intelligence. There have been important advances in research in dyslexia over the past twenty years. The results have been considerable although there has not been a clear explanation that is accepted of what exactly dyslexia constitutes. Identification is still puzzled with arguments in spite of the emergence of some new tests to recognize dyslexia as an identifiable condition. Furthermore, there is still a continuing debate on the cost of dyslexia as an identifiable condition (Goswami, 2012).
Dyslexia is described as a difficulty with word recognition when speaking out loud. These problems are not particular to specific languages and the individual’s concerned intelligence. It is a syndrome which is a compilation of related characteristics that vary in degree from one person to another. Dyslexia may overlap with connected conditions and in childhood; its effects may be recognized as a behavioral or emotional disorder. Dyslexia seems to be more common with males and females. The evidence implies that in three-thirds of cases, it has a genetic origin but in some cases, birth complications may play an important role.
A researcher argues that there is inherited, sensory, motor and psychosomatic evidence that this condition is a neurological condition affecting the brain development. He also argues that visual system gives the main entry in both lexical and the sub- lexical means for reading and this should be taken as the most significant sense for reading. Early detection and right interference can reduce its effects. People who have dyslexia learn to accommodate to a bigger or a smaller degree depending on their character and the kind of support they have got from home and at school (Goswami, 2012).
Dyslexia affects 10 in 100 individuals many of whom stay undiagnosed and do not get. If dyslexia is not recognized earlier, the person suffering from it may face a problem of underemployment, difficulty in getting used to the academic environments, difficulty performing job duties, and self-confidence that is very low. The individuals who have been diagnosed are likely to have some struggling in writing and reading (Reiter, Tucha & Lange, 2008).
Dyslexia is a particular reading disorder, and it does not interfere with the intelligence of an individual. There are a lot of intelligent people who have dyslexia, and they are creative enough even to think that they learned and read. An assessment is a process of collecting information to classify the factors causing difficulties to a student with learning to spell and read. The information is collected from ...
This is a small group work during my 1st year for Understanding Human Behavior subject. Our topic was related to IQ and IQ test. We covered some important parts about IQ and IQ test.
Specific learning disorder - reading disorder, mathematics disorder, and disorder of written expression and learning disorder NOS .
neurodevelopmental disorder produced by the interactions of genetic and environmental factors that influence the brain's ability to perceive or process verbal and nonverbal information efficiently.
Diagnosing Dyslexia in Your Classroom MEXTESOLKLSagert
This document provides information about diagnosing and identifying dyslexia in the classroom. It begins by listing behaviors that could potentially indicate dyslexia, such as confusing letters, difficulty reading aloud, and taking longer than peers to complete written work. It then presents true/false questions about dyslexia to check understanding. Potential screening tools for dyslexia are also introduced. Finally, the document discusses considerations for teaching students with dyslexia, including varying manifestations across languages and avoiding misconceptions about the condition.
Laura and Joep's presentation (Mextesol Puebla, 2014) about what dyslexia is (and what it isn't), how to recognize the symptoms in your classroom, and how to help learners.
Making Public Libraries Accessible to People with Learning Disabilities (Dysl...Chittaranjan Nayak
This document discusses strategies for making public libraries more accessible to people with learning disabilities like dyslexia. It begins by defining learning disabilities and dyslexia, describing their causes, symptoms and prevalence. It then outlines the role public libraries can play in serving those with disabilities by providing inclusive services, collections, technologies and staff training. Challenges are noted like inadequate funding and awareness. The document concludes by recommending public libraries introduce special programs, ensure equal access to resources, provide assistive technologies and hire qualified staff to better meet the needs of those with learning disabilities.
Dyslexia and dysgraphia are learning disabilities that affect reading, writing, and language processing. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with phonological processing, word recognition, spelling, and fluency. It is often inherited and affects areas of the brain involved in language processing. Dysgraphia causes problems with handwriting and written expression due to visual-motor challenges. Both disabilities can be identified through assessments of language skills, reading, writing, and cognitive abilities. Interventions include targeted instruction in phonics, reading fluency, spelling, handwriting, and use of accommodations such as extra time or keyboards.
The Learning Disabilities Diagnostic Inventory (LDDI) is a diagnostic assessment tool used to identify learning disabilities in children ages 8-17. It consists of six scales that assess listening, speaking, reading, writing, mathematics, and reasoning abilities. Scores are given in stanines and percentiles to indicate the likelihood of processing disorders in these areas. The LDDI has high reliability and validity. It was designed to control for biases by including diverse participants in its norming sample and examining results across demographic groups. The LDDI provides a diagnostic profile that can be compared to known patterns associated with specific learning disabilities.
Learners with Intellectual and Learning disabilities Summary.docxJeo Huminis
The document discusses several intellectual and learning disabilities including cerebral palsy, trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. It describes the symptoms and characteristics of each disability as well as potential causes and treatments. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal brain development and can cause movement disorders. Trisomy 21 is caused by an extra chromosome 21 and is associated with distinctive facial features and intellectual disabilities. Dyslexia involves reading difficulties and is often hereditary. Dysgraphia impairs writing ability and fine motor skills. Dyscalculia impacts number concepts, calculations, reasoning and problem solving skills.
Specific learning disorders (SLD) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in areas such as listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or math. There are three main types - dyslexia, dysgraphia and dyscalculia. SLDs can be caused by genetic, neurodevelopmental or environmental factors. They are diagnosed through assessments and testing of academic skills. Interventions include specialized programs, assistive technologies and accommodations to help those with SLD overcome challenges and reduce impacts on learning.
D yselixa (reading ,writing and spell disability)LaibaJameel
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading, writing, spelling and sometimes speaking abilities. It is caused by differences in how the brain processes written language and is often hereditary. Symptoms include difficulty reading aloud, slow reading speed, poor spelling and problems recalling words. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and treatment such as specialized education programs and tutoring can help improve reading skills and allow those with dyslexia to succeed.
Language disorders involve problems processing linguistic information that can affect grammar, semantics, and other aspects of language. They can be receptive, involving comprehension issues, expressive, involving production problems, or both. Common language disorders include specific language impairment and aphasia. The document goes on to describe receptive language disorders which impact understanding language inputs, expressive disorders affecting output of language, speech disorders, communication disorders, and several specific types of language disorders like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and their symptoms.
Dyslexia is a learning disability that causes difficulties with reading, writing, and spelling. It is caused by problems in how the brain processes language and is often inherited. People with dyslexia have strengths in other areas like art, creativity, problem solving, and entrepreneurship. With proper support like specialized teaching methods, dyslexic students can learn strategies to overcome their challenges and succeed academically.
The document provides an overview of learning disabilities including:
- A learning disability results from differences in brain wiring that affect how information is processed.
- Types of learning disabilities include dyslexia, dyscalculia, auditory processing disorder, nonverbal learning disabilities, and visual perceptual deficits.
- Causes may include genetics, brain injury, problems during pregnancy/birth.
- Diagnosis involves assessments by professionals to identify processing weaknesses.
- Treatments depend on the type of learning disability but aim to make information more accessible.
- Early diagnosis is important to help children succeed in school and life.
This document provides information about dyslexia, including:
- Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that affects how information is learned and processed neurologically. It can impact literacy skills and is often hereditary.
- The signs of dyslexia can be spotted in pre-school through difficulties with speech and in school through problems with reading, spelling, writing and sequencing.
- Strategies for supporting those with dyslexia include using multi-sensory teaching methods, providing structured guidance, recognizing words through whole-word learning techniques, and using assistive technology programs.
Specific Learning Disorder (Reading, Spelling)Dikshya upreti
Specific learning disorder in youth is a neurodevelopmental disorder produced by the interactions of genetic and environmental factors that influence the brain's ability to perceive or process verbal and nonverbal information efficiently.
Dysgraphia (“Dys” meaning “difficulty” and “graphia” meaning “writing”) is a neurological disorder seen in many children with fine motor or sensory-motor challenges making their handwriting unintelligible.
This document discusses learning disabilities and provides information on identifying, diagnosing, and supporting children with learning disabilities. It defines learning disabilities and lists common types including dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. It outlines signs of learning disabilities at different ages and describes difficulties in specific academic areas like reading, writing, and math. The document also discusses the diagnosis process, tips for communicating with schools, identifying a child's learning style, and educational provisions to support learning disabled children.
Running Head: DYSLEXIA 1
DYSLEXIA 5
Dyslexia Psychological Assessment
Matthew Rosario
SNHU
Dyslexia Psychological Assessment
Dyslexia is a broad term for disorders that entail difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols, but it does not affect general intelligence. There have been important advances in research in dyslexia over the past twenty years. The results have been considerable although there has not been a clear explanation that is accepted of what exactly dyslexia constitutes. Identification is still puzzled with arguments in spite of the emergence of some new tests to recognize dyslexia as an identifiable condition. Furthermore, there is still a continuing debate on the cost of dyslexia as an identifiable condition (Goswami, 2012).
Dyslexia is described as a difficulty with word recognition when speaking out loud. These problems are not particular to specific languages and the individual’s concerned intelligence. It is a syndrome which is a compilation of related characteristics that vary in degree from one person to another. Dyslexia may overlap with connected conditions and in childhood; its effects may be recognized as a behavioral or emotional disorder. Dyslexia seems to be more common with males and females. The evidence implies that in three-thirds of cases, it has a genetic origin but in some cases, birth complications may play an important role.
A researcher argues that there is inherited, sensory, motor and psychosomatic evidence that this condition is a neurological condition affecting the brain development. He also argues that visual system gives the main entry in both lexical and the sub- lexical means for reading and this should be taken as the most significant sense for reading. Early detection and right interference can reduce its effects. People who have dyslexia learn to accommodate to a bigger or a smaller degree depending on their character and the kind of support they have got from home and at school (Goswami, 2012).
Dyslexia affects 10 in 100 individuals many of whom stay undiagnosed and do not get. If dyslexia is not recognized earlier, the person suffering from it may face a problem of underemployment, difficulty in getting used to the academic environments, difficulty performing job duties, and self-confidence that is very low. The individuals who have been diagnosed are likely to have some struggling in writing and reading (Reiter, Tucha & Lange, 2008).
Dyslexia is a particular reading disorder, and it does not interfere with the intelligence of an individual. There are a lot of intelligent people who have dyslexia, and they are creative enough even to think that they learned and read. An assessment is a process of collecting information to classify the factors causing difficulties to a student with learning to spell and read. The information is collected from ...
This is a small group work during my 1st year for Understanding Human Behavior subject. Our topic was related to IQ and IQ test. We covered some important parts about IQ and IQ test.
Specific learning disorder - reading disorder, mathematics disorder, and disorder of written expression and learning disorder NOS .
neurodevelopmental disorder produced by the interactions of genetic and environmental factors that influence the brain's ability to perceive or process verbal and nonverbal information efficiently.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. Dysgraphia
Origins of the word:
According to Berninger & Wolf (2009), the word ‘dysgraphia’
comes from the Greek dys (δυσ-), meaning ‘impaired’
(or ‘bad’) and graphia (γραφία), meaning ‘written’.
Definition:
“Impairment of the ability to write, usually
caused by brain dysfunction or disease.”
FROM STEDMAN’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY
3. Dysgraphia
Signs and symptoms
According to a variety of sources, a person with dysgraphia:
• Has difficulty thinking and writing at the same time (taking notes / creative writing)
• May have illegible printing and cursive writing
• May show inconsistencies, e.g. mixtures of print and cursive, upper and lower case, or
irregular sizes, shapes or slant of letters
• Has unfinished words and / or letters, or omits words and / or letters
• Has inconsistent spacing between words and letters
• Exhibits strange wrist, body or paper position
• Has difficulty pre-visualizing letter formation
• Shows poor spatial planning on paper
• Copies or writes in a slow and labored way, and /or;
• Has a cramped or unusual grip (and may complain of a sore hand).
4. Dysgraphia
Symptoms of dysgraphia by age group
Messy handwriting, often illegible even by the author, is a symptom in all age groups.
Children (0-6):
• May have an awkward pencil grip, and / or an overly tight grip
• May show signs of slow and labored writing
• The child’s writing may feature inconsistent letter shape and size
• Writing may feature an inconsistent sequence of strokes to draw the same letter / number
• The child’s writing may feature inconsistent spacing (between letters, words and sentences [the
child cannot stay on / between the lines])
• The child has a poor understanding of upper and lower case letters.
Children (7-15):
• The child has a weak comprehension of writing (concentration is on letter formation)
• The child omits or does not finish words in sentences or the sentence itself.
Adults:
• The adult has a dislike for writing, including short notes or cards
• The adult encounters difficulty with sentence structure and grammar
• There is a gap between understanding and the ability to convey that
understanding in print.
Gen George S. Patten Jnr.
5. Dysgraphia
Types of dysgraphia
Dyslexic dysgraphia
• Spontaneously written work is illegible, copied work quite good, while spelling is bad. Finger
tapping speed - used to identify fine motor problems - is normal, which indicates that the deficit,
“does not likely stem from cerebellar damage”. A dyslexic dysgraphic does not necessarily have
dyslexia, while dyslexia and dysgraphia, “appear to be unrelated”.
Motor dysgraphia
• Due to a deficiency in “fine motor skills, poor dexterity, poor muscle tone, and / or unspecified
motor clumsiness”. In general, written work is “poor to illegible”, even if copied by sight from
another document. While letter formation may be acceptable in very short writing samples, it
requires “extreme effort and an unreasonable amount of time to accomplish, and cannot be
sustained for a significant length of time”. Finger tapping speed results are “below normal”, but
spelling skills are not impaired.
Spatial dysgraphia
• Refers to a defect in relation to a person’s understanding of space. Spontaneous written work is
illegible, as is copied work. But finger tapping speed / spelling is normal.
Combinations (of the above)
• It is possible that some children may have a combination of any two or all three of these forms.
6. Dysgraphia
How dysgraphia impacts a child’s learning skills
• Although not as widely discussed as dyslexia, dysgraphia is surprisingly common, according to
Devine (2016), who describes it as a “brain-based issue”. In children, it generally emerges
when a child is first introduced to writing. Children with dysgraphia may have other learning
disabilities, however, they usually have no social or other academic problems. Cases in adults
usually occur after some neurological trauma or it could be diagnosed in a person with
autism, Asperger’s Syndrome, Tourette’s Syndrome or ADHD.
• Children diagnosed with dysgraphia often exhibit difficulties with handwriting, spelling and
composing written work. The main problem seems to be perceptual; children have difficulty
sequencing, so they may write backwards or out of order, according to the Arizona Office for
Americans with Disabilities.
• Devine notes that a child with dysgraphia may have the ability to think up the most incredibly
creative story, but when to trying to write it down, it would take the child hours. Devine also
highlights a case study, which suggests that dysgraphia causes the child to be held back in all
subjects.
7. Dysgraphia
Impact of dysgraphia on a child’s social skills
According to Understood.org, as well as impacting upon a child’s overall learning skills, dysgraphia
can negatively affect a child’s social skills. For example, it can lead to:
• Frustration: For kids with dysgraphia, writing can be a difficult and slow process. Being
pressured to write can add to the anxiety.
• A lack of expression: The child speaks vaguely or ‘talks around’ things. Kids with dysgraphia
can find it difficult to express ideas and speak about specifics.
• ‘Missing the point’ (humor): It can be tough for kids with dysgraphia to understand humor
or language nuances, such as sarcasm.
• Lack of self-confidence: Children with dysgraphia may feel ‘different’ from other kids and
worry about whether or not they are intelligent. This can lead to low self-esteem.
8. Dysgraphia
Testing and Diagnosis
The following includes key points relating to testing and diagnostic procedures for Dysgraphia:
• Dysgraphia is not usually diagnosed until a child is school-aged.
• A psychologist or neuropsychologist can diagnose dysgraphia. The evaluation process includes
gathering information about family history, the individual’s developmental milestones, as well as
academic history (including samples of written work), including intelligence tests, academic
achievement, and activities that would help to assess the individual’s fine motor functioning (such
as examples of drawing or tracing).
• Letter formation and other types of motoric dysgraphia can be diagnosed at 5-6 years old.
• Some diagnostic tools, including the Test of Written Language (TOWL-4) are only suitable for
students 9 years old and older, since by this age they will have had sufficient experience with
writing instruction and the complexities of written language.
• A dynamic assessment may be able to provide insights, within which an evaluator may ask for
questionnaires from parents and teachers. This may include insights into which kinds of support
are most likely to help the child.
• The evaluator may also ask the parents to fill out some questionnaires
9. Dysgraphia
Strategies for addressing dysgraphia
Richards (1999) identifies two approaches to addressing dysgraphia. The first form uses
systematic techniques that improve functioning; this is referred to as a remedial treatment.
Remedial treatments seek to correct handwriting, either through direct instruction of
handwriting or a fine motor program. Best Practice example 1 is a remedial treatment.
The second strategy uses what are termed as bypass strategies, such as the use of technology, to
find a way around the difficulties. Compensatory techniques or ways to alleviate the problem
would be bypass strategies. Best Practice examples 2 and 3 are bypass strategies.
10. Dysgraphia: Best Practices (1)
Best practice: Use of a non-intensive ‘spell-study-spell‘ intervention
Definition: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
PPA is a cognitive impairment that includes a progressive loss of language function. While aphasia is a
general term used to refer to deficits in language functions, PPA emerges due to degeneration in the parts
of the brain that are responsible for speech and language. It is caused by neurodegenerative diseases,
such as Alzheimer’s or Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration.
Introduction
PPA begins gradually and is initially experienced as difficulty thinking of common words while speaking or
writing. It gets progressively worse until verbal communication by any means is difficult. The ability to
understand what others are saying or reading also declines in someone affected by PPA. Memory,
reasoning and visual perception are not affected by the disease during early stages, so people with PPA
can still function normally in relation to most routine daily living activities. But as the illness progresses,
other mental abilities also decline.
Adults can develop PPA at any age, although it is more common among those aged under 65. People with
PPA may have a variety of different language symptoms.
11. Dysgraphia: Best Practices (1)
Best practice: Use of a non-intensive ‘spell-study-spell‘ intervention (continued)
Methods and results
Rapp & Glucroft (2009) carried out a case study that let them examine the effectiveness of a non-
intensive spell-study-spell intervention procedure. They compared the performance on four sets of
words: Trained, Repeated, Homework, and Control words at five evaluations – baseline, during
intervention, after the intervention and at six- and 12-month follow up.
The study found that:
• At the end of the intervention, Trained words showed a small but statistically significant improvement
relative to the baseline and an advantage in accuracy over Control, Homework, and Repeated word
sets.
• All word sets exhibited a decline in accuracy from the end of the treatment to the six-month follow-
up evaluation. The researchers said this was consistent with, “the degenerative nature of the illness”.
Accuracy on Trained words continued to be superior to that of Control words and not statistically
different from pre-intervention baseline levels
• Repeated testing and practice at home yielded modest numerical advantages relative to Control
words, but these differences were, for many comparisons, not statistically significant, according to the
researchers.
• At 12 months post-intervention, all word sets had significantly declined relative to pre-intervention
baselines and performance on the four sets was comparable.
Conclusion : The researchers suggest the results from this study showed, for the first time, that behavioral
intervention can provide both immediate and short-term benefits for dysgraphia in the context of PPA.
12. Dysgraphia: Best Practices (2)
Best practice: Assistive Technology
Bypass strategies involve the utilization of computers and other assistive devices to help students
with dysgraphia.
Definition: In the U.K., assistive technology is defined as, “any item, piece of equipment, or product
system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to
increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities,” according to the
U.K.’s Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act (1988).
According to an article posted on Public School Review (U.S.) in 2009, “some schools may permit
dysgraphic students to use computers for some [or all] of their assignments.” The same article notes
that some students may be … “permitted to use a laptop in the classroom,” noting that many leaders,
“believe that the support of a computer helps students with written expression struggles overcome
some of their most frustrating challenges.”
Usage among dysgraphic students is likely to be much more widespread now, although I have not
been able to locate specific figures in terms of usage rates at the time of compiling this resource.
13. Dysgraphia: Best Practices (3)
Best practice: Assignments: Structuring suitable alternatives
In an article published by the (non-profit) Davidson Institute, Jones suggests some practical
steps that teachers can utilize when issuing assignments to students with dysgraphia.
Jones suggests that dysgraphic students should be able to substitute a written assignment with
an oral or visual assignment. This option would require the teacher to produce a rubric to define
exactly what the assignment should include.
Another practical suggestion is the use of cooperative writing projects, in which students play different
roles, such as, ‘the brainstormer’, ‘the organizer of information’, ‘the writer’, ‘the proofreader’ and
‘the illustrator’.
When referring to ‘modifications’, Jones suggests reducing the length requirement of assignments,
stressing, “quality over quantity”.
ADDitude, a leading media network aimed at parents and adults living with attention-deficit disorders,
suggests the removal of neatness as a grading criterion and allowing students to replace full sentences
with key words.
*Dysgraphia Accommodations and Modifications (1999)