The document presents a study on the dynamic modeling of fire safety electrical circuits in the Galeria Tarnovia shopping mall, focusing on the importance of selecting proper conductor sizes for optimal performance during fire situations. The research indicates that many existing safety circuits may not ensure adequate operation during fires, highlighting issues such as excessive voltage drops and slow automatic disconnection times. Detailed dynamic simulations confirm that under fire conditions, certain critical safety devices experience compromised performance, necessitating further investigation and potentially larger conductor sizes for enhanced safety compliance.

1. 1
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Dynamic modeling of the performance of safety
electrical circuits during a fire -
study case based on the data of an actual
building.
Prepared for:
European Copper Institute and
Polish Copper Promotion Centre, members of the
Copper Alliance
Prepared by:
Dr. Jacek Wasilewski
Dr. Wojciech Wiechowski
WTW Power Solutions
Atrium Centrum
Al. Jana Pawła II 27
00-867 Warsaw, Poland
www.wtwps.com
Date / revision:
08 May 2012 / 4.0
Selected Object: Shopping Mall Galeria Tarnovia, ul. Krakowska 149, 33-100 Tarnów, Poland

2. 2
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EX ECU TI V E SU MMA RY 3
STR ES ZC Z ENI E P O PO LSK U 8
ACKNO WL EDGEMENTS / PO DZ IĘK O WA NIA 14
1. Introduction 15
2. Selected object 16
2.1 Main building parameters 16
2.2 Brief description of the building in terms of fire safety issues 17
3. Electric power supply in the building 19
3.1 Fire safety switchboard RGPOŻ 21
3.2 Criteria for selection of fire safety circuits to be used in further investigations 24
3.3 Description of the selected circuits 24
4. Verification of cross section of cables based on IEC 60364 31
4.1 Criterion 1: Current rating & overload protection 31
4.2 Criterion 2: Permissible voltage drop 32
4.3 Criterion 3: Short-circuit strength 33
4.4 Criterion 4: Automatic disconnection of supply 33
4.5 Cable size verification for analyzed fire protection circuits 34
5. Dynamic simulations 40
5.1 Models of selected fire safety circuits 40
5.2 Analyzed scenarios 42
5.3 Simulations 43
5.3.1 Quasi-steady-state 43
5.3.2 Motor starting at no-fire conditions 45
5.3.3 Motor starting at 90 min. fire conditions 46
5.3.4 Single phase-to-ground faults 50
6. Summary and Conclusions 54
REF ER ENC ES 59
APP ENDI X 1 60
APP ENDI X 2 63
APP ENDI X 3 76
source: skyscrapercity.com

3. 3
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document describes the results of a project titled "Dynamic modeling of the performance of safety
electrical circuits during a fire - study case based on the data of an actual building - Galeria Tarnovia".
Overall aim of this study was to demonstrate and emphasize the importance of selection of proper cross-
section of conductors for fire safety circuits that ensure proper start-up and steady-state operation of fire
safety equipment when the electrical resistance of the wires becomes high due to a fire. It must be em-
phasized that the focus of work was to ilustrate system technical performance issues and not the perfor-
mance of particular components, for which a more detailed studies would be normally carried out by
equipemnt manufacturers during the design phase.
This study was based on the design data of an actual large building; a shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia.
Detailed aims of the study were:
to verify whether or not the existing safety circuits in the building have been designed correctly
according to the existing regulations,
to verify whether or not the existing regulations ensure that the cross-section of fire safety cir-
cuits guarantee desired operation of electrical equipment and circuit protection during fire,
If not, to determine the cross-section of conductors that will allow a satisfactory performance of
the electrical and protection equipment during fire,
to perform the study for safety circuits for which methodology described in [4] for calculation of
circuit parameters has been applied and compare results,
to point out the most sensitive type of equipment to voltage drop.
At first, all of the fire safety circuits in the building are shortly described and a schematic diagram of the
entire fire safety switchboard (RGPOŻ) is shown. Number and types of loads, types of cables, their
lengths and cable routes with respect to fire safety zones are considered. As there are many of the fire
safety circuits supplied from fire safety switchboard RGPOŻ, it would be an extensive and pointless work
to model all of them. In order to select few most representative circuits for further investigations, criteria
for selection are defined and described. After application of these criteria three fire safety circuits are
selected for detailed simulations: circuit supplying sprinkler pumps smoke fans and compressors of hy-
drophore reservoir. Selected circuits are described in detail. The main parameters of the selected circuits
are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1. Main parameters of investigated fire safety circuits.
Type of fire safety device Rated active
power
Supplying cable type Total cable
length
Water sprinkler pump 200 kW NHXH 4(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 280 m
Smoke fan 45 kW NHXH 4(3)x(1x95)/1x50 250 m
Compressor of hydrophore re-
servoir
2,2 kW NHXH (5(4)x6) 90 m

4. 4
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
NHXH - halogen-free, flame-resistant cable. The cable bundle 4x(3)x(2x1x120) / 1x120 denotation
means:
4(3)x(…). – 3 phases and neutral conductors used in LV network (cable bundles connecting
RGPOŻ and local switchboards); phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 (the neutral point is not used be-
tween the local switchboards and the motors driving the fire safety device)
(2x1x120) – two single-core cables (120 mm2
cross-section) per phase,
/1x120 – one single-core cable (120 mm2
cross-section) as a protective conductor.
Example drawing is shown below.
The cable bundle 4(3)x(1x95)/1x50 denotation means:
4(3)x(…). – phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and neutral points used in LV network (cable bundles con-
necting RGPOŻ and local switchboards); phase 1, phase 2 and phase 3 (the neutral point is not
used between the local switchboards and the motors driving the fire safety device)
(1x95) – one single-core cable (95 mm2
cross-section) per phase and neutral point,
/1x50 – one single-core cable (50 mm2
cross-section) as a protective conductor
The cable (5(4)x6) means the fifth-core cable of 6 mm2 cross-section including phase 1, phase 2, phase
3, neutral and protective point of LV network (cable bundles connecting RGPOŻ and local switchboards).
In case of cable connection between the local switchboard and the motor driving the fire safety device,
phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and protective point are used (without neutral point).
Temperature change over time was modeled assuming the standard temperature-time curve, shown in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Time – temperature for standard cellulose fires [4].
ProtectivePhase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Neutral

5. 5
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Initial verification of the sizing of conductors for selected fire safety circuits based on selection criteria
described in IEC 60364 was made.
The initial verification showed that under normal operating conditions (no fire) all the criteria are satisfied
and cable size selection is correctly made according to state-of-the-art methods and regulations applica-
ble today, for example the IEC standard 60364-4-41. These regulations are applicable to all of the build-
ings built today which are equipped with fire safety circuits and Galeria Tarnovia is an example of such
typical modern building.
The initial verification shows that for installations designed according to the existing regulations, for a
maximum value of temperature for the standard fire temperature–time curve, the maximum allowable
times of automatic disconnection of supply may be often exceeded, and the maximum levels of voltage
drop along circuits are often exceeded as well.
These results of simplified verification indicate that when the temperature of wires of the supplying cir-
cuits is high due to a fire, problems with operation of fire safety equipment as well as with fast discon-
nection of fire safety circuits by protective relays may occur. Therefore, in the next step the steady-state
and dynamic performance of selected fire safety equipment and of the protective relays have been veri-
fied by detailed dynamic simulations with the use of a professional simulation tool. For this study dynamic
models of the loads were prepared and the dependence of resistance of cables was automatically varied
according to the standard fire time-temperature curve.
Assumed study scenarios include both normal conditions (no fire) and fire conditions (90 min after fire
breaks out). The following simulation scenario types have been assumed:
during steady state operation of fire safety devices a fire breaks out and develops in the car park.
Performance of all devices is monitored.
equipment start-up during normal conditions and 90 min after a fire breaks out.
Phase-to-ground short-circuits at a switchboard or the terminals of the device both under no fire
conditions and 90 min after a fire breaks out.
For all the investigated fire safety circuits, RMS time domain simulations were performed and all the rele-
vant values like voltages currents, electric active and reactive powers as well as speed and mechanical
torque have been monitored.
Performed simulations confirm that:
Times of automatic disconnection of supply under fire conditions in a number of cases exceed al-
lowable limits,
Voltage drop under fire conditions is large, which results in large currents that cause induction
motor overload but not enough for the activation of thermal protection in the investigated scena-
rios,
Motor starting under fire conditions is often impossible as currents are large due to decrease of
supplying voltage as well as motor stall. The large current result in circuit tripping (despite that
soft-starters are used)
All the results are summarized in Table 2.

6. 6
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 2. Dynamic simulation results under normal and PH90 conditions.
Existing cable cross-sections
Circuit: Sprinkle pump Smoke fan Compressor
Existing cable cross-section 4(3)x(2x1x120)
/1x120
4(3)x(1x95)
/1x50
(5(4)x6)
Normal conditions
Cable resistance 0,0190 0,0236 0,2449
Steady state voltage drop 4,6% 2,4% 0,48%
Steady state current 1,0 p.u. 0,96 p.u. 0,87 p.u.
Steady state active power 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,070 s/0,047 s 0,007 s/0,008 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Motor starting OK OK OK
PH90 fire conditions
Cable resistance 0,1013 0,1257 1,3042
Steady state voltage drop 14,9% 8,3% 1,8%
Steady state current 1,10 p.u. 0,95 p.u. 0,86 p.u.
Steady state active power 0,94 p.u. 0,94 p.u. 0,96 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
32,707 s/12,588 s 3,988 s/0,38 s 6,246 s/2,980 s
Motor starting doesn’t start OK doesn’t start
Increased cable cross-sections
Circuit: Sprinkle pump Smoke fan Compressor
New cable cross-section 4(3)x(3x1x120)
/2x1x120
- (5(4)x16)
Normal conditions
Cable resistance 0,0013 - 0,2449
Steady state voltage drop 3,5% - 0,18%
Steady state current 0,99 p.u. - 0,86 p.u.
Steady state active power 1,0 p.u. - 1,0 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,003 s/0,003 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Motor starting OK - OK
PH90 fire conditions
Cable resistance 0,06751 - 0,4867
Steady state voltage drop 9,4% - 0,7%
Steady state current 1,02 p.u. - 0,85 p.u.
Steady state active power 0,98 p.u. - 0,97 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,106 s/0,358 s - 1,531 s/0,047 s
Motor starting OK - OK
In case of other buildings, if all fire safety circuits are designed and built according to IEC 60364 stan-
dards, the fire safety equipment should operate properly in the steady-state. Thus, the fire safety devices
ensure its functions. However there are many factors affecting the motor circuit operation such a supply-
ing voltage in main switchboard, cable length and cross-section, motor apparent power, Speed-Torque

7. 7
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
characteristic of a motor–driven device and protection device settings. Therefore each designed circuit
should be investigated individually.
The most sensitive type of fire safety equipment to voltage drop out of the three analyzed were the com-
pressors. Especially, during motor starting a risk of motor stall is observed. In case of large voltage drop
at the motor terminals, the initial mechanical torque is higher than the initial electric torque and the mo-
tor will not start.
Comparing the verification method described in [4] and the dynamic simulation method one can observe
that:
The results of voltage drop evaluation in the steady-state operation for both verification methods
are very close,
The simulation results of time of automatic disconnection of supply are consistent with the results
obtained from the method [4] only for two circuits, i.e. sprinkler pump and compressor. In case
of the smoke fan circuit, dynamic simulation results show that required time of disconnection is
fulfilled even under PH90 conditions. In contrast, the results obtained from method [4] show that
the condition of automatic disconnection of supply is not fulfilled under PH90 conditions when as-
suming that the tripping devices are electromagnetic releases or relays. If this aforementioned
assumption is rejected, all the results obtained from both methods of cable size verification (per-
formed dynamic simulation and the method described in [4]) are consistent each other.
The results of motor starting simulation as well as results of voltage drop evaluation based on
method [4] show that motors driving the sprinkler pump and compressor will not start under
PH90. A difference in results is observed for the smoke fan motor. Based on the method de-
scribed in [4], the obtained results show the voltage drop exceeds the permissible value of 10%
and the motor will not start. The dynamic simulation (including a softstart model) results show
that the motor will start properly under PH90 conditions.
Cable size verification method described in [4] may be used as a technical knowledge source for electrical
engineers designing electrical installations including fire safety circuits. Simulations with dynamic models
of electrical installation components may show more detailed results.
It is shown that in order to ensure the correct operation of fire safety equipment during a fire, it is essen-
tial to:
increase cross-section of conductors of the supplying cables - to decrease voltage drop
increase cable cross-section of the conductors of supplying cables and of the protective conductor
as well (or apply supplementary equipotential bonding) - to decrease phase-to-ground imped-
ance and ensure sufficiently fast automatic disconnection of supply
set thermal protection current settings not less than 1,1 times rated motor current in order to
minimize the likelihood of circuit disconnection in cases of slight motor overloading
The overall conclusion and recommendation of this study is that it is necessary to elaborate and evaluate
standards and recommendations for fire safety circuits that will include clear cable sizing criteria for the
expected fire conditions.

8. 8
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
STRESZCZENIE PO POLSKU
Niniejszy raport przedstawia wyniki badań prowadzonych w ramach projektu badawczego zatytułowanego
„Modelowanie dynamiczne pracy obwodów elektrycznych zasilających odbiorniki pożarowe w warunkach
pożaru – studium przypadku istniejącego budynku Galeria Tarnovia”.
Ogólnym celem przeprowadzonych badań było wykazanie i podkreślenie znaczenia prawidłowego doboru
przekroju kabli w obwodach pożarowych zapewniającego prawidłowy rozruch urządzeń pożarowych, ich
pracę w stanie ustalonym oraz skuteczności warunku samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania jako środka
ochrony przeciwporażeniowej działającego przy uszkodzeniu izolacji. Proces doboru przekroju przewodów
rozważano w warunkach zwiększonej wartości rezystancji kabli zasilających ze względu na wzrost
temperatury otoczenia spowodowanej pożarem. Przeprowadzone badania oparte zostały na danych
pochodzących z dokumentacji powykonawczej istniejącego budynku handlowo-usługowego o dużej
kubaturze, tj. centrum handlowo-usługowe Galeria Tarnovia.
W ramach szczegółowych celów postawionych w niniejszych badaniach należało:
sprawdzić, czy wybrane istniejące obwody zasilające odbiorniki pożarowe zostały prawidłowo
zaprojektowane zgodnie z aktualnymi normami,
sprawdzić, czy aktualne normy zawierają odpowiednie wymagania odnośnie doboru przekroju
kabli pożarowych, zapewniające właściwą pracę urządzeń pożarowych w warunkach pożaru,
w przypadku stwierdzenia nieprawidłowości pracy urządzeń pożarowych, sprawdzić dla jakich
przekrojów kabli będą zapewnione właściwe warunki pracy odbiorników pożarowych,
przeprowadzić obliczenia dotyczące doboru przekroju kabli pożarowych uwzględniając metodykę
zaproponowaną w publikacji [4] i porównać uzyskane wyniki z wynikami przeprowadzonych
symulacji działania obwodów w warunkach pożaru,
wskazać na urządzenia ochrony pożarowej najbardziej wrażliwe na zmniejszoną wartość napięcia
zasilania ze względu na wzrost rezystancji kabli.
W pierwszej kolejności, opisano pokrótce wszystkie istniejące w rozważanym budynku obwody pożarowe i
przedstawiono w postaci schematu rozdzielnicy głównej pożarowej (RGPOŻ). Przeanalizowano zarówno
liczbę i rodzaj zasilanych urządzeń ochrony przeciwpożarowej jak również rodzaj, przekroje, długości oraz
sposób i trasę ułożenia kabli zasilających te urządzenia, w odniesieniu do stref pożarowych budynku. Ze
względu na duża liczbę istniejących obwodów pożarowych w rozpatrywanym budynku (zasilanych z
rozdzielnicy RGPOŻ), wybrano najbardziej reprezentatywne obwody, które posłużyły dalszym badaniom.
Kryteria wyboru obwodów do badań zostały ściśle zdefiniowane i szczegółowo opisane. Ostatecznie, do
badań wybrano trzy obwody, które zasilają pompę tryskaczową, wentylator oddymiający oraz kompresor
zbiornika hydroforu. Wybrane obwody szczegółowo opisano w niniejszym raporcie. Główne parametry
wybranych obwodów przedstawiono w Tabeli 1.1.
Tabela 1.1. Główne parametry rozważanych obwodów pożarowych.
Rodzaj urządzenia pożarowego Moc czynna
znamionowa
Kabel zasilający Całkowita
długość kabla
Pompa tryskaczowa 200 kW NHXH 4(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 280 m
Wentylator oddymiający 45 kW NHXH 4(3)x(1x95)/1x50 250 m
Kompresor zbiornika hydroforu 2,2 kW NHXH (5(4)x6) 90 m

9. 9
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
NHXH – nie zawiera halogenu, ognioodporny
Oznaczenie wiązki kabli 4x(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 należy rozumieć następująco:
4(3)x(…). – faza 1, faza 2, faza 3 oraz punkt neutralny sieci nn (kable łączące rozdzielnicę RGPOŻ
oraz rozdzielnice lokalne pracują w układzie trzech faz i punktu neutralnego); faza 1, faza 2 oraz
faza 3 (nie stosuje się punktu neutralnego między rozdzielnicami lokalnymi a silnikiem
napędzającym urządzenie pożarowe)
(2x1x120) – dwa jednożyłowe kable (o przekroju 120 mm2
) na fazę i punkt neutralny,
/1x120 – kabel jednożyłowy (o przekroju 120 mm2
) użyty jako przewód ochronny.
Pokazane na rysunku ponizej.
The cable bundle 4(3)x(1x95)/1x50 denotation means:
4(3)x(…). – faza 1, faza 2, faza 3 oraz punkt neutralny sieci nn (kable łączące rozdzielnicę RGPOŻ
oraz rozdzielnice lokalne pracują w układzie trzech faz i punktu neutralnego); faza 1, faza 2 oraz
faza 3 (nie stosuje się punktu neutralnego między rozdzielnicami lokalnymi a silnikiem
napędzającym urządzenie pożarowe)
(1x95) – jednożyłowy kabel (o przekroju 90 mm2
) na fazę i punkt neutralny
/1x50 – kabel jednożyłowy (o przekroju 50 mm2) użyty jako przewód ochronny.
Oznaczenie kabla (5(4)x6) należy rozumieć jako kabel pięciożyłowy zawierający fazę 1, fazę 2, fazę 3,
punkt neutralny sieci nn oraz punkt ochronny (kabel łączący RGPOŻ i rozdzielnicę lokalną). W przypadku
połączenia między rozdzielnicą lokalną a silnikiem napędzającym urządzenie pożarowe, uwzględnia się
jedynie trzy fazy i przewód ochronny (nie używa się punktu neutralnego).
Zmianę temperatury otoczenia w czasie rozwoju pożaru zamodelowano w oparciu o standardową krzywą
tempetarura-czas, którą przedstawiono na Rys. 1.1.
ProtectivePhase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Neutral

10. 10
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Rys. 1.1. Standardowa charakterystyka temperaturowo-czasowa pożaru.
Dokonano wstępnej weryfikacji przekrojów kabli zasilających wybrane odbiorniki pożarowe w oparciu o
kryteria z odpowiednich arkuszy normy IEC 60364.
Wyniki wstępnej weryfikacji przekrojów kabli pożarowych wskazują, że dla stanu normalnego (brak
pożaru w budynku) wszystkie kryteria doboru przekrojów kabli są spełnione w odniesieniu do wymagań
aktualnych wytycznych, np. wieloarkuszowej normy IEC 60364. Zatem dla takich warunków, wytyczne te
są adekwatne dla projektowania instalacji elektrycznych w nowych budynkach wyposażonych w
urządzenia ochrony przeciwpożarowej, takich jak nowoczesne centrum handlowo-usługowe Galeria
Tarnovia.
Rezultaty wstępnej weryfikacji przekrojów kabli zasilających odbiorniki pożarowe pokazują, że przy
uwzględnieniu aktualnych wytycznych projektowych, dla maksymalnej temperatury otoczenia po czasie
90 min. wg standardowej krzywej pożarowej (Rys. 1.1), mogą być przekroczone zarówno czasy
samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania, jak również wartości spadku napięcia wzdłuż kabli.
Wyniki przeprowadzonej weryfikacji przekrojów kabli wskazują, że w przypadku wysokiej temperatury żył
kabli spowodowanej pożarem, mogą wystąpić problemy związane z zapewnieniem poprawnej pracy
urządzeń pożarowych oraz niedotrzymaniem w tych obwodach wymaganego czasu samoczynnego
wyłączenia zasilania. Z tego względu, w następnym kroku badań, przeprowadzono szczegółową symulację
pracy rozpatrywanych obwodów zarówno w stanie ustalonym, jak i przejściowym uwzględniając nie tylko
modele odbiorników, ale także zabezpieczeń nadprądowych. Stosowne symulacje przeprowadzono przy
użyciu profesjonalnego narzędzia. W tym celu zbudowano szczegółowe modele elementów obwodów
uwzględniając zależność rezystancji kabli zasilających odbiorniki pożarowe od temperatury otoczenia
zmieniającej się wg standardowej krzywej pożarowej.
Dla celów badań założono odpowiednie scenariusze zdarzeń uwzględniające warunki normalne pracy
obwodów pożarowych (brak pożaru) oraz warunki pożaru (90 min. od momentu powstania pożaru).
Rozpatrzono następujące klasy scenariuszy symulacji:

11. 11
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
podczas pracy ustalonej urządzeń pożarowych, powstaje pożar w garażu (na trasie kabli
zasilających urządzenia), który trwa 90 min. Analizuje się pracę wszystkich rozpatrywanych od-
biorników pożarowych,
następuje rozruch silników napędzających urządzenia pożarowe, zarówno w warunkach
normalnych oraz po 90 min. od powstania pożaru w garażu,
następuje zwarcie doziemne (L-PE) na końcu kabla zasilającego lokalną rozdzielnicę oraz na
końcu kabla zasilającego urządzenie pożarowe, zarówno w warunkach normalnych oraz po 90
min. od powstania pożaru w garażu.
Dla wszystkich rozpatrywanych obwodów, przeprowadzono symulacje w czasie przebiegów wartości
skutecznych (RMS) różnych wielkości fizycznych, takich jak napięcie, prąd, moc czynna i bierna oraz
moment i prędkość silników napędzających urządzenia pożarowe.
Wyniki przeprowadzonych symulacji potwierdziły, że:
W większości przypadków, w warunkach pożaru na trasie kabli, czasy samoczynnego wyłączenia
zasilania przekraczają dopuszczalne wartości,
Spadki napięcia w warunkach pożaru osiągają wysokie wartości. Mogą występować nieznaczne
przeciążenia silników, niepowodujące przy tym zadziałania zabezpieczeń przeciążeniowych,
Rozruch silników podczas pożaru na trasie kabli zasilających te silniki jest często niemożliwy.
Występują zjawiska utknięcia silnika oraz pracy silnika w niestabilnym punkcie charakterystyki
prędkość-moment ze względu na niską wartość napięcia zasilającego, co skutkuje prądami
przeciążeniowymi powodującymi aktywację zabezpieczeń nadprądowych i wyłączenie całego
obwodu (nawet pomimo stosowania układów łagodnego rozruchu).
Wyniki symulacji zostały podsumowane w Tabeli 2.1

12. 12
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Tabela 2.1. Wyniki symulacji dynamicznych w warunkach normalnych oraz PH90.
Istniejące przekroje kabli
Obwód: Pompa tryskaczowa Wentylator
oddymiający
Kompresor
Istniejący przekrój kabla 4(3)x(2x1x120)
/1x120
4(3)x(1x95)
/1x50
(5(4)x6)
Warunki normalne
Rezystancja kabla 0,0190 0,0236 0,2449
Spadek napięcia w stanie
ustalonym
4,6% 2,4% 0,48%
Prąd w stanie ustalonym 1,0 p.u. 0,96 p.u. 0,87 p.u.
Moc czynna w stanie ustalonym 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u.
Czas samoczynnego wyłączenia
zasilania (RGPOŻ/rozdzielnica
lokalna
0,070 s/0,047 s 0,007 s/0,008 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Rozruch silnika OK OK OK
Warunki PH90
Rezystancja kabla 0,1013 0,1257 1,3042
Spadek napięcia w stanie
ustalonym
14,9% 8,3% 1,8%
Prąd w stanie ustalonym 1,10 p.u. 0,95 p.u. 0,86 p.u.
Moc czynna w stanie ustalonym 0,94 p.u. 0,94 p.u. 0,96 p.u.
Czas samoczynnego wyłączenia
zasilania (RGPOŻ/rozdzielnica
lokalna
32,707 s/12,588 s 3,988 s/0,38 s 6,246 s/2,980 s
Rozruch silnika nie startuje OK nie startuje
Zwiększone przekroje kabli
Obwód: Pompa tryskaczowa Wentylator
oddymiający
Kompresor
Istniejący przekrój kabla 4(3)x(3x1x120)
/2x1x120
- (5(4)x16)
Warunki normalne
Rezystancja kabla 0,0013 - 0,2449
Spadek napięcia w stanie
ustalonym
3,5% - 0,18%
Prąd w stanie ustalonym 0,99 p.u. - 0,86 p.u.
Moc czynna w stanie ustalonym 1,0 p.u. - 1,0 p.u.
Czas samoczynnego wyłączenia
zasilania (RGPOŻ/rozdzielnica
lokalna
0,003 s/0,003 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Rozruch silnika OK - OK
Warunki PH90
Rezystancja kabla 0,06751 - 0,4867
Spadek napięcia w stanie
ustalonym
9,4% - 0,7%
Prąd w stanie ustalonym 1,02 p.u. - 0,85 p.u.
Moc czynna w stanie ustalonym 0,98 p.u. - 0,97 p.u.
Czas samoczynnego wyłączenia
zasilania (RGPOŻ/rozdzielnica
lokalna
0,106 s/0,358 s - 1,531 s/0,047 s
Rozruch silnika OK - OK

13. 13
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
W przypadku innych budynków, zakładając, że wszystkie obwody pożarowe zostały zaprojektowane
zgodnie z wytycznymi wieloarkuszowej normy IEC 60364, urządzenia ochrony przeciwpożarowej powinny
pracować poprawnie w stanie pracy ustalonej. Tym samym, urządzenia te będą pełniły swoją funkcję
podczas zakładanych 90 min. pożaru na trasie kabli zasilających te urządzenia. Z drugiej strony, należy
mieć świadomość, że istnieje wiele czynników mających wpływ na poprawność pracy tego typu urządzeń
silnikowych, takich jak napięcie na szynach rozdzielnicy głównej, długość i przekrój żył kabla, moc
znamionowa silnika, charakterystyka prędkość-moment silnika oraz ustawienia zabezpieczeń w obwodzie.
Zatem, każdy obwód powinien być rozpatrywany indywidualnie.
Stwierdzono, że najbardziej wrażliwymi urządzeniami ochrony pożarowej na zmniejszoną wartość
napięcia zasilania z trzech rozpatrywanych typów urządzeń są kompresory, zwłaszcza podczas rozruch
silnika, gdzie zaobserwowano jego utknięcie. Zbyt mała wartość napięcia zasilającego silnik spowodowała,
że początkowy (przy postoju silnika) moment elektryczny był mniejszy od początkowego momentu
mechanicznego i tym samym silnik nie wystartował.
Porównując wyniki weryfikacji, której metodyka została przedstawiona w publikacji [4], z wynikami
przeprowadzonych symulacji pracy urządzeń pożarowych zaobserwowano, że:
Wyniki szacowania spadku napięcia w stanie ustalonym pracy odbiorników pożarowych dla obu
metod weryfikacji są bardzo bliskie,
Wyniki otrzymane podczas symulacji czasów samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania są zgodne z
wynikami metody opisanej w [4] dla dwóch z trzech rozważanych obwodów pożarowych, tj.
zasilających pompę tryskaczową i kompresor. W przypadku obwodu wentylatora oddymiającego,
wyniki symulacji stanów dynamicznych pokazują, że czas samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania w
tym obwodzie mieści się w granicach wymaganych wartości nawet w warunkach PH90. Z drugiej
strony, otrzymane wyniki weryfikacji kryterium samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania, przy
zastosowaniu metodyki [4], wskazują na niespełnienie tego warunku podczas 90 min. od czasu
powstania pożaru, przy czym przyjęto założenie, że urządzeniami powodującymi samoczynne
wyłączenie zasilania są jedynie wyzwalacze i przekaźniki elektromagnetyczne (zabezpieczenia
zwarciowe). W przypadku odrzucenia tego założenia, wyniki obu metod weryfikacji są ze sobą
zgodne.
Wyniki symulacji dynamicznej rozruchu silników napędzających urządzenia ochrony
przeciwpożarowej oraz szacowania spadku napięcia wg metody opisanej w [4] pokazują, że silnik
kompresora nie uruchomi się w warunkach PH90. Obserwuje się różnice w wynikach obu metod
jedynie dla obwodu wentylatora oddymiającego. Na podstawie metody opartej na publikacji [4],
wyniki otrzymane wskazują, że spadek napięcia podczas warunków PH90 przekracza wartość
10% i tym samym silnik nie powinien wystartować. Przeprowadzone symulacje dynamiczne
(uwzględniające modele układów łagodnego rozruchu – soft-startów) pokazują jednak, że silnik
kompresora uruchomi się właściwie nawet w momencie 90 min. po powstaniu pożaru na trasie
kabla zasilającego kompresor.
Metoda doboru przekroju kabli pożarowych opisana w publikacji [4] może służyć jako źródło wiedzy
technicznej dla inżynierów elektryków projektujących instalacje elektryczne zawierające obwody
zasilające urządzenia ochrony przeciw pożarowej. Z kolei, symulacje oparte na szczegółowych modelach
dynamicznych elementów instalacji mogą pokazać bardziej szczegółowe wyniki
W niniejszym raporcie pokazano, że aby zapewnić właściwą pracę obwodów pożarowych w warunkach
pożaru na trasie kabli zasilających urządzenia pożarowe niezbędne jest:

14. 14
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
zwiększyć przekrój żył kabla w celu zmniejszenia spadku napięcia,
zwiększyć przekrój żył czynnych i ochronnej kabla (lub zastosować miejscowe połączenia
wyrównawcze) w celu zmniejszenia impedancji pętli zwarcia i zapewnienia wymaganego czasu
samoczynnego wyłączenia zasilania,
ustawić prąd zabezpieczenia przeciążeniowego nie mniejszy niż 1,1 wartości prądu znamionowego
silnika w celu zmniejszenia prawdopodobieństwa wyłączenia przez zabezpieczenie w przypadku
nieznacznych przeciążeń silnika.
Po przeprowadzeniu badań, głównym wnioskiem, jaki się nasuwa jest pilna potrzeba opracowania
dokumentów normatywnych zawierających wytyczne dotyczące wymiarowania kabli zasilających odbiory
pożarowe w warunkach pożaru, jaki się oczekuje na trasie kabli zasilających urządzenia pożarowe.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / PODZIĘKOWANIA
The authors would like to express their gratefulness to Mr. Waldemar Sikorski, Technical Director, TK
Development Polska and Mr. Tomasz Mądrzyk, Technical Manager, CBRE Property Management Poland
sp. z o.o., for agreeing to use and for making available all the design data of Galeria Tarnovia Shopping
Centre. The authors would also like to thank Mr. Michał Ramczykowski, CEO, Polish Copper Promotion
Centre, Mr. Roman Targosz, Director for Electrical Projects, Polish Copper Promotion Centre and Mr.
Hans De Keulenaer, Electricity & Energy Programme Manager, European Copper Institute, for sponsoring
this research project.
Autorzy skladają podziękowania Panu Waldemarowi Sikorskiemu, Dyrektorowi Technicznemu,
TK Development Polska I Panu Tomaszowi Mądrzykowi, Technical Manager, CBRE Property Management
Poland sp. z o.o., za zgodę na wykożystanie oraz za udostępnienie dokumentacji projektowej
powykonawczej centrum handlowego galeria „Tarnovia”. Autorzy chcieliby również złożyć podziękowania
dla Polskiego Centrum promocji Miedzi, Panu Michałowi Ramczykowskiemu, Prezesowi Zarządu i Panu
Romanowi Targoszowi, Kierownikowi ds. Projektów Elektrycznych, a także Panu Hans De Keulenaer,
Electricity & Energy Programme Manager, European Copper Institute, za współpracę i za finansowanie
tego projektu badawczego.

15. 15
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
1. Introduction
The maintenance of safety services in a building during an emergency is vital if the situation is to be con-
tained and the lives of occupants and emergency workers reserved. The first objective is to provide, as
far as possible, safe evacuation routes from the affected areas and to ensure that all services required for
fighting the fire are maintained for the required time. Another objective may be to ensure the preserva-
tion of services in areas of the building not directly affected by fire to provide a safe environment for eva-
cuees from affected areas, pending complete evacuation, or the end of the incident. Finally, the preserva-
tion of property is important.
The time for which safety services are required to operate depends on the use of the building and the
number and type of occupants involved. While it may be feasible to evacuate a dwelling or a small office
building in a short time, larger or higher buildings, or those used by the public will take much longer. The
longer that safety services remain operational, the better the chance of bringing a fire under control and
reducing property damage.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to
essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the
increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that
will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design
parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified.
Insufficient cross-section of the cables in fire conditions may result in resistance becoming so large that
the voltage drop across it will hamper proper operation of the electrical equipment that must be function-
al during fire. Moreover, the increased resistance of the safety circuit will cause fault currents to have
lower amplitudes, which will result in delayed disconnection of the circuit by a circuit breaker. This delay
will pose an increased electric shock risk for the people still present in the building and may also ignite
fires in other, previously safe areas of the building. 1
The overall aim of this study titled “Dynamic modeling of the performance of safety electrical circuits
during a fire - study case based on the data of an actual building”, is to demonstrate and emphasize the
importance of selection of proper cross-section of conductors for fire safety circuits that ensure proper
start-up and steady-state operation of fire safety equipment when the electrical resistance of the wires
becomes high due to a fire. The study is based on the design data of an actual large building, which is a
newly build shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia, located in Southern Poland, in the city of Tarnow.
Detailed aims of this study are:
to verify whether or not the selected existing safety circuits in the building have been designed
correctly according to the existing regulations,
to verify whether or not the existing regulations ensure that the cross-section of fire safety cir-
cuits guarantee desired operation of electrical equipment and circuit protection during fire,
If not, to determine the cross-section of conductors that will allow a satisfactory performance of
the electrical and protection equipment during fire,
1
Introduction text is based on [4]

16. 16
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
to perform the study for safety circuits for which methodology described in [4] for calculation of
circuit parameters has been applied and compare results,
to point out the most sensitive type of equipment to voltage drop.
2. Selected object
The object selected for the study is a Shopping Mall "Galeria Tarnovia":
Galeria Tarnovia
ul. Krakowska 149
33-100 Tarnów
This description has been made based on:
Site visit, which took place on the 12 December 2011,
Hard copy of essential documents, plans and diagrams (as-built Docs. No 08022/36, Nov 2009),
As-built AutoCAD files received on the 21 December 2011 (as-built Docs. No 08022/36, Nov
2009).
Following is a list of the most important documents obtained and / or copied:
General description of the electrical installations,
Fire development scenarios (developed Sept. 2009)
Tables of devices with rated power,
Schematic diagrams and plans
2.1 Main building parameters
Area: 36.500 m2 (2 levels)
Cark park area: 11.500 m2
Number of shops: 115
Year of opening: 2009
3 fire zones separated by fire resistant walls REI60 and doors EI30:
I - 11.092 m2 ground floor
- 2.004 m2 first floor
II - 6.526 m2 ground floor
- 3.820 m2 first floor
III - 11.511 m2 car park
As the building has three levels above ground, it is classified it as of Average Height (budynek
średniowysoki SW).

17. 17
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
A plan of the ground floor of the centre is shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Plan of the Shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia.
2.2 Brief description of the building in terms of fire safety issues
In terms of fire there are mostly solid materials in the building. No dangerous materials will be stored
there except small amounts of chemicals, cosmetics and alcohols, all in small hermetic containers.
Fire density does not exceed 500 MJ/m2 and except some utility rooms and storage where it reaches
1000 MJ/m2.
Due to its purpose (shopping mall) Galeria Tarnovia is classified as ZL1 category for danger for humans.
(ZL1 - defined as a place that contains facilities for the simultaneous presence of more than 50 people,
which are not their regular users, and are not intended primarily for use by people with limited mobility).
Due to existence of large quantities of flammable materials (clothes, etc) that can result in rapid devel-
opment of fire and thick smoke the fire hazard for the building is characterized as LARGE.

18. 18
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Number of people simultaneously present in fire safety zones:
Zone I - 2210 people (ground floor 1980 and 230 first floor)
Zone II - 1715 people (ground floor 1205 and 510 first floor)
Zone III - 880 people (car park)
Car park is made in fire resistant class B and the rest of the mall in class C1. Roof of the car park is fire
resistant REI120.
Fire resistance of building elements above the car park is:
Main load-bearing structure - R60
Ceiling - REI60
Roof construction - R152
Roof covering - E15
Internal walls - EI15
External walls - EI30
The building is equipped with the following fire safety installations:
Water sprinklers
Fire water supply (for the hydrant hoses)
Fire alarm system
Emergency evacuation lighting
automatic smoke exhaust devices
acoustic warning system
Jet ventilation system in the car park
Water sprinklers are located in the entire building except:
All electrical equipment rooms (with transformers, switchboards, etc)
Storage rooms in cark park level
Staircases
Toilets

19. 19
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
3. Electric power supply in the building
Electrical power supply for the Centre is provided by two 15 kV cable lines of the type 3xXRUHAKXS
1X240mm2, where one of the lines is the main supply designed for active power of 750 kW and a redun-
dant power supply designed for active power of 350 kW. The two MV lines are lead via different routes to
own MV/LV substation of the Centre ZE-1 where two transformers are installed (Ratio 15/0,4 kV; Dyn5,
Power 1 MVA, Short-circuit voltage Usc = 6%).
The MV part of substation is split into the main and the redundant power supply parts. Both parts are
composed of the incoming MV line field, Metering field and transformer supply field (equipped with trans-
former circuit breaker CB).
The LV part of the substation is split into 3 sections, as shown in Figure 3. Sections 1 and 2 are supplied
each by one of the 1 MV 15/0,4 kV transformers (with main circuit breakers protecting both sections) and
through cables YKY 4x(4x1x240 mm2). Section 3 is for supply of the fire safety equipment and it is sup-
plied directly from 0,4 kV side of both transformers (before main circuit breakers for sections 1 and 2).
All circuit breakers and switchboards have been manufactured by Schneider Electric. All circuits have
been made as TN-S (3L+N+PE). Protected with over-current and short-circuit protection, differential pro-
tection (0,03 A), overvoltage protection B and C type. Assumed maximal voltage drop from transformer
LV nodes are 5% for power circuits and 3 % for lighting. Minimal cross-section for wires are 1,5 mm2 for
lighting and 2,5 mm2 for other circuits.

20. 20
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the main switchboard RGINN with power supply for the fire safety switch-
board RGPOŻ taken directly from the LV side of the MV/LV transformers (source: AutoCAD files provided
by building administrator).

21. 21
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
3.1 Fire safety switchboard RGPOŻ
One of main distribution switchboard sections is for supply of the fire safety equipment and it is supplied
directly from 0,4 kV side of both transformers. This section is called RGPOŻ (Rozdzielnica Główna
Pożarowa, which can be translated to Main Fire Switchboard). A schematic diagram of the RGPOŻ is
shown in Figure 4.
Supply of the RGPOŻ switchboard has been made using fire resistant cables E90. All other fire safety
equipment has been made using EI30 (if along water sprinklers), EI90 in other places. Walls of cable
ducts are fire resistant EI120 with doors EI60.
Most of the circuits have been laid in cable trays. Calculation and selection of circuits cross-section was
based on IEC 364-5-523.
All cables for supply of fire safety circuits should ensure continuity of supply during fire for the required
time of operation of particular piece of equipment but no shorter than 90 minutes. Exception are circuits
for smoke dampers and laid in zones protected by water sprinklers.
For RGPOŻ switchboard the parallel supply redundancy is applied using automatic transfer switching
equipment. RGPOŻ is protected in each power circuit with the use of circuit breaker of NT16H1 3p Micro-
logic 5.0A type (Merlin Gerin). The 180 kvar shunt capacitor is installed for power factor correction pur-
pose. The overvoltage protection with the use of varistor technique is also applied.
The Main Fire Switchboard RGPOŻ supplies all fire safety circuits in the Centre, i.e.:
Outdoor lighting fittings of 10 kW total installed power for fire asses roads; indirectly supplied
through SB32a switchboard section; the feeder is protected with the use of NG125N C32A circuit
breakers (Merlin Gerin); the longest line section between RGPOŻ and the farthest lighting fitting
is about 100 m.
Four smoke fans of 45 kW rated power; indirectly supplied through RODG1, RODG2, RODG3 and
ODG4 switchboard respectively located in the ventilation control rooms; the feeders are protected
with the use of NS630N 630A STR23SE circuit breakers (Merlin Gerin); the longest line section
between RGPOŻ and the farthest smoke fan is above 290 m.
Sprinkler water pump of 200 kW rated power and its control equipment; indirectly supplied
through RPT1 and RT switchboards (control and protection equipment) located in the sprinkler
room; the feeders are protected with the use of NS160N 160A STR22SE and NG125N C32A circuit
breakers (Merlin Gerin) respectively; the longest line section between RGPOŻ and the farthest
device (the sprinkler pump) is above 280 m.
Central storage battery of 20 kW rated power (for crucial control equipment supply) located near
(a few meters) the RGPOŻ switchboard; the feeder is protected with the use of NG125N C63A cir-
cuit breaker (Merlin Gerin);
Compressor of 2,2 kW rated power as an element of the hydrophore reservoir; indirectly supplied
through the separated section of the hydrophore switchboard RH located in the hydrophore room;
the feeder is protected with the use of NG125N C32A circuit breaker (Merlin Gerin). The line
length between RGPOŻ and the compressor is above 90 m.

22. 22
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Telecommunications equipment of 6 kW installed power located in the telecommunications room;
the feeder is protected with the use of NG125N C32A circuit breaker (Merlin Gerin). The line
length between RGPOŻ and the telecommunications box is above 60 m.
Five air admission fans of 7,5 15 kW rated power and two smoke exhausting fans of 10,5 kW; in-
directly supplied through the fire ventilation switchboard RWN located in the fan control rooms;
the feeder is protected with the use of NS400N 400A STR23SE circuit breaker (Merlin Gerin); the
longest line section between RGPOŻ and the farthest fan is above 220 m.
Four 0,5 kW electric actuators of the fire gateways located in the car park; the feeder is protected
with the use of C60L C20A circuit breaker (Merlin Gerin); the longest line section between RGPOŻ
and the farthest gateway actuator is above 70 m.
Smoke flaps and fire signaling and monitoring equipment of 6 kW total installed power; indirectly
supplied through RM switchboard located in the monitoring room; the feeder is protected with the
use of NG125N C32A circuit breaker (Merlin Gerin); the longest line section between RGPOŻ and
the farthest smoke flaps actuator is about 100 m.
Six spare switch bays.

23. 23
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 4. Main fire switchboard RGPOŻ (source: AutoCAD files provided by building administrator).
NT16H
1
1600
A
1250
A
3
P
1
05x2
5NHX
HRGPO¯/
1
NG125
N
C32
A3
P
SB32
a
6
74x1x70/1x3
5
RGPO¯/
2
NHX
HRGPO¯/
3
RGPO¯/
4
5
64x1x95/1x5
0 NHX
H
5
64x1x70/1x3
5 NHX
H
NS160
N
160
A
STR22S
E
3
P
RODG
1
RODG
2
RODG
3
2
25x1
6
RGPO¯/
5
NHX
HRGPO¯/
6
RGPO¯/
7
20
04x(2x1x120)/1x12
0 NHX
H
4
95x3
5NHX
H
NS630
N
630
A
STR23S
E
3
P
NG125
N
C32
A3
P
RODG
4
RPT
1
ROZDZIELNI
A
4
5x
6NHX
HRGPO¯/
9
RGPO¯/1
0
2
05x3
5NHX
H
--
---
---
-
NG125
N
C63
A3
P
NG125
N
C32
A3
P
REZERW
A
CENTRALN
A
KOMPRESO
R
RGPO¯/1
1
RGPO¯/1
2
RGPO¯/1
3
--
---
---
-
C60
L
C10
A3
P
REZERW
A
RGPO¯/1
4
RGPO¯/1
5
RGPO¯/1
6
--
---
---
-
6
5x
4NHX
H
TPS
A
REZERW
A
RGPO¯/1
7
RGPO¯/1
8
RGPO¯/1
9
79,
34x1x95/1x5
0 NHX
H
NS400
N
Ir=1In=400
A
STR23S
E
3
P
C60
L
C20
A3
P
NG125
N
C32
A3
P
RW
N
BRAMY
P.PO¯AROWE
ROZDZIELNIC
A
TYP
B
180kva
r
1500/5
A
NR
OBWODU:
KABEL
mm2:
MOC
kW:
KABEL
TYP:
ODBIORNI
K:
NS160
N
160
A
STR22S
E
3
P
NS160
N
160
A
STR22S
E
3
P
NS160
N
160
A
STR22S
E
3
P
C60
L
C10
A3
P
C60
L
C10
A3
P
C60
L
C20
A3
P
C60
L
C16
A3
P
C60
L
C10
A3
P
NT16H
1
1600
A
1250
A
3
P
NS400
N
400
A
STR23S
E
3
P
315
A
ISFT40
0
3
P
FUPAC
T
2
3x2,
5NHX
H
6
5x1
6NHX
H
NG125
N
C10
A3
P
YKY
4x(3x1x240)
YKY
4x(3x1x240)
--
---
---
-
REZERW
A
--
---
---
-
REZERW
A
--
---
---
-
REZERW
A R
M
BATERI
A
R
T
RGPO¯/
8

24. 24
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
3.2 Criteria for selection of fire safety circuits to be used in further investigations
Main criteria for selection of fire safety circuits to be used in investigations are:
circuit significance – fire protection devices which are important for fire safety of the building
relative high rated power,
probable fire occurrence along the cable route supplying the device – as the aim is to analyze the
effect of the increase of conductor resistance under fire conditions on the performance of fire
safety device,
longest circuit lengths across zones where fire can occur.
3.3 Description of the selected circuits
On the basis of the aforementioned criteria, the following fire safety circuits have been selected:
sprinkler pump;
smoke fan;
compressor of hydrophore reservoir
First modeled fire protection device is a 200 kW sprinkler pump (see Figure 5). It is a part of a fire
sprinkler system's water supply and is driven by electric motor (also diesel engine for stand-by unit). In
the investigated building the pump intake is connected to the public underground water supply piping, or
a static water source which is a tank. The pump provides water flow at a higher pressure to the sprinkler
system risers and hose standpipes. The total cable length supplying the sprinkler pump is above 280 m.
Four smoke fans of 45 kW rated power (see Figure 6) are a part of a smoke exhaust ventilation and air
admission systems installed in the building. The burning building creates a lot of heat, smoke and toxic
fire gases. They all reduce visibility, make exhaust and fire fighting more difficult, and increase the risk of
combustion and fire stress to the building structures. In order to secure personal safety, effective fire
fighting and minimal damages to structures and property, the developing smoke must be extracted dur-
ing the early stages of the fire. The key tasks for the smoke exhaust system are ensuring that people find
their evacuation routes and facilitating the evacuation itself by keeping the routes free from smoke. It will
also support fire fighting and rescue operations by forming a smokeless zone of make-up air with good
visibility, lower temperature and toxin-free air. For the analysis purposes the 45 kW smoke fan located on
the roof is selected. The total cable length supplying the smoke fan is above 250 m.

25. 25
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 5. Sprinkler pump of rated power 200 kW.
Figure 6. One of the main smoke fans of rated power 45 kW.

26. 26
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Third investigated fire protection device is a compressor of a hydrophore reservoir. It is a part of indoor
hydrant system installed in the Shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia. The fire hydrant system is an active
fire protection measure, and a source of water provided with municipal water service to enable firefight-
ers to tap into the municipal water supply to assist in extinguishing a fire. The total cable length supply-
ing the compressor is about 90 m.
One can distinguish both smoke flap actuators and outdoor lighting fittings for fire service roads as the
important fire protection devices. These devices have not been selected for further investigations be-
cause:
The smoke flaps are supplied from the flaps control switchboards where the batteries have been
installed for the emergency power supply of the smoke flaps. Therefore a fire occurring on the
way of a flap power supply path does not affect the reliability of smoke flap actuators operation
(the actuator will be supplied form a battery in case of too low voltage in the primary supply
line);
The cables supplying the outdoor lighting fittings are laid outside the building where occurrence
of the fire is unlikely.
The diagram of selected fire protection circuits is presented in Figure 7. The 15 kV distribution network
which supplies the Shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia can be modeled as a voltage source with equivalent
impedance calculated from the short-circuit apparent power value given by the electric distribution utility
PGE Dystrybucja S.A.
Fire safety switchboard is supplied by one of the MV feeders at a time, never in parallel. The feeder con-
sists of MV cable XUHAKXS 3x(1x70) 12/20 kV of 5 m length, MV/LV transformer, LV cable YKY
4x(4x1x240) of 6 m supplying LV main switchboard of the building and LV cable YKY 4x(3x1x240) of 5 m
length from the main switchboard terminal (from before main circuit-breaker) to the LV fire protection
switchboard (RGPOŻ). The cables and other components supplying the fire protection switchboard are
located in the MV distribution room, transformer chamber and main distribution room. These rooms are
separated by fire resistant walls REI 120. All cables for supply of fire safety circuits should ensure conti-
nuity of supply during fire for the required time of operation of particular piece of equipment but no
shorter than 90 minutes.
The modeled MV/LV transformer is protected with the use of digital unit VIP 35 Schneider Electric coope-
rating with the MV circuit-breaker located in the transformer bay of MV switchboard. The most important
rated data of the MV/LV transformer are presented in Table A1.1 (see Appendix 1).

27. 27
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 7. Diagram of the selected fire safety circuits.
External
power
system
MV switchgear 15 kV
Terminal of LV main
switchgear 0,4 kV
(before main circuit
breaker)
630 A1600 A
M
~
Sprinkler
pump
(PT1)
l = 9 m
NHXH 4x(2x1x120)/1x120
main distribution
room
l = 244 m
Fire protection switchgear 0,4 kV (RGPOŻ)
Transformer
chamber
l = 24 m
sprinkler room;
level +0
NHXH
3x(2x1x120)/
1x120
l = 7 m
700 A
330 A
200 kW
YKY 4x(3x1x240)
l = 5 m
YKY 4x(4x1x240)
REI120
REI120
Transformer
15,75/0,4 kV
1000 kVA
REI120
l = 6 m
XUHAKXS 3x(1x70)
12/20 kV
l = 5 m
160 A
M
~
Smoke
fan
(ODG2)
garage;
level -1
l = 9 m
NHXH 4x1x95/1x50
smoke ventilation
control room; level
-1
160 A
45 kW
REI120
NHXH
3x1x95/1x50
cable well;
level -1,+0,+1
REI120REI120
l = 10 m
REI120
l = 11 m
REI120
roofl = 14 m
C32 A
l = 9 m
NHXH 5x6
hydrophore room;
level -1
REI120
REI120
l = 78 m
M
~
Compressor
(K)
l = 4 m
2,2 kW
l = 240 m
NHXH 4x6
l = 8 m
l = 3 m
80 A
4 A
equivalent
loadequivalent
load
sprinkler switchbord
0,4 kV (RPT1)
smoke ventilation
switchbord 0,4 kV
(RODG2)
hydrophore
switchbord 0,4 kV
(RH)
equivalent
load
MV distribution
room

28. 28
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
All of the electric appliances and switchboards supplied from RGPOŻ except the investigated devices are
modeled as an aggregated equivalent load (see Figure 7). The equivalent load located in RGPOŻ has
been calculated as the difference between estimated peak active power value of the RGPOŻ switchboard
and the sum of rated power values of modeled fire protection appliances, i.e.: PT1, ODG2 and K. The
equivalent load power is calculated as follows:
p_Kp_PT1p_PT1p_RGPOŻEL_RGPOŻ PPPPP (1)
kW6,2662,748,5208,8-6,526EL_RGPOŻP
Circuit supplying the sprinkler pump
The sprinkler pump is used only for the sprinkler system supply. The pump is not a source of water for
fire external and internal hydrants. The sprinkler pump starts pumping when the building service con-
firms a fire. Stopping of the sprinkler pump must be manually after extinction of the fire is confirmed.
The most important rated data of the modeled sprinkler pump and the electric drive motor are presented
in Tables A1.2 and A1.3 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the sprinkler switchboard RPT1 (see Figure 7) is protected with the use of overcur-
rent protection installed in the circuit-breaker NS630N Merlin Gerin (RGPOŻ). The most important data of
the circuit breaker are presented in Table A1.4 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the sprinkler switchboard RPT1 is made of XLPE cables 4x(2x1x120)/1x120 of the
total length of 277 m which are laid in three fire zones. The cable section of 9 m length is located in the
main distribution room, the cable section of 244 m length is located in the car park and the cable section
of 24 m length is located in the sprinkler room. Cables NHXH 4x(2x1x120)/1x120 are laid in fire resis-
tance E90 cable trays. The structure of cable bundle is shown in
Figure 8. NHXH - halogen-free, flame-resistant cable. The cable bundle 4x(2x1x120)/1x120 denotation
means:
4x(…). – phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and neutral points used in LV network,
(2x1x120) – two single-core cables (120 mm2
cross-section) per phase and neutral point,
/1x120 – one single-core cable (120 mm2
cross-section) as a protective conductor.
The most important rated data of the modeled cable supplying the sprinkler pump are presented in Table
A1.5 (see Appendix 1).
Figure 8. A cable bundle supplying the RPT1 switchboard.
ProtectivePhase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Neutral

29. 29
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
The electric motor driving the sprinkler pump is supplied from the sprinkler switchboard RPT1 using the
cables NHXH 3x(2x1x120)/1x120 of the length of 7 m (neutral point of LV network is not used – NHXH
3x…). The fire resistance E90 for this cable section is applied as well. The induction machine which driving
the sprinkler pump is supplied from a softstart unit PST250 ABB. The most important rated data have
been presented in Table A1.6 (see Appendix 1).
The softstart unit is protected by the fuses Square Body Bussmann 700 A. The softstart unit is also pro-
tected by overcurrent protection with the use of a thermal relay.
Circuit supplying the smoke fan
The smoke fan ODG2 is used both for air admission and smoke exhausting. It is an integral part of smoke
exhausting system of the building. This system ensures appropriate evacuation conditions for the building
users (consumers and service). The fan ODG2 operates in two smoke exhausting zones WD-2 i WD-3. It
operates in a reverse system (changing of motor rotation direction). The smoke fan ODG2 is started ma-
nually after service crew confirmation. Stopping of the ODG2 fan is possible only in a manual way after
fire extinguish confirmation. The most important rated data of the modeled smoke fan and the electric
drive motor are presented in Table A1.7 and A1.8 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the smoke ventilation switchboard RODG2 is protected with the use of overcurrent
protection relay installed in the circuit-breaker NS160N Merlin Gerin (RGPOŻ). The most important rated
data have of the circuit breaker are presented in Table A1.9 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the smoke ventilation switchboard RODG2 (see Figure 7) is made using XLPE
cables NHXH 4x(1x95)/1x50 of the total length of 257 m which are laid in three fire zones. The cable
section of 9 m length is located in the main distribution room, the cable section of 240 m length is lo-
cated in the car park and the cable section of 8 m length is located in the smoke ventilation control room.
Cables NHXH 4x(1x95)/1x50 are laid in the fire resistance E90 cable trays. The structure of cable bundle
is shown in Figure 9. The cable bundle 4x(1x95)/1x50 denotation means:
4x(…). – phase 1, phase 2, phase 3 and neutral points used in LV network,
(1x95) – one single-core cable (95 mm2
cross-section) per phase and neutral point,
/1x50 – one single-core cable (50 mm2
cross-section) as a protective conductor
Figure 9. A cable bundle supplying the RODG2.
ProtectivePhase 3
Phase 2
Phase 1
Neutral

30. 30
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
The most important rated data of the modeled cable supplying the smoke fan is presented in Table
A1.10 (see Appendix 1).
The electric motor driving the smoke fan is supplied from the smoke ventilation switchboard RODG2 us-
ing the cables NHXH 3x(1x95)/1x50 of 35 m length (neutral point of LV network is not used – NHXH 3x…)
which are laid in three fire zones The cable section of 10 m length is located in the smoke ventilation
control room, the cable section of 11 m length is located in the cable well and the cable section of 14 m
length is located on the roof. The fire resistance E90 for this cable section is applied as well. The asyn-
chronous motor which as a drive of the smoke fan is supplied from a softstart unit PST50 ABB. Its the
most important rated data have been presented below in Table A1.11 (see Appendix 1).
The softstart unit is protected by the fuses Square Body Bussmann 160 A. The softstart unit is also pro-
tected by overcurrent protection with the use of a thermal relay.
Circuit supplying the compressor of hydrophore reservoir
The compressor is an element of the hydrophore reservoir which is a source of water for hydrant system
among other things. The compressor operates automatically and its operation exactly depends on the
hydrant system load during a fire as well as determined water pressure in the hydrophore. The most im-
portant rated data of the modeled compressor and the electric drive motor are presented in Table A1.12
and A1.13 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the separated section of hydrophore switchboard RH (see Figure 7) is protected
with the use of overcurrent releases installed in the circuit-breaker NG125N C32A Merlin Gerin (RGPOŻ).
Its the most important rated data have been presented in Table A1.14 (see Appendix 1).
The circuit supplying the separated section of hydrophore switchboard RH (see Figure 3) is made as a
cable NHXH (5x6) (fifth-core cable of 6 mm2 cross-section; five wires are used for three phases, neutral
and protective point of LV network) of 90 m total length which is laid in three fire zones. The cable sec-
tion of 9 m length is located in the main distribution room, the cable section of 78 m length is located in
the car park and the cable section of 3 m length is located in the hydrophore room. Cable NHXH (5x6) is
laid in the fire resistance E90 cable trays.
The most important rated data of the modeled cable supplying the compressor is presented in Table
A1.15 (see Appendix 1).
The electric motor driving the compressor is supplied from the separated section of hydrophore switch-
board RH using the cables NHXH (4x6) (without the neutral point of LV network) of 4 m length. The fire
resistance E90 for this cable section is applied as well. The electric motor as a drive of the compressor is
supplied directly (direct motor start-up). The overload protection with the use of thermal relay installed in
RH is used.

31. 31
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
4. Verification of cross section of cables based on IEC 60364
The sizing of conductors supplying electrical equipment that must remain functional during a fire has
been made by the Galeria Tarnovia electrical installation designers using common cable selection criteria
described in IEC 60364 for 90 C maximum permissible operating and 25 C ambient temperatures.
The increased resistance must be considered in calculating the appropriate size of conductor to maintain
voltage within required limits to ensure that the protection devices can operate effectively [4].
Below a process for cable sizing is presented both for normal and fire conditions using IEC recommended
criteria and their modifications given by [4]. Main goals are to show the problems of fire safety devices
which may occur during a fire as well as indicate on the necessity of safety cable selection modification if
necessary.
4.1 Criterion 1: Current rating & overload protection
IEC 60364-5-523 standard suggests the base current ratings of different types of cables in tables. Each
of these tables pertain to a specific type of cable construction (e.g. copper conductor, PVC insulated,
0.6/1kV nominal voltage, etc) and a set of installation conditions (e.g. ambient temperature, installation
method, etc). It is important to note that the current ratings are only valid for the specific types of cables
and base installation conditions [2].
When the proposed installation conditions differ from the base conditions, derating (or correction) factors
can be applied to the base current ratings to obtain the actual installed current ratings [2].
IEC 60364-5-523 standard provides derating factors for a range of installation conditions, for example
ambient / soil temperature, grouping or bunching of cables, soil thermal resistivity, etc. The installed
current rating is calculated by multiplying the base current rating with each of the derating factors, i.e.:
'zdz IkI (2)
where Iz the installed current rating, Iz the base current rating, kd the product of all the derating
factors
The protective device must therefore be selected to exceed the full load current, but not exceed the ca-
ble's installed current rating, i.e. this inequality must be met:
z
zrFset_OLPB
,
)(
II
IIII
4512
(3)
where IB full load current, Iset_OLP – current set on the overload protection, IrF – protective device rating if
current set on the overload protection is unavailable, Iz – installed cable current rating, I2 – overcurrent
protection trip current.

32. 32
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
4.2 Criterion 2: Permissible voltage drop
In normal electrical applications, the resistance of a copper conductor can be calculated by the following
formula, which is valid up to about 200°C (a conductor resistance linearly depends upon the conductor
temperature) [4]:
)( 2020 1RR (4)
where R – the resistance of a copper conductor at high temperature, R20 – the resistance at 20 C (293,15
K), – temperature growth.
At temperatures higher than +200°C, the relation describing the conductor’s resistance becomes non-
linear and is given by the Wiedemann-Franz formula [4]:
161
20
20
,
RR (5)
where R – the resistance of a copper conductor at high temperature, R20 – the resistance at 20 C (293,15
K), is the considered temperature in K.
Because the considered building is compartmentalized into fire zones to reduce fire spread, cables feed-
ing protection equipment are rarely exposed to fire temperatures over their entire length. The part of the
cable not affected by the fire will operate at the normal temperature appropriate to the loading, while
that exposed to fire has increased resistance. It is necessary to assess which areas may be simultaneous-
ly affected by fire in the worst case and assess the proportion of cable length that may be affected. The
total conductor resistance is then calculated by assuming normal resistance for the length unaffected by
fire and applying a multiplication factor to the length that is affected [4].
100
100 N
N
)( R
R
R
y
RT
(6)
where: RT the resistance of the conductors, RN the resistance of the conductor under normal condi-
tions, y is the percentage of the cable length estimated to be affected by fire.
Because of the importance of voltage stability to the proper working of any electrical or electronic device,
the voltage drop between the incoming supply at the point of common coupling and the terminals of the
end-use equipment should be limited to 5% under normal conditions and 10% under emergency condi-
tions [4].
The voltage drop can be calculated as follows:
permB
N
%)sincos(
1003
% UXRI
U
U (7)

33. 33
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
where: U% perm – permissible voltage drop for given conditions, UN – nominal voltage in V, IB full load
current in A, R – is conductor resistance (depending on the considered temperature) in , X – reactance
in .
4.3 Criterion 3: Short-circuit strength
The minimum cable size due to short circuit temperature rise is typically calculated with an equation of
the form:
tiks 22
)( (8)
where s – the cross-sectional area of the cable in mm2
, ti2 clearing Joule’s integral of a short-circuit
protective device in A2
s, k – a short circuit temperature rise constant.
The temperature rise constant is calculated based on the material properties of the conductor and the
initial and final conductor temperatures [3]. IEC 60364-5-54 standard treats the temperature rise con-
stant for copper conductors in the following way:
i
if
,
ln
T
TT
k
5234
1226 (9)
where Ti – the initial conductor temperature in C, Tf – the final conductor temperature in C.
4.4 Criterion 4: Automatic disconnection of supply
In case of earth fault the upstream protective device (i.e. fuse or circuit breaker) must trip within the
maximum disconnection time. In order for the protective device to trip, the fault current due to a bolted
short circuit must exceed the value that will cause the protective device to act within the maximum dis-
connection time (5 s for distribution circuits and 0,4 s for final circuit in TN earthling systems 400/230 V)
[5]
a
s
I
Z
U0 (10)
where U0 – nominal phase to ground voltage in V, Zs – the impedance of the earth fault loop in Ω (calcu-
lated for normal and emergency condition), Ia – the earth fault current required to trip the protective de-
vice within the minimum disconnection time in A.

34. 34
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
4.5 Cable size verification for analyzed fire protection circuits
The cable size verification for all considered sections have been presented in Tables 1 6. All the calcula-
tions have been carried out based on formulas (4,8,9,11).
Table 3. Cable size verification data for the line section between RPT1 and PT1 (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH 3x(2x1x120)/1x120
Cable length: 7 m
Cable installation: horizontal no perforated tray (flat way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 2
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 0,4 s
CRITERION 1
IB 327 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 330 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 800 A
I2 396 A
Derating factors 0,91 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 4,6%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 14,9%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? NO
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 120 mm2
ti2
465000 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,074
Ia 2646 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,220
Ia 2646 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

35. 35
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 4. Cable size verification data for the line section between RGPOŻ and the RPT1 (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH 4x(2x1x120)/1x120
Cable length: 277 m
Cable installation: horizontal no perforated tray (flat way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 2
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 5 s
CRITERION 1
IB 327 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 330 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 800 A
I2 396 A
Derating factors 0,91 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 4,6%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 14,9%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? NO
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 120 mm2
ti2
4000000 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,073
Ia 2646 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,219
Ia 2646 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

36. 36
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 5. Cable size verification data for the line section between RODG2 and ODG2 (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH 3x(1x95)/1x50
Cable length: 35 m
Cable installation:
horizontal and vertical no perforated tray (flat
way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 1
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 0,4 s
CRITERION 1
IB 80 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 80 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 342 A
I2 96 A
Derating factors 0,96 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 2,4%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 8,3%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 95 mm2
ti2
7500 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,182
Ia 1248 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,796
Ia 1248 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

37. 37
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 6. Cable size verification data for the line section between RGPOŻ and the RODG2 (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH 4x(1x95)/1x50
Cable length: 257 m
Cable installation: horizontal no perforated tray (flat way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 3
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 5 s
CRITERION 1
IB 80 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 80 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 342 A
I2 96 A
Derating factors 0,81 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 2,4%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 8,3%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 95 mm2
ti2
600000 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,161
Ia 1248 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,771
Ia 1248 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

38. 38
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 7. Cable size verification data for the line section between RH and K (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH (4x6)
Cable length: 4 m
Cable installation: horizontal no perforated tray (flat way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 1
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 0,4 s
CRITERION 1
IB 3,8 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 32,0 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 54 A
I2 38,4 A
Derating factors 1,0 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 0,48%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 1,8%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 6 mm2
ti2
50000 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,607
Ia 320 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 2,757
Ia 320 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

39. 39
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 8. Cable size verification data for the line section between RGPOŻ and RH (see Figure 7).
CABLE SECTION DATA
Cable type: NHXH (5x6)
Cable length: 90 m
Cable installation: horizontal no perforated tray (flat way)
Distance between cables: 0 mm (flat, zero spacing)
Number of bundles: 3
Ambient temperature: 25 C
Maximum conductor operating temperature: 90 C
Maximum short-circuit conductor temperature: 250 C
Required time of disconnection: 5 s
CRITERION 1
IB 3,8 A
Iset_OLP(IrF) 32,0 A
Iz (IEC 60364-5-523) 54 A
I2 38,4 A
Derating factors 0,82 1,06
Criterion (equation 4) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U% 0,48%
U% perm 5%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 2 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U% 1,8%
U% perm 10%
Criterion (equation 8) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 3
k 135
s 6 mm2
ti2
50000 A2
s
Criterion (equation 9) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – normal conditions (no fire at the entire cable route)
U0 230 V
Zs 0,551
Ia 320 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? YES
CRITERION 4 – fire conditions (90 min ambient temperature for garage cable section is 986 C)
U0 230 V
Zs 2,690
Ia 320 A
Criterion (equation 11) fulfilled? NO

40. 40
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Verification summary
The aforementioned preliminary calculations show:
correct cable size selection on the electrical installation design stage based on IEC 60364-4-41
problems with the time of automatic disconnection of supply only under fire conditions
problems with the voltage drop under fire conditions as well
For the considered circuits operating under normal conditions (IEC 60364-4-41) the criterion of automatic
disconnection of supply is fulfilled. One can state that the cable size verification made on the electrical
installation design stage is correct. Besides for the circuits supplying the smoke fun and compressor un-
der fire conditions the disconnection time considerable exceeds in comparison to the required time. This
problem should be particularly verified by detailed dynamic simulations.
For the circuit supplying the sprinkler pump, the voltage drop is above the required percentage value
(10%). This problem should be verified by detailed dynamic simulations as well.
5. Dynamic simulations
Next aim of this project is to verify the performance of fire protection devices and protective relays in
dynamic simulations taking into account increased cable resistances during fire. Modeling different dy-
namic phenomena such as:
current and flux transients in a motor stator and rotor,
speed-torque interaction between a motor and a driven machine
thermal and electromagnetic response (modeled by Time-Current characteristic) to a fault cur-
rent,
which may occur during a fire in the building or its part may confirm the identified problems with the vol-
tage drop and automatic disconnection of supply. The planned dynamic simulations are likely to enable to
discover other problems, such as steady-state overvoltages or voltage dips, which can not be identified
using simplified calculations. Therefore electromechanical transients (RMS) studies should be performed
in order to show such actions as electric motor starting, fault clearing by protection devices, etc. All of
these studies must consider both normal and fire conditions in the investigated building.
5.1 Models of selected fire safety circuits
All the component models are based on the DIgSILENT PowerFactory references recommending appropri-
ate modeling for dynamic RMS simulations [6, 7]. The investigated fire safety circuits modeled in DIgSI-
LENT PowerFactory software are presented in Figure 10. Detailed description of all the models of the
considered fire system and all the components are presented in Appendix 2.

41. 41
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 10. PowerFactory screenshot presenting a diagram of modeled fire safety cicuits.

42. 42
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
5.2 Analyzed scenarios
Simulation scenarios take into account both normal conditions (no fire) and the most unfavorable fire
conditions under which the equipment is still required to operate (90 minutes after fire breaks out). It is
assumed that ambient temperature will rise due to the fire only in the car park, because the cables sup-
plying the fire safety switchboards (RPT1, RODG2 and RH see Figure 7) are the longest in the car park
area, i.e. 244, 240 and 70 m respectively.
Table 9. Scenarios considered in the simulation analysis.
Scenario
code
Scenario description
Quasi steady-state
QSS During steady state operation of fire safety devices a fire breaks out and develops in the
car park (total simulation time 90 min)
Motor starting
MS1/0 Starting of a sprinkler pump; normal conditions (no fire) (the rest of fire safety devices
operate in the steady-state)
MS1/90 Starting of a sprinkler pump 90 min after fire breaks out (the rest of fire safety devices
operate in the steady-state)*
MS2/0 Starting of a smoke fan; normal conditions (no fire) (the rest of fire safety devices operate
in the steady-state)
MS2/90 Starting of a smoke fan 90 min after fire breaks out (the rest of fire safety devices operate
in the steady-state)*
MS3/0 Starting of a compressor; normal conditions (no fire) (the rest of fire safety devices oper-
ate in the steady-state)
MS3/60 Starting of a compressor 90 min after fire breaks out (the rest of fire safety devices oper-
ate in the steady-state)*
Single-phase fault clearing
SC1.1/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the sprinkler switchboard busbar under no fire conditions
SC1.2/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the sprinkler pump motor terminal under no fire condi-
tions
SC2.1/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the smoke ventilation switchboard busbar under no fire
conditions
SC2.2/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the smoke fan motor terminal under no fire conditions
SC3.1/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the hydrophore switchboard busbar under no fire condi-
tions
SC3.2/0 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the compressor motor terminal under no fire conditions
SC1.1/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the sprinkler switchboard busbar at fire time of 90 min*
SC1.2/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the sprinkler pump motor terminal at fire time of 90 min*
SC2.1/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the smoke ventilation switchboard busbar at fire time of
90 min*
SC2.2/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the smoke fan motor terminal at fire time of 90 min*
SC3.1/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the hydrophore switchboard busbar at fire time of 90
min*
SC3.2/90 Phase-to-ground short-circuit at the compressor motor terminal at fire time of 90 min*
* An optional scenario is allowed if the expected problems will be confirmed (too large voltage drop, too
long time of supply disconnection). In such case an optional scenario will consider an increased cable
cross-section.

43. 43
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
5.3 Simulations
For all the considered simulation scenarios, the plots including motors voltage, current, electric active and
reactive power as well as speed and mechanical torque are presented in figures found in Appendix 3.
The scenarios including existing cables cross-section as well as scenarios including cables cross-sections
sufficient to ensure proper operation of equipment have been considered.
Below only the most interesting cases are described and plots shown.
5.3.1 Quasi-steady-state
First considered scenario is a quasi-steady-state of the fire safety system (QSS). The fire in the car park
breaks out when all the safety equipment is in operation and develops during time of 90 min (ambient
temperature plot for standard temperature – time curve [4] is shown in Figure 11). The word "quasi"
means that the investigated operation state of a fire safety circuit is not strictly fixed but it changes slow-
ly over time as a result of a fire in the car park. Such scenario can happen in reality when fire breaks out
in other part of the building and reaches the fire safety circuits after fire safety devices had been acti-
vated.
Figure 11. Ambient temperature in the car park for standard temperature–time curve.
Figure 12 and Figure 13 show the plots of RMS values of voltage, current, active power and speed for
all the modeled motors (positive-sequence values). The simulation starts from time of -100 s and the fire
start develop from time of 0 s. Simulation lasts for 90 minutes. Looking at the left side of Figure 12 one
can see that the voltages at the terminals of the motors decrease while the fire develops due to the in-
creased resistance of cable sections laid in the car park. The calculated resistance values for the cable
sections located in the car park are shown in Table 10.
5.4E+34.3E+33.2E+32.1E+31.0E+3-1.0E+2 [s]
1250,00
1000,00
750,00
500,00
250,00
0,00
CommonModel: Ambient temperature[C deg]
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia ambient_temperature Date: 3/19/2012
Annex: /4

44. 44
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 12. RMS Voltage and current plots for QSS scenario.
Figure 13. RMS motor speed and active power plots for QSS scenario.
5.4E+34.3E+33.2E+32.1E+31.0E+3-1.0E+2 [s]
1,05
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
5.4E+34.3E+33.2E+32.1E+31.0E+3-1.0E+2 [s]
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,90
0,80
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia voltage and current Date: 4/2/2012
Annex: /4
5.4E+34.3E+33.2E+32.1E+31.0E+3-1.0E+2 [s]
1,0000
0,9875
0,9750
0,9625
0,9500
0,9375
AM_sprinkler_pump: Speed
AM_smoke fan: Speed
AM_compressor: Speed
5.4E+34.3E+33.2E+32.1E+31.0E+3-1.0E+2 [s]
1,02
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,90
AM_sprinkler_pump: Total Active Power in p.u. (base: 0,20 MW)
AM_smoke fan: Total Active Power in p.u. (base: 0,04 MW)
AM_compressor: Total Active Power in p.u. (base: 0,00 MW)
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia power&troque Date: 4/14/2012
Annex: /5

45. 45
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
The largest voltage drop that is reached during the fire is observed on the terminals of the sprinkler
pump motor. The voltage approaches the value of 0,82 p.u.(left side of Figure 12). The voltage drop is
proportional to the increase of cable resistance during the fire.
Due to low value of supply voltage an unstable motor operation may occur. When the operating point of
the motor is below the knee of Speed-Torque characteristic (see Figure 17) the motor speed and torque
are much lower than their nominal values. Thereby the motor active power is reduced. In spite of de-
crease of supplying voltage due to increasing cable resistance the unstable motor operation is not ob-
served in the QSS scenario.
The largest decrease of active power does not exceed 9% and is observed in the circuit supplying the
smoke fan (right side of Figure 1). In case of the sprinkler pump motor an increase of current value is
observed (right side of Figure 12). The supplying voltage drops much faster than active power decrease
(the voltage drop is 14,9% and active power drop is 7,5%). Because the motor active power is propor-
tional to the voltage and current, the latter increases. Current in the sprinkler pump motor circuit is not
large enough to cause the thermal protection tripping. For the QSS scenario all the investigated machines
operate properly (ensure its fire safety functions) during 90 min of fire.
Assuming that in other buildings all the fire safety circuits have been designed and build according to
recommendations found in IEC 60364 standards, the general conclusion is that if the fire safety devices
operate when the fire reaches their supplying circuits they will stay in operation for the entire period of
90 minutes.
Table 10. Resistance of cable sections located in the car park.
Simulation time Resistance of cable sections located in the car park [Ohms] and [p.u]
Sprinkler pump circuit Smoke fan circuit Compressor circuit
Length: 244 m
Cross-section: 4x(2x1x120)/
1x120 mm2
Length: 240 m
Cross-section: 4x(1x95)/
1x50 mm2
Length: 78 m
Cross-section: (5x6) mm2
0 s 0,0190 (1,0 p.u.) 0,0236 (1,0 p.u.) 0,2449 (1,0 p.u.)
30 min 0,0860 (4,52 p.u.) 0,1067 (4,52 p.u.) 1,1075 (4,52 p.u.)
60 min 0,0956 (5,03 p.u.) 0,1186 (5,03 p.u.) 1,2307 (5,03 p.u.)
90 min 0,1013 (5,33 p.u.) 0,1257 (5,33 p.u.) 1,3042 (5,33 p.u.)
Table 10 shows the rated resistance of a cable conductor specified at 25°C is increased by a factor of
about 5,33 under PH90. The voltage drop roughly increases according to this factor value.
Next, motor starting situations are analyzed. For starting of the sprinkler pump (PT1) and smoke fan
(ODG2) motors soft-starters are used. The electric motor driving the compressor (K) starts in direct way.
Each motor starting is analyzed individually. The rest of motors operate in steady-state. The investigation
of starting of motors is done for two extreme situations, at no fire condition (MS(1,2,3)/0) and second
situation is for the conditions prevailing 90 min after the fire breaks out (MS(1,2,3)/90). All the fuses and
overcurrent protection are modeled and are activated in these simulations.
5.3.2 Motor starting at no-fire conditions
Figure 14 presents plots of RMS voltage and current during all the investigated motors starting at no fire
conditions. Looking at this figure no problems are observed. The investigated motors start properly. The
PT1 and ODG2 motors are supplied from softstarters. The voltage on terminals of these machines in-
creases linearly (left side of Figure 14) according to the softstarter settings (initial voltage is 0,3 p.u.

46. 46
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
and the ramp time is 10 s). In case of PT1 motor starting, maximum current value approaches about 3,9
p.u. and is not large enough to cause the thermal protection tripping. The compressor (K) motor starts
properly as well.
Figure 14. Voltage and current plots for MS1/0, MS2/0 and MS3/0 scenarios.
5.3.3 Motor starting at 90 min. fire conditions
When PT1 motor starts at 90 min fire conditions (see Figure 16), the voltage value at RPT1 terminals
has the value of about 0,55 p.u., which is too low for the softstarter to properly control the output vol-
tage. The firing angles of soft-starter thyristors are controlled based on the input voltage, which is used
as a reference. Under such conditions, the operating point of the motor is below the knee of Speed-
Torque characteristic (see Figure 17). For this reason the motor current is high (about 3,3 p.u.) and
causes activation of thermal protection (located in RPT1 switchboard) and disconnection of the PT1 motor
circuit approx. 26 seconds after it was started. The delay is caused by the fact that the motor current
flows through relay bimetals which are indirectly heated. Under the effect of the heating, the bimetals
bend and cause a relay to trip. The effect of bimetal heating is determined by Time-Current characteristic
which is shown in Figure 15.
12,008,6005,2001,800-1,600-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
12,008,6005,2001,800-1,600-5,000 [s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia SC-current Date: 4/3/2012
Annex: /5

47. 47
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 15. Time-Current characteristic of thermal relay installed in RPT1 switchboard on a contractor.
In the next step in order to illustrate how an increase of conductor cross-section will affect the value of
current and whether the thermal protection will be activated, the cable cross-section has been increased
from 2x120 mm2
to 3x120 mm2
. The results of simulations repeated for case with increased cross-
sections (RMS voltage and current plots during PT1 motor starting) are shown in Figure 18. It can be
seen that now with the increased cross-section of conductors supplying the PT1 motor it starts-up prop-
erly. The voltage at RPT1 terminals is 0,73 p.u. and current does not exceed 3,6 p.u. The time of motor
start-up is a little shorter (about 19 s) in comparison to the previous simulation case (MS1/90 including
2x120 mm2
cable cross-section). Such situation doesn’t cause the activation of thermal protection. The
motor operating point is temporary below the knee of Speed-Torque characteristic but after 9 sec ap-
proaches the destination point of Speed-Torque characteristic (see Figure 19).
No problems are observed for the ODG2 motor starting.
In case of the compressor motor start-up it can be seen that it does not start. The voltage value 0,96 p.u.
is enough to cause the initial mechanical torque to be higher than the initial electric torque (see the
Speed-Torque characteristic in Figure 20). This situation causes the thermal relay activation (located in
RH switchboard). The compressor motor circuit is disconnected as well. As in the previous situation with
the PT1 motor, the cross-section of the conductors of supplying cables has been increased from 6 mm2
to
10 mm2
. The results of simulations for the compressor start-up with increased cross-section of conduc-
tors of the supplying cable are presented in Figure 21. This increase of cross-sections causes the K mo-
tor to start-up properly. The motor voltage is high enough that the initial electric torque is higher than
the mechanical torque (see Figure 20).
Overloadcurrent
Time of disconnection

48. 48
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 16. Voltage and current plots for MS1/90, MS2/90 and MS3/90 scenarios.
Figure 17. Electric and mechanical Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the sprinkler pump.
After performing all of the simulations for motor starting scenarios a conclusion is that two of the three
motors can not properly start at the time of 90 min after the fire breaks out. Therefore they can not per-
form their fire safety functions. For these particular cases an increase of cable cross-section to about
150 170% results in sufficient reduction of conductor resistance and allows for all the motors to start
during the most unfavorable conditions for temperatures corresponding to 90 minutes fire duration for
the standard temperature–time curve.
39,9930,9922,0013,003,999-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
39,9930,9922,0013,003,999-5,000 [s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia SC-current Date: 4/3/2012
Annex: /5
Unsuitable operating point of PT1 motor
Nominal
operating point
of PT1 motor

49. 49
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 18. Voltage and current plots for MS1/90 scenario including increased cable cross-section.
Figure 19. Electric and mechanical Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the sprinkler pump
(MS1/90 scenario including increased cable cross-section).
Figure 20. Electric and mechanical Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the compressor.
40,0031,0022,0013,004,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
40,0031,0022,0013,004,000-5,000 [s]
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia SC-current Date: 4/4/2012
Annex: /5
Temporary operating point of
PT1 motor
Final operating
point of PT1
motor
Electric starting torque is
lower than mechanical torque

50. 50
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 21. Voltage and current plots for MS3/90 scenario including increased cable cross-section.
5.3.4 Single phase-to-ground faults
Single phase-to-ground faults have been simulated according to the scenarios presented in Table 9. All
the simulations start at time -100 s and last for 90 minutes (5400 s). Phase-to-ground short-circuits are
modeled for two situations; under no fire conditions (SCxx/0 scenarios) and 90 minutes after the fire
breaks out (SCxx/90 scenarios). Two short-circuit locations are selected (see Figure 22): in switch-
boards, which are protected by thermal relays installed in RGPOŻ (SCx.1/yy scenarios) and at the ter-
minals of motors, which are protected by fuses and thermal relays installed in secondary switchboards
(SCx.2/yy scenarios).
Figure 22. Single phase-to-ground faults locations assumed to the simulation.
The results obtained from short-circuit transients simulation including the fault clearing are presented in
Table 11.
3,2792,4561,6340,811-0,011-0,834 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
3,2792,4561,6340,811-0,011-0,834 [s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia SC-current Date: 4/4/2012
Annex: /5
SC2.1/yy SC3.1/yy
SC3.2/yySC2.2/yySC1.2/yy
SC1.1/yy
RHRODG2RPT1
RGPOŻ
MM M

51. 51
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 11. Times of automatic disconnection of supply for considered scenarios.
Scenario Total
clearing
time
Required
supply discon-
nection time
Activated fault protection device
SC1.1/0 0,070 s 5 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 circuit)
SC1.2/0 0,047 s 0,4 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 circuit)
SC2.1/0 0,007 s 5 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ– ODG2 circuit)
SC2.2/0 0,008 s 0,4 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ– ODG2 circuit)
SC3.1/0 0,003 s 5 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ– K circuit)
SC3.2/0 0,003 s 0,4 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ– K circuit)
SC1.1/90 32,707 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 circuit)
SC1.2/90 12,588 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RPT1)
SC2.1/90 3,988 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – ODG2 circuit)
SC2.2/90 0,38 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RODG2)
SC3.1/90 6,246 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – K circuit)
SC3.2/90 2,980 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RH)
Looking at Table 11 it can be seen that for all the situations with no fire (0 min time) the phase to
ground fault is cleared in a shorter than required time (5 s for distribution circuits and 0,4 s for circuits
directly supplying the devices). In case of fire conditions (90 min after fire breaks out in the car park) the
circuit disconnection times are much longer than required times for PT1 and K circuits. This is caused by
the fact that the single-phase short-circuit currents are lower and do not activate the fast short-circuit
relays due to high impedance value of the short-circuit loop caused by increased cable resistance.
These results confirm the preliminary conclusion drawn in the section titled Cables size verification. One
exception for ODG2 circuit is observed: the disconnection times are ensured for SC2.1/90 and SC2.2/90
scenarios. The K circuit is disconnected by thermal releases and relays (see Table 11). After the prelimi-
nary verification of the cables cross-section according to formula (10), the result was that the automatic
disconnection of supply is not fulfilled under PH90 (see Table 3 Table 8). The verification has been
made based on the assumption that only electromagnetic releases and relays are considered as devices
for automatic disconnection of supply function. Such verification approach is more restricted and is wide-
spread among electrical engineers [8]. The carried out simulation shows that the fault protection against
electric shock is ensured in ODG2 circuit.
In order to decrease the disconnection times in PT1 and K circuits, the cables cross-section have been
increased. The simulation results including different cable cross-sections are presented in Table 12.
Selected current and voltage short-circuit values for different cable cross-sections are presented in
Figure 23 and Figure 24. Looking at these plots one can see the time of occurrence of short circuit (0 s)
and different times of circuit disconnections by overcurrent (thermal and electromagnetic) relays and
releases. It is observed that for the increased cable cross-sections the disconnection times are shorter (a
cable resistance is lower and single phase short-circuit current is higher).

52. 52
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 12. Times of automatic disconnection of supply for selected scenarios and different cable cross-
sections.
Considered
scenario
Cable cross-
section
[mm2
]
Time of dis-
connection
obtained
from simula-
tion
Required supply
disconnection
time
Activated fault protection device
SC1.1/90 4x(2x1x120)
/1x120 (ex-
isting)
32,707 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 cir-
cuit)
SC1.1/90 4x(2x1x120)
/(2x1x120)
(new)
11,846 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 cir-
cuit)
SC1.1/90 4x(3x1x120)
/(2x1x120)
(new)
0,106 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – PT1 cir-
cuit)
SC1.2/90 4x(2x1x120)
/1x120 (ex-
isting)
12,588 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RPT1)
SC1.2/90 4x(2x1x120)
/(2x1x120)
(new)
9,561 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RPT1)
SC1.2/90 4x(3x1x120)
/(2x1x120)
(new)
0,358 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RPT1)
SC3.1/90 (5x6) (exist-
ing)
6,246 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – K circuit)
SC3.1/90 (5x10) (new) 3,049 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – K circuit)
SC3.1/90 (5x16) (new) 1,531 s 5 s Thermal release in CB (RGPOŻ – K circuit)
SC3.2/90 (5x6) (exist-
ing)
2,980 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RH)
SC3.2/90 (5x10) (new) 2,941 s 0,4 s Thermal relay in the contactor (RH)
SC3.2/90 (5x16) (new) 0,047 s 0,4 s Electromagnetic release in CB (RGPOŻ– K
circuit)

53. 53
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure 23. Current and voltage plots for scenario SC1.2/90 (cable cross-section 4(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 –
at the top and cable cross-section 4(3)x(3x1x120)/2x1x120 – at the bottom).
Figure 24. Current and voltage plots for scenario SC3.2/90 (cable cross-section (5x6) – at the top and
cable cross-section (5x16) – at the bottom).
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
2,00
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia voltage and current2 Date: 4/2/2012
Annex: /3
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence-Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
30,0023,0016,009,0002,000-5,000 [s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_smoke fan: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
AM_compressor: Positive-Sequence Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIgSILENT
Tarnovia voltage and current2 Date: 4/4/2012
Annex: /3

54. 54
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
For all the short-circuit scenarios, the conclusion is that under fire conditions, for two out of the three
circuits the required time of automatic disconnection of supply is exceeded as early as first minutes of a
fire. The cable cross-section increase to about 150 270% (both phase and protective conductors) is re-
quired to reduce the disconnection times to values that ensure sufficient electric shock protection for
humans.
6. Summary and Conclusions
This document describes the results of a project titled "Dynamic modeling of the performance of safety
electrical circuits during a fire - study case based on the data of an actual building - Galeria Tarnovia".
Overall aim of this study was to demonstrate and emphasize the importance of selection of proper cross-
section of conductors for fire safety circuits that ensure proper start-up and steady-state operation of fire
safety equipment when the electrical resistance of the wires becomes high due to a fire. The study was
based on the design data of an actual large building; a shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia.
Detailed aims of the study were:
to verify whether or not the existing safety circuits in the building have been designed correctly
according to the existing regulations,
to verify whether or not the existing regulations ensure that the cross-section of fire safety cir-
cuits guarantee desired operation of electrical equipment and circuit protection during fire,
If not, to determine the cross-section of conductors that will allow a satisfactory performance of
the electrical and protection equipment during fire,
to perform the study for safety circuits for which methodology described in [4] for calculation of
circuit parameters has been applied and compare results,
to point out the most sensitive type of equipment to voltage drop.
At first, all of the fire safety circuits in the building are shortly described and a schematic diagram of the
entire fire safety switchboard (RGPOŻ) is shown. Number and types of loads, types of cables, their
lengths and cable routes with respect to fire safety zones are considered. As there are many of the fire
safety circuits supplied from fire safety switchboard RGPOŻ, it would be an extensive and pointless work
to model all of them. In order to select few most representative circuits for further investigations, criteria
for selection are defined and described. After application of these criteria three fire safety circuits are
selected for detailed simulations: circuit supplying sprinkler pumps smoke fans and compressors of hy-
drophore reservoir. Selected circuits are described in detail. The main parameters of the selected circuits
are shown in Table 13 below.

55. 55
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 13. Main parameters of investigated fire safety circuits.
Type of fire safety device Rated active
power
Supplying cable type *
) Total cable
length
Water sprinkler pump 200 kW NHXH 4(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 280 m
Smoke fan 45 kW NHXH 4(3)x(1x95)/1x50 250 m
Compressor of hydrophore re-
servoir
2,2 kW NHXH (5(4)x6) 90 m
*
) Cable bundles connecting RGPOŻ and local switchboards include three phases and one neutral point.
The neutral point is not used between the local switchboards and the motors driving the fire safety devic-
es
Temperature change over time was modeled assuming the standard temperature-time curve, shown in
Figure 25.
Figure 25. Time – temperature for standard cellulose fires [4].
Initial verification of the sizing of conductors for selected fire safety circuits based on selection criteria
described in IEC 60364 was made.
The initial verification showed that under normal operating conditions (NO FIRE) all the criteria are satis-
fied and cable size selection is correctly made according to state-of-the-art methods and regulations ap-
plicable today, for example the IEC standard 60364-4-41. These regulations are applicable to all of the
buildings built today which are equipped with fire safety circuits and Galeria Tarnovia is an example of
such typical modern building.
The initial verification shows that for installations designed according to the existing regulations, for a
maximum value of temperature for the standard fire temperature–time curve, the maximum allowable
times of automatic disconnection of supply are in many cases exceeded, and the maximum levels of vol-
tage drop along circuits are often exceeded as well.
These results of simplified verification indicate that when the temperature of wires of the supplying cir-
cuits is high due to a fire, problems with operation of fire safety equipment as well as with fast discon-
nection of fire safety circuits by protective relays may occur. Therefore, in the next step the steady-state
and dynamic performance of selected fire safety equipment and of the protective relays have been veri-

56. 56
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
fied by detailed dynamic simulations with the use of a professional simulation tool. For this study dynamic
models of the loads were prepared and the dependence of resistance of cables was automatically varied
according to the standard fire time-temperature curve.
Assumed study scenarios include both normal conditions (no fire) and extremely unfavorable fire condi-
tions (90 min after fire breaks out).
The following simulation scenarios types have been assumed:
during steady state operation of fire safety devices a fire breaks out and develops in the car park.
Performance of all devices is monitored.
Equipment start-up during normal conditions and 90 min after a fire breaks out.
Phase-to-ground short-circuits at a switchboard or the terminals of the device both under no fire
conditions and 90 min after a fire breaks out.
For all the investigated fire safety circuits, the RMS time domain simulations were performed all the vol-
tage and current waveforms, electric active and reactive power as well as speed and mechanical torque
have been monitored.
Performed simulations confirm that:
Times of automatic disconnection of supply under fire conditions in a number of cases exceed al-
lowable limits,
Voltage drop under fire conditions is large, which results in large currents that cause induction
motor overload but not enough for the activation of thermal protection,
Motor starting under fire conditions is often impossible as currents are large due to decrease of
supplying voltage as well as motor stall. The large current result in circuit tripping (despite that
soft-starters are used)
The overall results are presented in Table 14.

57. 57
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Table 14. Dynamic simulation results under normal and PH90 conditions.
Circuit: Sprinkle pump Smoke fan Compressor
Existing cable cross-section
(phase & neutral/PE)
4(3)x(2x1x120)/1x120 4x(1x95)/1x50 (5x6)
Normal conditions
Cable resistance 0,0190 0,0236 0,2449
Steady state voltage drop 4,6% 2,4% 0,48%
Steady state current 1,0 p.u. 0,96 p.u. 0,87 p.u.
Steady state active power 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u. 1,0 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,070 s/0,047 s 0,007 s/0,008 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Motor starting OK OK OK
PH90 conditions
Cable resistance 0,1013 0,1257 1,3042
Steady state voltage drop 14,9% 8,3% 1,8%
Steady state current 1,10 p.u. 0,95 p.u. 0,86 p.u.
Steady state active power 0,94 p.u. 0,94 p.u. 0,96 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
32,707 s/12,588 s 3,988 s/0,38 s 6,246 s/2,980 s
Motor starting doesn’t start OK doesn’t start
New cable cross-section
(phase & neutral/PE
4(3)x(3x1x120)/(2x1x120) - (5x16)
Normal conditions
Cable resistance 0,0013 - 0,2449
Steady state voltage drop 3,5% - 0,18%
Steady state current 0,99 p.u. - 0,86 p.u.
Steady state active power 1,0 p.u. - 1,0 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,003 s/0,003 s 0,003 s/0,003 s
Motor starting OK - OK
PH90 conditions
Cable resistance 0,06751 - 0,4867
Steady state voltage drop 9,4% - 0,7%
Steady state current 1,02 p.u. - 0,85 p.u.
Steady state active power 0,98 p.u. - 0,97 p.u.
Time of supply disconection
(RGPOŻ/local switchb.)
0,106 s/0,358 s - 1,531 s/0,047 s
Motor starting OK - OK
When the individual motor starts at the time of 90 min after a fire breaks out in the car park the following
observations have been made:
PT1 motor starts-up, but the motor operation point is on the inappropriate point of Speed-Torque
characteristic due to the low value of supplying voltage. This situation results the significant
speed and torque decrease,
ODG2 motor starts-up with no problems,

58. 58
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K motor does not start-up because the supplying voltage is not high enough that the initial elec-
tric torque value is less than mechanical torque value.
Assuming that in other buildings all the fire safety circuits have been designed and build correctly accord-
ing to the IEC 60364 standards all the equipment should operate properly and ensure its fire safety func-
tions. However there are many factors affecting the motor circuit operation such a supplying voltage in
main switchboard, cable length and cross-section, motor apparent power, Speed-Torque characteristic of
a motor–driven device and protection device settings. Therefore each designed circuit should be investi-
gated individually.
In order to improve the correct PT1 and K motors start, the cables cross-section should be increased.
Because of increased cables cross-section, the supply voltage is large enough that the motor has reached
the nominal operating point. Such measure has been confirmed by the simulation results (see Figure
23Figure 24).
When all the safety equipment is in operation at the time of 90 min after a fire breaks out and single-
phase short-circuit appears the following observations have been made:
the required times of automatic disconnection of supply is not ensured for PT1 and K circuits. The
loop impedance is too high due to the high ambient temperature caused by the fire in the car
park) in order to the protection devices disconnect the circuits in the required time,
the required times of automatic disconnection of supply is ensured for ODG circuit which is dis-
connected by the thermal triggers and relays. This result is contrary to the result obtained in pre-
liminary cable verification where only electromagnetic protection devices have been considered.
In order to ensure the proper fault protection against electric-shock in PT1 and K circuits, either supple-
mentary equipotential bonding should be applied or decrease the short-circuit loop impedance value by
increase the cables cross-section. The effectiveness of the latter has been confirmed in the carried out
simulations (see Table 12 as well as Figure 23 and Figure 24).
The most sensitive type of fire safety equipment to voltage drop seems to be the compressors. Especial-
ly, during motor starting a big risk of motor stall is observed. In case of large voltage drop at the motor
terminals, the initial mechanical torque is higher than the initial electric torque and the motor will not
start.
Comparing the verification method described in [4] and the dynamic simulation method one can observe
that:
The results of voltage drop evaluation in the steady-state operation for both verification methods
are very close,
The results of motor starting simulation as well as results of voltage drop evaluation based on
method [4] show that motors driving the sprinkler pump and compressor will not start under
PH90. The results difference is observed for the smoke fan motor. Based on the method de-
scribed in [4], the obtained results show the voltage drop exceeds the permissible value of 10%
and the motor will not start. The dynamic simulation (including a softstart model) results show
that the motor will start properly under PH90 conditions.

59. 59
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The simulation results of time of automatic disconnection of supply are consistent with the results
obtained from the method [4] only for two circuits, i.e. sprinkler pump and compressor. In case
of the smoke fan circuit, dynamic simulation results show that required time of disconnection is
fulfilled even under PH90 conditions. In contrast, the results obtained from method [4] show that
the condition of automatic disconnection of supply is not fulfilled under PH90 conditions (assum-
ing that the tripping devices are electromagnetic releases or relays). Rejecting this aforemen-
tioned restrictive assumption, all the verification results obtained from both methods are consis-
tent each other.
One can state that the cable size verification method described in [4] may be used as a technical know-
ledge source for electrical engineers designing electrical installations including fire safety circuits. Ob-
viously, performed simulations including dynamic models of electrical installation components may show
more detailed results.
It is shown that in order to ensure the correct operation of fire safety equipment during a fire, it is essen-
tial to:
increase cross-section of conductors of the supplying cables - to decrease voltage drop
increase cable cross-section of the conductors of supplying cables and of the protective conductor
as well (or apply supplementary equipotential bonding) - to decrease phase-to-ground imped-
ance and ensure sufficiently fast automatic disconnection of supply
set thermal protection current settings not less than 1,1 times rated motor current in order to
minimize the likelihood of circuit disconnections in case of slight motor overload
The overall conclusion and recommendation of this study is that it is necessary to elaborate and evaluate
standards and recommendations for fire safety circuits that will include clear cable sizing criteria for the
expected fire conditions.
REFERENCES
[1] Shopping Centre Galeria Tarnovia as-built documentation,
[2] IEC 60364-5-523
[3] IEC 60364-5-54
[4] Wiatr J., Hanzelka Z., Chapman D., Fassbinder S.: Selection and sizing od conductors supplying elec-
trical equipment that must remain functional during fire., Application Note, December 2010, available on-
line on www.leonardo-energy.org
[5] IEC 60364-4-41
[6] Motor driven machines, Induction machines, Two-Winding Transformer (3-Phase), Softstarter, Line
models, DIgSILENT Technical Documentation.
[7] DIgSILENT PowerFactory 14.0 User’s Manual
[8] http://www.electrical-installation.org/enwiki/Automatic_disconnection_for_TN_systems

60. 60
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APPENDIX 1
Most important rated data of modeled system components
Table A1.1. MV/LV transformer rated data.
Type: TTA_RES; dry resinous,
Rated apparent power: 1000 kVA
Nominal frequency: 50 Hz
Tap changer: 2x2,5% (off load)
Rated voltage at MV side: 15750 V,
Rated voltage at LV side: 400 V
Vector group: Dyn5
Rated winding temperature: 100 C
Short-circuit voltage: 6%
Copper losses: 11000 W
No load losses: 2940 W
Table A1.2. Sprinkler pump rated data.
Pump type: Etanom RX 200-500; centrifugal
Rated power: 200 kW
Rated speed: 1488 1/min
Table A1.3. Electric motor rated data driving the sprinkler pump.
Motor type: Szdc 176 T
Rated power: 200 kW
Rated power factor: 0,92
Efficiency at nominal operation: 95,8%
Nominal frequency: 50 Hz
Nominal speed: 1490 1/min
Number of pole pairs: 2
Connection: D
Type of rotor: double cage
Table A1.4. Circuit breaker NS630N rated data.
Rated current at 50°C: 630 A
Insulation rated voltage: 750 V
Rated percussive withstand voltage: 8 kV
Switching rated voltage (AC 50 Hz): 690 V
Maximum break rated current: 50 kA
Operating break rated current: 75% Icu
Momentary withstand rated current at 1,0 s: 17 kA

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Table A1.5. Cable supplying the sprinkler pump
Number and nominal cross-section of conductors: 1x120 RM
Maximum resistance of a conductor at 20 C: 0,153
Maximum operating temperature of a cable: 90 C
Maximum ambient temperature for a cable: 30 C
Maximum ambient temperature at a cable laying: 5 C
Maximum temperature during short-circuit: 250 C
Table A1.6. Softstart rated data supplying the sprinkler pump
Insulation rated voltage: 690 V
Operating rated voltage: 208 690 V
Rated current: 430 A
Table A1.7. Smoke fan rated data.
Fan type: BVAXO 8/1600
Rated power: 41 kW
Rated speed: 960 1/min
Table A1.8. Electric motor rated data driving the smoke fan.
Motor type: 4Sg 225M-4-IE2
Rated power: 45 kW
Rated power factor: 0,87
Efficiency at nominal operation: 92,7%
Nominal frequency: 50 Hz
Nominal speed: 982 1/min
Number of pole pairs: 3
Connection: D
Type of rotor: double cage
Table A1.9. Circuit breaker NS160N rated data.
Rated current at 50°C: 160 A
Insulation rated voltage: 750 V
Rated percussive withstand voltage: 8 kV
Switching rated voltage (AC 50 Hz): 690 V
Maximum breake rated current: 25 kA
Operating breake rated current: 100% Icu
Momentary withstand rated current at 1,0 s: 17 kA
Table A1.10. Cable supplying the smoke fan.
Number and nominal cross-section of conductors: 1x95 RM
Maximum resistance of a conductor at 20 C: 0,193
Maximum operating temperature of a cable: 90 C
Maximum ambient temperature for a cable: 30 C
Maximum ambient temperature at a cable laying: 5 C
Maximum temperature during short-circuit: 250 C

62. 62
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Table A1.11. Softstart rated data supplying the smoke fan.
Insulation rated voltage: 690 V
Operating rated voltage: 208 690 V
Rated current: 85 A
Table A1.12. Compressor rated data.
Compressor type: DIORYT 300/10
Rated power: 2,2 kW
Rated speed: 1415 1/min
Table A1.13. Electric motor rated data driving the compressor.
Motor type: Sg 100L-4A
Rated power: 2,2 kW
Rated power factor: 0,80
Efficiency at nominal operation: 81,0%
Nominal frequency: 50 Hz
Nominal speed: 1420 1/min
Number of pole pairs: 2
Connection: D
Type of rotor: single cage
Table A1.14. Circuit breaker NG125N C32A rated data.
Rated current at 50°C: 32 A
Insulation rated voltage: 750 V
Rated percussive withstand voltage: 8 kV
Switching rated voltage (AC 50 Hz): 690 V
Maximum breake rated current: 15 kA
Table A1.15. Cable supplying the compressor.
Number and nominal cross-section of conductors: 5x6 RE
Maximum resistance of a conductor at 20 C: 3,08
Maximum operating temperature of a cable: 90 C
Maximum ambient temperature for a cable: 30 C
Maximum ambient temperature at a cable laying: 5 C
Maximum temperature during short-circuit: 250 C

63. 63
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APPENDIX 2
System component models for RMS dynamic studies
Motor driven machines
All types of motor driven machine models (pump, fan and compressor) are used in connection with an
asynchronous motor (Figure A2.1).
Figure A2.1. Use of a motor driven machine.
The input of the motor driven machine is the speed of the motor, “speed'” in p.u., and its output is the
motor driven machine torque, “xmdm'” in p.u.
The following mechanical torque-speed characteristic is determined:
mm sn 1 (A2.1)
1
1
Mm
Mm
M
Pnn
Pnn
P (A2.2)
m
kmmkmmM
n
n
xMxP
1
111
(A2.3)
m
kmmkmmM
n
n
xMxP
1
122
(A2.4)
where M1 – torque at synchronous speed in p.u. (calculated from initial conditions if machine is running),
M2 – torque at standstill in p.u. (taken from input data for motor start-up), sm – slip at min. torque, -
angle speed in rad/s, xkmm – torque at sm in p.u., and – exponent of first and second polynomial func-
tion respectively.
The dynamic model of an asynchronous machine is derived from the equivalent circuits according to the
Figures A2.2-A2.4 [6].

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Figure A2.2. General induction machine model [6].
Figure A2.3. Rotor impedance of the single cage rotor [6].
Figure A2.4. Rotor impedance of the double cage rotor [6].
The model is basically a classical induction machine model including a frequency (slip) dependent rotor
impedance (Figure A2.2). Stator voltages and currents in these equivalent circuit diagrams are
represented as instantaneous phasors in a steady reference frame. Rotor voltages and currents are
represented in a reference frame that rotates with mechanical frequency. Hence, all quantities in these
equivalent circuits are represented in their “natural” reference frame. The rotor impedance is referred to
the stator side.
The winding resistance Rs, the stator leakage reactance Xs, the magnetizing reactance Xm and the rotor
impedance Zrot characterize the model and is frequency dependent.
Double cage induction machines are modelled by one additional R-L branch (index B, Figure A2.4) that is
in parallel to the described rotor impedance of cage A. Altogether, frequency dependence of the rotor
impedance can be approximated by up to three parallel R-L branches.
Motor data are determined by specifying characteristic points on the slip-torque and slip-current charac-
teristic of the machine:
locked rotor current in p.u
locked rotor torque in p.u.
torque at stalling point in p.u.
stator reactance in p.u.
rotor leakage reactance in p.u.,

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acceleration time constant in s.
For the considered fire devices the following data was collected:
Table A2.1. Model parameters of the sprinkler pump PT1.
M1 0,425 p.u.
M2 0,1 p.u.
sm 0,8333333 p.u.
xkmm 0,05 p.u.
1,477444
3,106284
Figure A2.5. Mechanical torque-speed characteristic for the sprinkler pump.
Table A2.2. Model parameters of induction motor driving the sprinkler pump.
locked rotor current: 7,0 p.u.
locked rotor torque: 2,6 p.u.
torque at stalling point: 2,7 p.u.
stator reactance: 0,01 p.u.
rotor leakage reactance: 0,01 p.u.
acceleration time constant: 0,5095097 s
Figure A2.6. Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the sprinkler pump.

66. 66
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Figure A2.7. Speed-Current characteristics for the motor driving the sprinkler pump.
The rest of motor driving the sprinkler pump model parameters are based on the motor rated data (see
Section Description of the selected circuits).
Table A2.3. Model parameters of the smoke fan ODG2.
M1 1,0 p.u.
M2 0,1477301 p.u.
sm 0,8048048 p.u.
xkmm 0,05909203 p.u.
1,686521
2,752144
Figure A2.8. Mechanical torque-speed characteristic for the smoke fan.
Table A2.4. Model parameters of induction motor driving the smoke fan.
locked rotor current: 6,0 p.u.
locked rotor torque: 2,5 p.u.
torque at stalling point: 2,3 p.u.
stator reactance: 0,01 p.u.
rotor leakage reactance: 0,01 p.u.
acceleration time constant: 0,3054999 s

67. 67
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Figure A2.9. Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the smoke fan.
Figure A2.10. Speed-Current characteristics for the motor driving the smoke fan.
The rest of motor driving the smoke fan model parameters are based on the motor rated data (see Sec-
tion Description of the selected circuits).
Table A2.5. Model parameters of the compressor K.
M1 0,25 p.u.
M2 0,305 p.u.
sm 0,9 p.u.
xkmm 0,095 p.u.
0,9430915
1,219515
Figure A2.11. Mechanical torque-speed characteristic for the compressor.

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Table A2.6. Model parameters of induction motor driving the compressor.
locked rotor current: 2,7 p.u.
locked rotor torque: 0,4 p.u.
torque at stalling point: 3,2 p.u.
stator reactance: 0,01 p.u.
rotor leakage reactance: 0,01 p.u.
acceleration time constant: 0,0479 s
Induction motor driving the compressor:
Figure A2.12. Speed-Torque characteristics for the motor driving the compressor.
Figure A2.13. Speed-Current characteristics for the motor driving the compressor.
The rest of motor driving the smoke fan model parameters are based on the motor rated data (see Sec-
tion Description of the selected circuits).
Softstarters
Softstarters continuously control the motor side voltage dependent on the actual value of the voltage at
the connection point to the grid. Subsequent to the switch-on of the input voltage to the softstarter, the
soft-start is then increasing the duty ratio and hence the output voltage at the motor slowly [6].
Provided the torque developed under these low voltage conditions is sufficient to overcome the load tor-
que, the motor will start to accelerate and the motor current will decrease. The voltage can then be in-
creased linearly and the motor will reach its nominal speed [6].

69. 69
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The detailed circuit represented by the softstarter model is shown in Figure A2.14. During steady-state
operation when input voltage and terminal voltage of the motor are equal, each thyristor is conducting
for a complete half-cycle. In this operation the thyristors can be bypassed by contactors in parallel to the
valves to reduce the stress of the valves and to eliminate the power losses [6].
Figure A2.14. Detailed representation of a softstarter model including induction motor [6].
An advantage of this device compared to other constant speed start-up procedures, like electro-
mechanical star-delta starters or the usage of transformer tap-changers, is the reduction of starting cur-
rents without the impact of switching transients during the tapping or switching.
There are also two inputs available to control the start-up of the motor [7]:
parameter which enables or disables the bypass of the thyristors,
firing angle of the thyristors to set the duty cycle of each valve and thus to control the secondary
voltage
Transformers
The detailed positive-sequence model with relative impedances (in p.u.) is shown in Figure A2.15. It con-
tains the leakage reactances, the winding resistances of the HV and LV side, the magnetization reactance
and the iron loss admittance close to the ideal transformer. The ideal transformer of the per-unitized
model has a complex winding ratio with a magnitude of 1:1 and models the phase shift representing the
vector groups of the two windings [6].
Figure A2.15. Positive sequence model of the 2-winding transformer (in p.u.) [6].
The relation between the mathematical parameters in the model are described as follows [6]:

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r
HVr,
r.HV
S
U
Z
2
(A2.5)
r
LVr,
r.LV
S
U
Z
2
(A2.6)
%
sc
sc
100
u
z (A2.7)
3
r
Cu
sc 10
S
P
r (A2.8)
2
sc
2
scsc rzx (A2.9)
sc,HV,HVCu, rr R 1
(A2.10)
sc,HV,LVCu, )( rr R 11 (A2.11)
sc,HV,HV, xx X 1
(A2.12)
sc,HV,LV, )( xx X 11 (A2.13)
2
0
10
1
i
zM
(A2.14)
3
10
Fe
Fe
P
S
r r (A2.15)
2
Fe
2
M
M
rz
x
11
1 (A2.16)
where Zr.HV – nominal impedance on HV side in , Zr.LV – nominal impedance on LV side in , Ur,HV, Ur,LV –
rated voltages on HV/LV side in kV, Sr – rated power in MVA, PCu – copper losses in kW, usc – relative
short-circuit voltage in %, zsc – short-circuit impedance in p.u., rsc – short-circuit resistance in p.u., xsc –
short-circuit reactance in p.u., X,HV,1 – share of transformer short-circuit reactance on HV side in the posi-
tive-sequence system in p.u., R,HV,1 – share of transformer short-circuit resistance on HV side in the posi-
tive-sequence system in p.u., rCu,HV, rCu,LV – resistances on HV/LV sides in p.u., x ,HV, x ,LV – reactances on
HV/LV sides in p.u., i0 – no-load current in %, PFe – no-load losses in kW, xM – magnetizing reactance in
p.u., rFe – shunt resistance in p.u.
For simulating nonlinear, transient effects, such as transformer inrush currents or Ferro-resonance, core
saturation needs to be included into the transformer model. The following data have to be considered:
knee flux, linear reactance, saturated reactance and saturation exponent (all in p.u.). Below the relation
between magnetizing current and magnetizing flux according to the polynomial characteristic is presented
[6].

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ksat
0
M
M
M
M 1
L
i (A2.17)
where: iM – magnetizing current in p.u., M – magnetizing flux in p.u., 0 – parameter constant in p.u.,
ksat – saturation exponent.
This polynomial characteristic is always inside the corresponding linear representation. The parameter Ψ0
is calculated so that the polynomial characteristic transits steadily into the piece-wise linear characteristic
at the point of full saturation.
For the transformer supplying the considered fire device circuits, the following data have been assumed:
Table A2.7. Selected model parameters of the MV/LV transformer.
X,HV,1 0,5
R,HV,1 0,5
knee flux: 1,1 p.u.
linear reactance: 27303,36 p.u.
saturated reactance: 0 p.u.
saturation exponent: 3 p.u.
The rest of the transformer parameters are given in Section Description of the selected circuits.
Cable lines
The equivalent circuit containing lumped parameters of the cable line is shown in Figure A2.16.
Figure A2.16. Nominal Π model for transmission lines [6].
This circuit contains discrete R, L, G and C elements. Hence the model is not only useful for steady-state
calculations (short line model) but it can be used for transient simulations as well.
The accuracy of the model depends on the weight of truncated terms in the series expansion, which on
his part depends on the factor f l (frequency times length). For overhead lines less than 250 km and
power frequency, this approximation is very satisfactory and the error can be neglected [6].
It is necessary to consider the phenomena occurring during fire conditions, i.e. conductor resistance de-
pendency on the ambient temperature. The momentary value of conductor temperature can be calculated
as follows [6].

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00
2
1 cs
tkS
cs
tkS
d
I
kSs
k
ee i
(A2.18)
where: kd – additional losses coefficient due to variable magnetic fields, k – coefficient of giving up the
heat, c – specific heat of a conductor in J/m3
, S – outer area of a conductor per length in m2
/m, s – con-
ductor cross-section in m2
, – resistivity in m, I – RMS current value in A, t – time in s, i – initial tem-
perature of a conductor in C, 0 – ambient temperature in C.
Under normal and fire conditions, the resistivity of a copper conductor is calculated as [4]
2
202020 20201 )()( (A2.19)
where: 20 – conductor resistivity at temperature of 20 C in , 20 – temperature coefficient of resistance
at 20 C in 1/K ( 20 = 0,0039 K-1
for copper), 20 – temperature coefficient of resistance at 20 C in 1/K2
( 20 = 6,0 10-7
K-2
for copper), temperature of a conductor in C.
In order to model the development of a fire the standard temperature–time curve is considered given by
the following expression [4]:
2018345 )log( t (A2.20)
where ambient temperature in C and t – time in s.
All the needed parameters are based on the rated data of the investigated cable lines (see Section Model
of selected fire protection subsystem). Cable series impedance is 0,08 /km.
Overcurrent protection devices
It is necessary to model the protection devices which act upon a single switch are stored in the cubicle
which contains that switch.
The release itself models a specific protection element, based on the release frame and the release type
(Figure A2.16). The release model uses specific functional elements where the release type defines only
the allowed type of elements. These specific elements must be based on those element types.
Figure A2.16. Frame of a thermal and electromagnetic release operating at a circuit-breaker.

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The thermal release allows for the selection of one of the I-t curves ('characteristic') which are available
for the selected release type. The I-t curve is further specified by the pickup current (Ip) and the time
dial. The time dial scales the I-t curve in the time vs. I/Ip plot, according to the curve definition.
The pickup current defines the nominal value Ip which is used to calculate the tripping time. The I-t curve
definition states a minimum and a maximum per unit current. Lower currents will not trip a circuit break-
er (infinite tripping time), higher currents will not decrease the tripping time any further.
Figure A2.17. I-t curves for different time dials [7].
The electromagnetic overcurrent release allows for the setting of the pickup current and the time dial.
This kind of release is a combination of a direct overcurrent protection and an optional time delay. The
pickup time Ts is the minimum time needed for the relay to react. Additionally, a time dial Tset may be
specified. The relay will not trip unless the current exceeds the pickup current Tsetr for at least Ts+Tset
(Figure A2.18).
Figure A2.18. Instantaneous overcurrent tripping area [7].
The logic unit is the front end part of a relay configuration. It combines all internal trigger signals by suc-
cessive AND and OR operations and produces one single output. The logic unit type specifies the logical
operation, the logic unit itself specifies the switches which will be opened when the protection trips.
The fuse model is implemented as a special instantaneous overcurrent protection. A fuse is located in a
cubicle and trips the phase which current exceeds the melt curve. Optionally, all three phases are tripped
if one of the phase currents exceeds the melt curve. The calculation of the trip time is either based on the
minimum melt curve or on the total clear curve. An example of these curves are shown in Figure A2.19.

74. 74
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A2.19. Fuse melt characteristics [7].
The following manufacturer data of circuit breaker releases and fuses are implemented:
Table A2.7. Protection device of RPT1 installed in RGPOŻ.
Circuit breaker type: NS630N Merlin Gerin
Protection type: STR43ME
Rated current (In): 630 A
Thermal protection tripping threshold (Ir): 0,7 In
Thermal protection characteristic type: 20 (IEC 947-4)
Electromagnetic protection tripping threshold: 6 x Ir
Electromagnetic release delay time: 10 ms
Electromagnetic release total time: 60 ms
Table A2.8. Protection device of RODG2 installed in RGPOŻ.
Circuit breaker type: NS160N Merlin Gerin
Protection type: STR22ME
Rated current (In): 160 A
Thermal protection tripping threshold (Ir): 0,6 In
Thermal protection characteristic type: 10 (IEC 947-4)
Electromagnetic protection tripping threshold: 13 x Ir
Electromagnetic release delay time: 10 ms
Electromagnetic release total time: 60 ms
Table A2.9. Protection device of K installed in RGPOŻ.
Circuit breaker type: NG125N Merlin Gerin
Protection type: C32A (Figure A2.20)
Rated current (In): 32 A
Protection characteristic type: C (IEC 947-4)
Electromagnetic protection tripping threshold: 10 x In
Electromagnetic release total time: 100 ms

75. 75
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A2.20. I-t characteristic for C32A circuit breaker.
Table A2.10. Protection device of PT1 installed in RPT1.
Fuse type: Square body Bussmann
Rated current (In): 700 A
Characteristic type: BIF 17056316
Overload protection type: electronic (PST250)
Overload characteristic type: 10 (IEC 947-4)
Overload protection tripping threshold: 330 A
Table A2.11. Protection device of ODG2 installed in RODG2.
Fuse type: Square body Bussmann
Rated current (In): 160 A
Characteristic type: BIF 17056316
Overload protection type: electronic (PST50)
Overload characteristic type: 10 (IEC 947-4)
Overload protection tripping threshold: 80 A

76. 76
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
APPENDIX 3
Dynamic simulation results
Figure A3.1. Plots of motors variables for QSS scenario.
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
1,05
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,85
0,80
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
1,02
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
1,00
0,99
0,98
0,97
0,96
0,95
0,94
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
0,975
0,950
0,925
0,900
0,875
0,850
0,825
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
1,000
0,875
0,750
0,625
0,500
0,375
0,250
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
5400,04300,03200,02100,01000,00-100,00[s]
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,90
0,80
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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77. 77
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.2. Plots of motors variables for MS1/0 scenario.
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
20,00015,00010,0005,00000,0000-5,0000[s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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78. 78
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.3. Plots of motors variables for MS2/0 scenario.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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79. 79
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.4. Plots of motors variables for MS3/0 scenario.
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
10,0007,00004,00001,0000-2,0000-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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80. 80
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.5. Plots of motors variables for MS1/90 scenario.
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
35,00027,00019,00011,0003,0000-5,0000[s]
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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81. 81
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.6. Plots of motors variables for MS1/90 scenario with increased cable cross-section 3x120mm2.
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
25,00019,00013,0007,00001,0000-5,0000[s]
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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82. 82
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.7. Plots of motors variables for MS2/90 scenario.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
2,50
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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83. 83
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.8. Plots of motors variables for MS3/90 scenario.
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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84. 84
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.9. Plots of motors variables for MS3/90 scenario with increased cable cross-section 10mm2.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
5,00
4,00
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
15,00011,0007,00003,0000-1,0000-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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85. 85
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.10. Plots of motors variables for SC1.1/0 scenario.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
-0,60
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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86. 86
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.11. Plots of motors variables for SC1.2/0 scenario.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
-0,80
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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87. 87
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.12. Plots of motors variables for SC2.1/0 scenario.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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88. 88
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.13. Plots of motors variables for SC2.2/0 scenario.
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,89823,71916,5399,35932,1797-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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89. 89
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.14. Plots of motors variables for SC3.1/0 scenario.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
-0,20
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99916,0008,99971,9999-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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90. 90
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.15. Plots of motors variables for SC3.2/0 scenario.
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
-0,20
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,84623,67716,5089,33862,1693-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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91. 91
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.16. Plots of motors variables for SC1.1/90 scenario.
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
39,99630,99621,99712,9983,9991-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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92. 92
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.17. Plots of motors variables for SC1.2/90 scenario.
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,88623,70916,5319,35432,1771-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
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93. 93
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.18. Plots of motors variables for SC1.2/90 scenario with increased cable cross-section
3x120/2x120mm2
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
-0,80
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,00023,00016,0009,00002,0000-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,60
1,20
0,80
0,40
0,00
-0,40
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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94. 94
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.19. Plots of motors variables for SC2.1/90 scenario.
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
-0,60
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
30,89623,71716,5389,35852,1792-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
TarnoviaMotorsignalsDate:4/2/2012
Annex:/2

95. 95
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.20. Plots of motors variables for SC2.2/90 scenario.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
-0,60
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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Annex:/2

96. 96
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.21. Plots of motors variables for SC3.1/90 scenario.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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Annex:/2

97. 97
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.22. Plots of motors variables for SC3.2/90 scenario.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
-1,00
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
2,00
1,50
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
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Annex:/2

98. 98
Company reg. Name : WTW Power Solutions
Office Address : Atrium Centrum, al. Jana Pawła II 27, 00-867 Warsaw, Poland
Contact : E-mail: mail@wtwps.com, Internet: http://www.wtwps.com, Phone: +48 22 243 92 50; +48 600 190 084
Company reg. No : 142 36 16 30
Figure A3.23. Plots of motors variables for SC3.2/90 scenario with increased cable cross-section 16/16
mm2.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
nkler_pump:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-Sequence-Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
rinkler_pump:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20MW)
AM_smokefan:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04MW)
M_compressor:TotalActivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00MW)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,25
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
AM_sprinkler_pump:Speed
AM_smokefan:Speed
AM_compressor:Speed
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
AM_sprinkler_pump:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_smokefan:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
AM_compressor:MDM-Torqueinp.u.
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,00
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
ler_pump:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,20Mvar)
mokefan:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,04Mvar)
mpressor:TotalReactivePowerinp.u.(base:0,00Mvar)
29,99922,99915,9998,99941,9997-5,0000[s]
1,50
1,20
0,90
0,60
0,30
0,00
-0,30
nkler_pump:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
_smokefan:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
compressor:Positive-SequenceCurrent,Magnitudeinp.u.
DIgSILENT
TarnoviaMotorsignalsDate:4/3/2012
Annex:/2