Fire safety in DC metro system

1. FIRE SAFETY
in
DC Metro
System
03-05-19

3. Composite do not burn in fire but volatile components
vaporizing from the substrate .Polymer heats up & begins to
decompose thermally
Gases generated will ignite in presence of oxygen & begin to burn
Flame spread depends on heat released, temperature will begin to
rise until entire fire load decomposes rapidly with the evolution of
flammable gas mixture
Ignition of gas causes an explosive rate of fire spread within the
confines of the space, (railway carriage) referred to as flashover
and leads to fully developed fire
FIRE

4. American
Specification
European
Specification
National Fire
Prevention
Association
NFPA130:2017
Standard for fixing
Guidway Transit
and Passenger
rake system
British
Standard
French Germany
UIC
BS
6853
NFF 16-
101,102
DIN
5510
SAFETY

5. French
Standard
(NFF-16-
101,102)
Fire Behaviour :Choice of Materials Combines reaction
to fire, (M-rating), with smoke and toxicity, (F-rating).
The M/F rating dependent
type of rolling stock, tunnels usage & position
orientation of composite part
British
Standard
(BS 6853
Code of practice for fire precautions in the design and
construction of passenger carrying trains
R-Index a single number quantification of the toxic gas
risk associated with candidate composite materials
generated from the analysis of eight gases
German
standard
s
(DIN
5510-
1,2)
Preventive Fire Protection in Railway Vehicles.
Part 1 - Levels of protection, fire protection methods
and certification
Part 2 - Fire behavior and fire side effects of materials
and parts - Classification, requirements and test
methods

6. On range of
independen
ce measure
Detection &
alarm
system
Manual/Aut
omatic fire
suppression
Emergency
lighting
Way
guidance
system
Escape &
egress
provision
Escape
route/exit
door
widths.
Occupancy
level
Normal
supervision
Staff
managemen
t
Control of
materials/c
ontents.
Ventilation
Compartme
ntation
Fire
resistance.
BS 6853
SALIENT
POINTS

7. Descriptio
n
Specifi
cation
Fire Retardant
Property
Characteristics Fire
Retar
dant
Low
Smok
e
Polycarbon
ate
Passenger
Seat
(AC &
MEDHA
Rake)
ICF/MD
/Spec-
197/Pt-
II
UL 94, ISO 4589,
IEC 60695-2-12
NCD 1409
Tendency to either extinguish
or spread the flame once the
specimen has been ignited.
It conforms to V-0 & V-2
class rating which means
burning stops within 10 & 30
seconds respectively on a
vertical specimen. TOXICITY
as per NCD 1409
YES YES
PVC
Flooring
sheet
ICF/MD
/Spec-
235
(Amd.
01)
EN- 13501-1, UIC 564-2
Class A
NCD 1409
EN-13501 provides reaction
to fire classification
procedure for all products
and building elements.
TOXICITY as per NCD 1409
YES YES
Rubberized
flooring
(MEDHA
Rake)
OEM
Spec
UIC 564-2, DIN 5510-2,
EN 45545, ASTM E-648,
E-662
BS 6853, ISO 4589
Fire behaviour, Smoke
density, Toxicity & Oxygen
index are specified.
YES YES
EXAMPLE

9. NFPA 130: 2017
STATIONS TRAINWAYS
EMERGENCY
VENTILATION
VEHICLES
EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
EMERGENCY
COMMUNICATIONS
CONTROL &
COMMUNICATIONS
WIRE & CABLE
REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL

10. Prevent fires occurring due to technical faults , equipment
design or vehicle layout
Minimize possibility of ignition of materials installed on
railway vehicles due to accidents or vandalism
Detect a fire should it occur
Limit the spread of fire by specification of materials
according to their operational categories and by measures
for containment
Minimize effects of fire in terms of heat, smoke and toxic
gases on passengers or staff through specification of
materials installed on railway vehicles
Control and manage a fire, by means of fire
detection, suppression , emergency energy shut down
EN 45545: 2013

11. EN45545-
1 to 7
Fire
detection/
suppression
Part : 6
Operating
conditions
Part : 1
Holistic approach of fire safety performance-based design
methodology
Materials
Part : 2
Barriers
Part : 3
Train Design
Part : 4,5,7
35 European countries mandatory follow

12. EN45545-1
Operational
Category
Overview Running Time
Operational
Category 1
Surface Operation’ No Tunnels/
Elevated Sections Longer Than 1
km
Vehicles may stop with
minimum delay
Operational
Category 2
‘Metro - Tunnel Operation’ No
Tunnels/ Elevated Sections
Longer Than 5 km, Side
Evacuation Possible
4 Min
Operational
Category 3
Inter-City Tunnel Operation’
Tunnels/ Elevated Sections
Longer Than 5 km (Up to 20 km),
Side Evacuation Possible
15 Min
Operational
Category 4
Metro - Tunnel Operation –
Restricted Evacuation’ No
Tunnels/ Elevated Sections
Longer Than 5 km Side
Evacuation NOT Possible (London
Underground Tube Operation)
4 Min

13. Design Category
A: Vehicles forming part of an automatic train having no
emergency trained staff on board
D: Double decked vehicles
S: Sleeping and couchette vehicles
N: All other vehicles (standard vehicles)
EN45545-2
Hazard Level – Combination of Operation & Design Category
Operating category Design Category
N A D S
1 HL1 HL1 HL1 HL2
2 HL2 HL2 HL2 HL2
3 HL2 HL2 HL2 HL3
4 HL3 HL3 HL3 HL3

14. Spread of Flame(ISO 5658) CFE
Heat Release Rate (ISO 5660) MAHRE
Smoke Density (ISO 5659) VOF4,Ds
Toxic Gas Emissions (ISO 5659) CIT
Rise of flame & OXYGEN INDEX(ISO 4589)
EN 45545-2 : Requirements for fire behavior of Material &
components
EN45545-3: FIRE BARRIER
 Fire Barriers EN45545-3 Barriers Element intended for use
in maintaining separation between two adjacent areas of
railway vehicle fie which resists to passage of flame and/or
heat and/or effluents for a period of time under specified
conditions

15. EN45545-4: Fire safety requirements fot Rolling Stock Design
EN45545-4 Rolling Stock design
Running Capability (Refers to EN50553)
Emergency Exits
Evacuation and Escape Measures
HVAC ,visibility
EN45545-5: Electrical Equipmets including trolley buses,
maglev
EN45545-5 gives comprehensive design „Code of Conduct‟ to
minimise the risk of a Fire Starting in Electrical Applications
Key Topics:
Management of risk areas for key equipment.
Electrical Overload Protection
Protection from Electrical Arc
Requirements for Cabinets/ Ducting

16. EN 45545-6: Fire control & Management Systems
, Fires on trains are Detected and Reported by Passengers
and Staff.
EN45545-6 requires comprehensive Fire Detection systems
9 Possible Detector Locations (e.g. Passenger Areas,
Toilets, Technical Cabinets)
Requirement for Automatic Detection changes, based on
Operational Category and Design Category
 EN 45545-6 defines requirements for Portable Fire
extinguishers on trains
EN45545-7: Flammable liquids & Flammable Gas Installations
EN45545-7 specifies key requirements for management of
flammable liquids on board trains
Key Areas include:
Flammable liquid tanks and pipe work requirements
Requirements for Internal Combustion engines

17. Trends in Metro Design from safety
1. EMERGENCY EVACUATION
SIDE EVACUATION
FRONT
EVACUATION
BETTER KAUN??
2. NUMBER OF COACHES IN RAKE??
3. VENTILATION SYSYTEM IN CASE OF EXIGENCY
Emergency mode , dampers of circulating air closed so that
can operate with fresh air only.
In case of smoke outside , dampers of fresh air to close and
circulating /return air should remain open to provide air

18. DC SYSTEM :
TSS
HSCB
DC
FUSE
COACH
HSCB
COORDINATION BETWEEN SAFETY V/S RELAIBILITY
NO JUGAD

19. CLEARANCE & CREEPAGE DISTANCE ( EN 50124)
CLEARANCE: Shortest distance in air between two conductive parts
CREEPAGE DISTANCE: Shortest distance along the surface of the
insulating material between two conductive parts.
POLLUTION: For creepage distances and clearances 7 degrees of pollution
IEC 60664-1 and IEC 60077-1 broken down into PD3A, PD4, PD4A and PD4B
to cover railway applications.
INSULATING MATERIAL (w.r.t comparative tracking index-CTI)
Materials are separated into four groups according to either their CTI values as
defined in IEC 60112 or their class as determined by IEC 60587 tests.
Material
Groups
Above 1000 V Above 500 V
PD1 PD2 PD3 PD3A PD4 PD4A PD4B
I 3.2 5 12.5 20 25 30 40
II 4 7.1 14 25 30 40 50
IIIA 6 10 16 32 Not recommended

20.  Flame retardant – designed for
use in fire situations where the
spread of flame along a cable
route needs to be retarded.
Governing standard – IEC 60332
, BS 4066 , UL Standard for Fire
retardant cables.
 Fire resistant (FR) – cables those
are designed to maintain circuit
integrity of those vital emergency
circuits during fire. Governing
standard IEC 60331, BS 6387
Fire rated cables

21. Fire resistance test as per IEC 60331
Test carried out on the cable operational on load and burning at a
temperature of 750 Deg C for 3 hours & circuit integrity must be
uninterrupted. After the 3 hours, the fire and power is switched off.
cable should report as usual when energized again after a gap of 12
hours.
IEC 60331-2 : Test method for fire with shock at a temperature of at
least 830 °C for cables of rated voltage up to and including 0,6/1,0
kV and with an overall diameter not exceeding 20 mm
IEC 60331-3 : Test method for fire with shock at a temperature of at
least 830 °C for cables of rated voltage up to and including 0,6/1,0
kV tested in a metal enclosure
IEC 60331-11 : Apparatus - Fire alone at a flame temperature of at
least 750 °C IEC 60331-21 ed1.0 (1999-04) - Part 21: Procedures
and requirements – Cables of rated voltage up to and including
0,6/1,0 kV

22. WAY F0RWARD…..
• SAFETY LEGISLATION FOR METRO & MRTS
ROLLING STOCK mainly based on EN 45545
SYSTEM DESIGN based on NFPA 130
• PANEL OF APPROVED SAFETY AUDITORS TO
ENSURE COMPLIANC: DESIGN VERIFICATION,
VALIDATION ,FINAL CERTIFICATION
• SETTING OF PROPER LABS IN INDIA
• RAMS MUST BE MADE MANDATORY AND PROPERLY
EXPLAINED