>50% people are prone to dust mite allergies which common in house dust.

1. welcome

3. Dust mite and household
allergies
P. DYAMANAGOUDA
2018600503

4. Classification
• Phylum :Arthropoda
• Class :Arachnida
• Order :Acari
• Suborder: Astigmata
• Family :Pyroglyphidae
• Genus :Dermatophagoides
• Species: pteronyssinus

6. Distribution
• The family Pyroglyphidae contains about 16
genera and 46 species
• Thirteen species have been found in house
dust, 3 species major
Dermatophagoides farinae
 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and
 Euroglyphus maynei
• which are found in temperate climates.

7. • In tropical climates, the storage mite Blomia
tropicalis (Family Echymyopodidae) can be a
prevalent mite in dwellings, along with other
Pyroglyphid mites.
• In addition, other astigmatid mites (storage
mites) can be found in homes and are a
potent source of allergens.

9. Why your every wher?

10. Collection methods
• Watching dusty water in 20× magnification.Live and
dead mites will remain on the surface of the water.
• Furumizo (1973) reported a sieving and flotation
technique.
• 0.05 g sample of dust in 30 ml of a saturated NaCl
solution and added 5 drops of detergent. The dust was
teased apart and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for
20 minutes.
• The suspension was rinsed through a 45 micron mesh
sieve, stained with crystal violet and examined under a
stereo microscope.
DUST MITES
Michael F. Potter, Extension EntomologistUNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY,
KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AND
KENTUCKY COUNTIES COOPERATING

11. • Hirschmann (1986) reported that dust mite
were attracted to white DIN-A4 sheets of
typewriter paper placed where the dust mites
are suspected.
• Paper is examined in the mornings and
evenings by holding the paper over a lamp.

12. A MODIFIED "HEAT ESCAPE"
TECHNIQUE FOR COLLECTING HOUSE
DUST MITES
• 30*40 Carpet Pieces Placed in different places
for 7 days
• 8th day, the carpet pieces were covered by
adhesive film and then placed over a heating
table at 150°C for 30 minutes.
• Adhesivesive film reached at about 70°C. This
procedure collected 60 to 70% of the mites
found in the carpet.

13. • Detach the adhesive film and put
transparent plastic sheet to facilitate handling
of samples under the stereomicroscope and to
count the mites
• Mount in Hoyer's mounting medium
• Leave 2-3 day and watch for taxonomic study.

14. Hoyer's Medium
• Prepare under a fume hood.
• Add 15 g of gum arabic to 25 mL of H2O in a glass beaker.
• Heat to 60°C, and stir overnight on a magnetic stirrer.
Successively add 100 g of chloral hydrate.
• After the chloral hydrate has dissolved, add 10 g of glycerol.
• Centrifuge the solution for 30 min at 10,000g and filter the
solution through glass wool.
• Store the solution at room temperature in a tightly sealed
flask.
• Shortly before use, centrifuge Hoyer's medium in a tabletop
centrifuge for at least 15 min to pellet undissolved
particles.

16. Dust Allergy Symptoms
• Sneezing
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Red, gritty eyes, itchy or teary eyes
• Wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest
and shortness of breath
• Itching

17. SOURCES OF MITE ALLERGENS
• Mite bodies , mite feces and molting process
• Enzymes that originate from the mite’s digestive
tract
• Enzymes associated with the
• Mite saliva on food substrates where mites feed.
• After death, soluble protein in body fluids may be
released as the body disintegrates. Some proteins
from all of these sources could be allergenic

18. Characterization of allergies
 Mite allergens are divided into specific groups (1-13)
1. Biochemical composition
2. Sequence homology
3. Molecular weight
 The designation for a characterized allergen is
1. The first 3 letters of the genus,
2. The first letter of the species name
3. Number designating the order in which the allergen
was isolated or the number for other already
characterized allergens it matches in homology and
molecular weight.

19. Categories
Group 1 allergies
1. Der f 1, Der p 1, Eur m 1,
Der m 1
2. Molecular weight (kd)-25
3. Cysteine protease,
homology similar to
enzymes papain actinidin,
cathepsin H and B,
bromelain
4. Originate from cells lining
the intestinal tract of the
mite
5. Der f 2 and Der p 2 show
88% sequence homology
Group 2 allergies
1. Der f 2, Der p 2, Eur m 2,
Tyr p 2, Lep d 2
2. Molecular weight (kd)-14
3. Homology with-primate
Epididymus protein
4. Associated with secretion
from the male mite
reproductive tract
5. Der f 2 and Der p 2 show
88% sequence homology

20. Managing!!!

21. Dust Mite Allergy Management and
Treatment
• Remove wall-to-wall carpets, curtains, and drapes
particularly in the bedroom.
• Keep pets out of the bedroom, and preferably out of the
house.
• Minimize household humidity.
• Use “mite-proof” cases on mattresses and pillows; wash
bed linens frequently in hot water.
• Wear a mask when cleaning
• Keep the relative humidity in your home less than 50%. use
a dehumidifier
• Keep a HEPA air cleaner running in the allergic person’s
bedroom.

22. • keep the humidity level below 55 percent. use
a dehumidifier. You may use a vent fan for
removing moisture in bathrooms and the
kitchen. Repairing all water leaks will also help
keep moisture away.

23. Laboratory Diagnosis
Skin Tests
Blood Tests
IgE-Mediated
Allergies

24.  The cutaneous test
 (prick test, puncture test epicutaneous test)
 Routine diagnosis in diseases (atopic or anaphylactic).
 A single drop of concentrated aqueous allergen extract
placed on the skin which is then pricked lightly with a
needle point at the center of the drop. After 20 minutes the
reaction is graded and recorded
Skin Tests

25.  IgE levels may be elevated in patients who are atopic,
but the level does not necessarily correlate with
clinical symptoms.
 The tryptase level can be elevated, which is indicative
of mast cell degranulation. False-negative results can
occur.
 An elevated eosinophil count may be observed in
patients with atopic disease.
 RAST/CAP RAST/CAP FEIA (fluorenzymeimmunoassay):
measures antigen-specific IgE.
Laboratory Tests

26.  Nasal smear
Elevated eosinophil levels can be consistent with
allergic rhinitis.
 Spirometry or pulmonary function tests
offer an objective means of assessingasthma. Peak-
flow meters can also be used for this and can be
used by patients at home to monitor their status
Nasal smear/ Spirometry

27. Standardized diagnostic allergens are not available for drugs
Penicillin is the only drug for which a standardized
diagnosticallergen exists. While non standardized skin tests can
be performed for the minor determinants in penicillin or for other
drugs (ie, by pricking the skin where drug solution has been
placed), these tests are only useful if findings are positive.

28. Treatment

29. Allergy medications
• Antihistamines reduce the production of an
immune system chemical that is active in an
allergic reaction. These drugs relieve itching,
sneezing and runny nose.
• Nasal spray include azelastine (Astelin,
Astepro) and olopatadine (Patanase).

30. • Corticosteroids delivered as a nasal spray can
reduce inflammation and control symptoms of
hay fever.

31. • Decongestants Oral decongestants can
increase blood pressure and shouldn't be
taken if you have severe high blood pressure,
glaucoma or cardiovascular disease.
• If you use a decongestant spray for more than
three days in a row, however, it can actually
make nasal congestion worse.

32. • Leukotriene modifiers block the action of
certain immune system chemicals. Possible
side effects of montelukast include upper
respiratory infection, headache and fever. Less
common side effects include behavior or
mood changes, such as anxiousness or
depression.

33. • Immunotherapy. You can "train" your immune
system not to be sensitive to an allergen.

34. Dust Allergy Triggers
• Dust mites
• Cockroaches
• Mold
• Pollen
• Pet hair, fur or feathers

35. Indoor allergies
Mold & cockroach
• Peak in summer time or in tropics
• Cockroach seasonal in pattern
Mold sources
• Moisture in condensation and walls in
bathroom
• Grows on food sources

37. Management
• Leaf and foliage remove
• Carpet free ,avoid high humidification
• Avoid contaminated material
• Avoid trashes
• Clean and safe food management
• Clean wash basin
• Hygiene

38. Cockroach allergies
• The National Pest Management Association reports
that 63% of homes in the United States contain
cockroach allergens. In urban areas, that number rises
to between 78% and 98% of homes
Symptoms
• Coughing
• Nasal congestion
• Skin rash
• Wheezing
• Ear infection
• Sinus infection

39. Management
• Keep your house clean, including kitchen
floors, sinks, counters and stoves.
• Keep food containers and garbage cans
sealed.
• Fix any leaking water sources
• Avoid piles — of newspapers, laundry,
magazines or dirty dishes.

40. Symptoms of wasp sting allergies
• Pain and the red welt, and the resulting swelling
• Severe symptoms nausea, weak pulse, dizziness,
difficulty breathing, and loss of consciousness
• What can you do about it?
• Brush the wasp off your body rather than trying
to swat them
• Don’t wear bright clothing or use powerful
perfumes
• Wasp nest removing

41. Bed bugs
• Red or darker red spot in the middle and Itchying
• Arranged in a rough line or in a cluster
• Located on the face, neck, arms and hands
Place of bed bugs
• Mattresses, Box springs, Bed frame
• Headboards, Objects or clutter near beds
• Under peeling paint and loose wallpaper
• Under carpeting near baseboards
• In upholstered furniture seams
• Under light switch plates or electrical outlets

42. Prevention
• Cover up
• Bug spray
• Mosquito netting. Bed
nets impregnated with
the pesticide permethrin
may help protect
sleepers against bedbug
bites.

43. MOSQUITO
• Large area of itching lesions
• Bruises near the site of the bite
• Lymphangitis or inflammation of the lymph
system
• Anaphylaxis a are life-threatening condition
that results in swelling in the
throat and wheezing; it requires immediate
medical attention

44. Treatment for mosquito bites
• oral antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or loratadine (Claritin)
• topical anti-itch cream or lotion, or benzocaine
• a cool bath without soap
• an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) to have on hand in case of anaphylaxis
• Shop for:
• hydrocortisone cream or calamine lotion
• products containing diphenhydramine, including Benadryl
• products containing loratadine, including Claritin
• cold packs
• anti-itch cream, anti-itch lotion, or benzocaine
• Home remedies
• Try some of these home remedies for mosquito bite symptoms:
• Wash the bite area a few times a day and apply antibiotic ointment, such as
bacitracin/ polymyxin (Polysporin).

45. Conclusion
• Most powerful source of household allergies
• Dust mite allergens are strongly associated
with asthma, perennial rhinitis, and atopic
dermatitis
• Interventions to reduce this worthwhile
• The closest attention should be taken to
reducing mites because greatest exposure in
bedding we do daily.

46. REFERENCE
 Arlian, L. G., Berstein, M. D. and Gallagher, J. S. (1982). The prevalence of house dust mites,
Dermatophagoides spp., and associated environmental conditions in homes in Ohio. Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology 69(6) : 527-532
 Arlian, L. G., Woodford, P. J., Berstein, I. L. and Gallagher, J. S. (1983). Seasonal population structure
of house dust mites, Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Journal of Medical Entomology
20(1) : 99-102.
 Arlian, L. G., Rapp, C. M. and Ahmed, S. G. (1990). Development of Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27(6) : 1035-1040.
 Arlian, L. G. and Dipplod, J. S. (1996). Development and fecundity of Dermatophagoides farinae
(Acari: Pyroglyphidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 33(2) : 257-260.
 Arlian, L. G., Neal, J. S. and Bacon, S. W. (1998). Survival, fecundity and development of
Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) at fluctuating relative humidity. Journal of
Medical Entomology 35(6) : 962-966.
 M.vargas,(2009), A Modified “heat escape” technique for collecting house dust mites ,International
Journal of Acarology
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dust-mites/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352178
 https://acaai.org/allergies/types/cockroach-allergy

47. Thank you