3. Ethnic Albania is a term used primarily
by Albanian nationalists to denote the
territories claimed as the traditional
homeland of the ethnic Albanians.
These territories include Albania, Kosovo,
Presheva, Medvegja and Bujanovci in
Serbia, and parts in Montenegro (Podgorica,
Ulcinj), etc.
Parts of the Epirus region of Greece referred to
by Albanians as Çamëria are also sometimes
included in this definition.
According to the Gallup Balkan Monitor 2010
report, the idea of a Greater Albania is
supported
by the majority of Albanians in Albania (63%),
Kosovo (81%) and the Republic of Macedonia
(53%).
In different territories in Balkans that are
inhabited by Albanians, armed forces were
created during the 90s.
4.
5. Beginning in the 7th century BC, Greek colonies
were established on the Illyrian coast.
The most important were Apollonia, Avlona
(modern-day Vlorë), Epidamnos (modern-day
Durrës), and Lissus (modern-day Lezhë).
The rediscovered Greek city of Buthrotum (modern-
day Butrint),
In the westernmost parts of the territory of Albania
along with the Illyrian tribes lived the Bryges, a
Phrygian people, and in the south lived the Greek
tribe of the Chaonians.
In the Middle Ages, the name Arberia (see Origin
and history of the name Albania) began to be
increasingly applied to the region now comprising
the nation of Albania.
Beginning in the late-14th century, the Ottoman
Turks expanded their empire from Anatolia to the
Balkans (Rumelia).
By the 15th century, the Ottomans ruled most of
the Balkan Peninsula.
6.
7. Many Albanians had been recruited into the
Janissary, including the feudal heir Gjergj Kastrioti
who was renamed Skanderbeg (Iskandar Bey) by his
Turkish trainers at Edrine.
After some Ottoman defeats at the hands of the
Serbs, Skanderbeg deserted and began a rebellion
against the Ottoman Empire.[34]
After deserting, Skanderbeg re-converted to Roman
Catholicism and declared a holy war against the
Ottoman Empire,[34] which he led from 1443 to
1468.
Under a red flag bearing Skanderbeg's heraldic
emblem,
an Albanian force held off Ottoman campaigns for
twenty-five years and overcame sieges of Krujë led
by the forces of the Ottoman sultans Murad II and
Mehmed II.
However, Skanderbeg was unable to receive any of
the help which had been promised him by the popes.
He died in 1468, leaving no worthy successor. After
his death the rebellion continued, but without its
former success.
8.
9. The loyalties and alliances created and
nurtured by Skanderbeg faltered and
fell apart, and the Ottomans
reconquered the territory of Albania in
1478.
Shortly after the fall of Kruje's castle,
some Albanians fled to neighboring
Italy, giving rise to the modern
Arbëreshë communities. However, in
the 19th century after the fall of the
Albanian pashaliks and the Massacre of
the Albanian Beys an Albanian National
Awakening took place and many revolts
against the Ottoman Empire were
organized. Such revolts included the
Albanian Revolts of 1833-1839, the
Revolt of 1843-44, and the Revolt of
1847. A culmination of the Albanian
National Awakening were the League of
Prizren and the League of Peja, but
they were unsuccessful to an Albanian
independence, which occurred only in
1912, through the Albanian Declaration
of Independence.
10.
11. Kosovo is landlocked and borders Central
Serbia north and eastward, the Republic of
Macedonia to the south, Albania to the
west and Montenegro to the northwest
(the latter three recognise it as
independent).
The largest city and the capital of Kosovo
is Pristina (alternatively spelled Prishtina
or Priština), while other cities include Peja,
Prizren, Gjakova, and Mitrovica.
During classical antiquity, the territory
roughly corresponding to present-day
Kosovo was inhabited by the Dardani.[10]
Subsequently, Dardani were conquered by
the Roman, Byzantine, Bulgarian and
Serbian empires.
As a region within the Serbian medieval
state, Serbs came to consider Kosovo as
the cradle of Serbian culture, religion and
national identity;[11][12][13][14] despite
the fact that medieval Serbia did not
evolve from Kosovo itself.
12.
13. After the Kosovo War and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the territory
came under the interim administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo
(UNMIK),
most of whose roles were assumed by the European Union Rule of Law Mission in
Kosovo (EULEX) in December 2008.[16] In February 2008, the Assembly of
Kosovo declared Kosovo's independence as the Republic of Kosovo.
14.
15. Albanians refer to the area as the
Lugina e Preshevës or simply
“lugina", and usually associate the
municipality of Medveđa at the
northern edge with the area. In
Serbian official statements, the area
is usually referred to as the territory
of municipalities of Preševo and
Bujanovac and also Medveđa but
only when denoting political context
of the region.
the region. In 2001, as a follow-up
to the Kosovo War, there were
reported clashes between Yugoslav
security forces and ethnic Albanian
guerrillas linked to the UÇK. The aim
of the movement was to take full
control of Preshevës, Bujanocit
dhe Medvegjës and hold them until
such time as the adjacent lands,
Kosovo and Western Macedonia,
also came under Albanian control
16.
17. The Albanians of the area are represented politically by the Albanian
Coalition from Preševo Valley, which won one seat in the 2007
Parliamentary election.
Representatives from the municipalities of Preševo, Bujanovac and Medveđa
have adopted a declaration asking for the formation of the "Preševo Valley
region" in early August 2009
18.
19. Podgorica is the capital and largest
city of Montenegro .
In accordance with the decision of the
Berlin Congress in 1878, Podgorica
was integrated into Montenegro,
marking the end of four centuries of
Turkish occupation, and the
beginning of a new era in the
development of Podgorica and
Montenegro. The city developed
quickly and became a strong
marketplace. Roads were built to all
neighbouring towns and, in 1902, a
tobacco plant became Podgorica's
first significant commercial company.
The area is crossed with rivers and
the city itself is only 15 kilometres
(9.3 mi) north of Lake Skadar. The
Ribnica rivers flow through the city,
while the Zeta, Cijevna, Sitnica and
Mareza flow nearby. This richness in
bodies of water is a major feature of
the city.
20.
21. The wider area of Ulqinit has been
inhabited since the Bronze Age, based on
dating of Illyrian tombs (tumuli) found in
the village of Zogaj, in the vicinity of
Ulqinit . The town is believed to have
been founded in the 5th century BC by
colonists from Colchis, as mentioned in
the 3rd century BC poem by Apollonius
of Rhodos.
Illyrians lived in the region at the
time, and under Greek influence built
immense so-called Cyclopean Walls. In
163 BC, the Romans captured
Colchinium from the Illyrian tribe of
Olciniates and renamed the town
Olcinium (akaUlcinium) after the tribe.
Under Roman rule the town received the
status of Opidum Civium Romanorum
(Town with Special Privileges).
22.
23. Çamëria is a term used mostly by
Albanians for parts of the coastal
region of Epirus in southern
Albania and northwestern
Greece[1][2] Today, it is used
mostly by Albanians as it is
associated with the Cham
Albanians. Most of what is called
Chameria is divided between the
Greek prefectures of Thesprotia
andPreveza, the southern
extremity of Albania's Sarandë
District and some villages in
eastern Ioannina Prefecture. The
term is disused in Greece due in
part to its perceived connotation
of Albanian irredentism, and
because the Greek toponyms
Epirusand Thesprotia have been
established for the region since
antiquity
The region is named after Cham
Albanians, by adding the suffix -
eria, which in Albanian language
denotes "land of the Chams".
24.
25. In modern times, the region of Chameria was reduced to the dialectological
territory of the Chams, stretching between the mouth of the Acheron river in
the south, the area of Butrint in the north, and the Pindus in the east.[6] After
the permanent demarcation of the Greco-Albanian border, only two small
municipalities were left in southern Albania (Markat and Konispol), while the
remainder of the territory fell under the Greek prefectures of Thesprotia (a
name revived by the Metaxas Regime in 1936) and Preveza, with a few villages
in Ioannina Prefecture
The region is mostly mountainous, with valleys and hills concetrated in the
southern part, while farmlands are in northern part. Most of them with gridded
roads and ditches are within the valleys in the central, southern and the
western part. There are five rivers in the region, namely Pavllo in the north,
Acheron, Louros Arachthosand Thyamis. Four of them are in Greece, with only
the first in Albania
26. Grammar: Present Conditionals
Present Real Conditional
USE
The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life
situations.
Examples:
If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.
I read if there is nothing on TV.
A: What do you do when it rains?
B: I stay at home.
A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?
B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.
IMPORTANT If / When
Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that
something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens
regularly.
Examples:
When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I regularly have days off from work.
If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I rarely have days off from work.
27. Present Unreal Conditional
USE
The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in
imaginary situations.
Examples:
If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.
She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much
money.
I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.
Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.
If they worked harder, they would earn more money.
A: What would you do if you won the lottery?
B: I would buy a house.
A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?
B: I would live in Seattle.
EXCEPTION If I were ...
In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form "was" is not considered grammatically
correct. In written English or in testing situations, you should always use "were."
However, in everyday conversation, "was" is often used.
Examples:
If he were French, he would live in Paris.
If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.
I would play basketball if I were taller.
I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.
I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (But often said in
conversation.)
28. IMPORTANT Only use "If"
Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing
imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.
Examples:
I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not Correct
I would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct
EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs
There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:
would + can = could
would + shall = should
would + may = might
The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be
used in these special forms.
Examples:
If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not Correct
If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. Correct
If she had time, she would may go to the party. Not Correct
If she had time, she might go to the party. Correct
The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot
combine them with "would."
Examples:
If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct
If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct
If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct
If he invited you, you really should go. Correct
29. DICTIONA
RY
Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
1. glass [glæs] qelq
2. ceramics [sə'ræmıks] qeramik
3. carriage ['kærıdʒ] karroce
4. barrel canon ['bærəl kænən] cilinder
5. screwdriver ['skru:,draıvər] kaqavida
6. insulator ['ınsə,leıtər] izolant
7. complex ['kɒmpleks] bllok
8. tree [tri:] dru
9. window ['wındəʋ] dritare
10 insolation [,ınsəʋ'leıʃən] ] izolim
.
11 isothermal [,aısə'ɵɜ:rməl] izotermal
.
12 gypsum ['dʒıpsəm] gips
. Seminary from English Language
30. Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
15 concrete ['kɒŋkri:t betoniere
. mixer mıksər]
16 brick [brık] tulle
.
17 ebb and flow [Eb ænd flow] batice dhe
. zbatice
18 frontal ['frʌntəl] ballor
.
19 grocer ['grəʋsər] bakall
.
20 dwelling ['dwelıŋ] banes
.
21 colaboration [coləboræʃən] bashkepunim
.
22 pedium [‘pi:dıəm] bazament
.
23 front [frʌnt] ] Ballin
Seminary from English Language
.
31. Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
29 former ['fɔ:rmər] formist
.
30 ratio ['reıʃəʋ] fuqi
.
31 builder ['bıldər] firme ndertimi
.
32 mortar ['mɔ:rtər] llaq
.
33 enamel [ı'næməl] llak
.
34 nail [neıl] gozhde
.
35 scull , spade [Skʌl , speıd] lopate
.
36 blak [blek] tra
.
37 girder ['gɜ:rdər] tra mbajtes
Seminary from English Language
.
32. Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
43 urbanization [,ɜ:rbənə'zeıʃən] urbanizim
.
44 bridge [brıdʒ] ure
.
45 screwnail ['skru:neıl] vide per dru
.
46 trip hammer ['trıp,hæmər] qekan
. mekanik
47 maul,hammer [mɔ:l] , qekiq
. ['hæmər]
48 mallet ['mælıt] qekiq druri
.
49 cementation [,si:mən'teıʃən] qimentim
.
50 quadrate ['kwɒdreıt] drejtkendesh
.
51 cement [sı'ment] qimento
Seminary from English Language
.
33. Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
59 magazine [,mægə'zi:n] dhome , magazine
.
60 cast [kæst] dredh
.
61 performance [pər'fɔ:rməns] efektshmeri , rendi.
.
62 deformation [,di:fɔ:r'meıʃən] deformim
.
63 erector [ı'rektər] elektricist
.
64 power ['paʋər] energji
.
66 cleat [kli:t] Gozhdë, rrip ,
. mbajtëse
67 hammerer ['hæmərər] godites me qekan
.
68 intakte [intækt] intakte
Seminary from English Language
.
34. Nr English Transcription Shqip
.
74 fatigue [fə'ti:g] lodhje e
. metaleve
75 tolerance ['tɒlərəns] lejes
.
76 pinnacle ['pınəkəl] maje
.
77 pitch [pıtʃ] hap
.
78 punch [pʌntʃ] shpues
.
79 employee [,emplɔı'i:] punonjës
.
80 clearance ['klırəns] hapsire
.
81 tool [tu:l] vegël
.
82 integrate ['ıntə,greıt] bashkoj
Seminary from English Language
.
35. Nr. English Transcription Shqip
90. bonnet ['bɒnıt] mbulesë
91. axle cap [æksəl cæp] kapuq , bucele
92. body ['bɒdı] shasi
93. steam [,sti:m'dʒækıt] kemish avulli
jacket
94. damper,cli ['dæmpər , klıp] kllape
p
95. crankshaft ['kræŋk,ʃæft] kollodok
96. cornice ['kɔ:rnıs] kornize
97. metals ['metəlz] metale
98. abradant [ə'breıdənt] gerryes
99. pig-iron ['pıg,aıərn] gize
10 inlet ['ınlet] hyrje
0.
10 absorber [goditjeshues] shuese
1.
Seminary from English Language
10 boss [bɒs] gunge
